著者

杉山 幸丸

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1-2, pp.39-44, 1985 (Released:2009-09-07)

被引用文献数

2 3

著者

田中 俊明 室山 泰之

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.31-37, 2015-06-20 (Released:2015-08-07)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

1

---

The two experimental studies were conducted on a captive group of Japanese macaques at an enclosure in Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan. In Experiment I, ultrasonic sounds were used stimuli as playback experiment. We used the Yard Gard (Weiteck Inc.) as ultrasonic device, which can emit the sounds of three different frequencies (15kHz, 20kHz, and 26kHz) at the sound pressure level of 114 level of dB at 1m distance (Weitech 1995). Monkeys were exposed to three treatments consisting of 26kHz, 15kHz, and no sound (control) as one session in a day. The order of each treatment in a session was determined randomly, and the interval of each treatment was one hour. Total number of monkeys entering the experimental area and feeding durations did not differ among treatments, whereas feeding delay to the 25kHz sound was longer than that of other treatments. Feeding delay to the sounds of 25kHz and 16kHz was longer on the 1 st and 2nd experiment days than the other days. In Experiment II, turkeys vocalizations, which are emitted when they observe unfamiliar objects or hear big and/or unfamiliar sounds and one synthetic sound were used as playback. Monkeys were exposed to three treatments consisting of turkey vocalization playback, synthetic sound playback, and no sound (control) as one session. Monkeys fled immediately after the playback of turkey vocalization and took more than 50 sec to be back, but thus feeding duration to turkey vocalizations was longer than that of other treatments on the only 1st experiment day. Total number of monkeys entering the experiment area did not differ among treatments. Overall, the results of these experiments showed that unfamiliar acoustic stimuli may cause strong negative responses such as fleeing, but these responses will disappear in a short-term (ex. in a few days).

著者

田中 暁生 船橋 新太郎

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.91-105, 2007-12-20 (Released:2009-03-13)

参考文献数

36

被引用文献数

1

---

Metamemory refers to the knowledge about one's own memory capabilities and mnemonic strategies that support efficient learning and memory, and/or to the awareness and recognition about on-going mnemonic processes as well as what is stored in memory. Psychological studies established experimental methods to investigate the accuracy of human metamnemonic judgments and demonstrated that humans were capable of monitoring their own memory accurately. Recently, a number of neuropsychological as well as neuroimaging studies have indicated that the prefrontal cortex plays a crucial role in metamemory. Meanwhile there have been growing interests in exploring metacognitive abilities in animals. These lines of studies have developed new experimental paradigms suitable for systematically investigating the capability of animals' metamemory. In this article, we first briefly review previous studies on metamemory in humans and animals. Based on the findings from these studies, we then discuss strategies for examining neuronal substrates of metamemory in monkeys through neurophysiological approaches.

著者

正高 信男

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.1-15, 1999 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

1

---

A principal component analysis of the correlation matrix array 25 items concerning the status of adult male and female as well as of offspring in 108 societies revealed that the more polygynous the society is, the more aggressive adult males in society are toward adult females. The more the subsistence of a society is dependent on the labor of males, the more aggressive adults are towards offspring. Swaddling and infanticide are considered to work as that buffering the aggression and to simultaneously act as a r-strategy or a K-strategy, respectively, in terms of reproductive success in human societies. Overall high level of aggression in greate apes and humans is discussed in terms of possible dietary changes that have occurred to produce high sociability in primates.

著者

宮田 隆 林田 秀宜 菊野 玲子

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.1, pp.9-16, 1986 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

21

著者

青木 孝平 辻 大和 川口 幸男

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.137-145, 2014-06-20 (Released:2014-08-02)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

1

---

Using long-term behavioral data recorded between1950 and 2010, we studied cases of change in the alpha individual and its social background in a captive troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) housed in Ueno Zoological Gardens, Tokyo, Japan. During this period, nine alpha males and four alpha females were recorded. Among the alpha males, three were juveniles. All alpha males except for one continued to keep their position until they died or were removed from the group. Alpha females, on the other hand, lost their position when they were in estrus/pregnant/nursing, after which time they continued to stay in the group. Unlike cases in free-ranging populations, captive male Japanese macaques are included in the social hierarchy of their natal group, and dominance relationship between males and females were unclear. Under such conditions, dominant females and their juveniles can become alpha individual when the former alpha disappears and/or there are no dominant male(s) present. Appearance of female/juvenile alpha individuals in the Ueno Zoo troop seems to be one of the bi-products of a captive environment and in order to keep social relationships of captive animals similar to those of free-ranging populations, artificial transfer (removal/introduction) of adult males should be considered.

著者

辻 大和

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.1, pp.3-15, 2008-07-31 (Released:2009-05-20)

参考文献数

66

被引用文献数

3 4

---

I reviewed the studies on polyspecific associations between primates and non-primate animals to appreciate the present situation about this topic. I collected 104 case studies from 50 publications. The partner animals included 19 mammal species, 33-34 bird species, 1 reptile species, and 1-2 insect species, respectively. Among them, associations with non-primate mammals (n=43) and birds (n=59) occupied most of the reported cases. Many polyspecific associations between primates and other mammal species were reported from Asia and Africa, while those between primates and bird species were reported from Central and South America. 34 primate species worldwide formed associations with non-primate animals.Polyspecific associations between primates and other animals included 1) that primates (or other animals) provide food resources to their partner animals and 2) that primates (or other animals) provide anti-predator behavior (e.g., sentinel behavior, loud call, and alarm call). The former association increases foraging benefits to the partner animals, and the latter association decreases predation risk of the partner animals. Most studies, however, pointed out that benefit from given associations are commensalisic, (or even parasitism), i. e. biased to non-primate species.Most of these studies are anecdotal, and do not show quantitative data for the frequency of the association or the benefit of partner animals from participating in the associations. Thus, this interesting phenomenon has not been discussed from an ecological perspective. I recommend several approaches for how to overcome these present challenges.

著者

田中 俊明 揚妻 直樹 杉浦 秀樹 鈴木 滋

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.123-132, 1995 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

12

---

The purpose of the present survey was to investigate the awareness of the public on the problems arising from provisioning. The social problems of provisioned wild Japanese macaques happens throughout Japan including Yakushima Island in Kagoshima Prefecture. A questionnaire was given to residents in Yakushima and to tourists visiting. Responses were obtained from 438 people. The results may be summarized as follows: (a) The majority of people questioned were aware of some of the social problems in wild Japanese macaques caused by provisioning. (b) Many people gave wild monkeys food for reasons of amusement and in the belief that it improved their situation. This questionnaire revealed that the public understood some of the issues described above but their actions appeared to contradict this. Consequently there is a need to develop a better understanding on the influence of man particularly in regard to feeding.

著者

落合 知美 綿貫 宏史朗 鵜殿 俊史 森村 成樹 平田 聡 友永 雅己 伊谷 原一 松沢 哲郎

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

2015

被引用文献数

2

---

The Great Ape Information Network has collated and archived information on captive chimpanzees within Japan since 2002. As of July 1^st, 2014, a total of 323 chimpanzees were housed within 52 facilities across Japan, all registered in the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums (JAZA) studbook. JAZA has recorded information on captive chimpanzees within Japan since the 1980s. However, for individuals unregistered and/or deceased prior to this period, JAZA holds scant information. There are very few surviving reports on living conditions and husbandry of such individuals, particularly for the years preceding the Second World War (WWII) (up to 1945). Here we present the first detailed history of captive chimpanzees in Japan before WWII, following a systematic investigation of disparate records. The first record of any live chimpanzee within Japan was a chimpanzee accompanying an Italian travelling circus in 1921. The history of resident captive chimpanzees in Japan began in 1927 when a chimpanzee, imported into Japan by a visitor, was exhibited in Osaka zoo. In the 1930s, many chimpanzee infants were imported to Japanese zoos until in 1941 imports were halted because of WWII. By the end of WWII, there was only one single chimpanzee still alive within Japan, "Bamboo", housed in Nagoya. In 1951, importation of wild chimpanzees into Japan resumed. In total, we identified 28 individuals housed within Japan before 1945, none listed previously in the JAZA studbook. Of these 28 individuals: 6 entered Japan as pets and/or circus animals, 21 were imported to zoos, and one was stillborn in zoo. Of the 21 zoo-housed individuals, 7 died within one year and 9 of the remaining 14 were dead within 5 years of arriving in Japan. Four individuals are recorded to have lived 7-8 years. Only one male individual, the aforementioned "Bamboo", lived notably longer, to about 14 years.

著者

勝 野吏子 鈴村 崇文 山田 一憲 中道 正之

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.30.002, (Released:2014-05-23)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

4

---

Here, we have reported two cases of diurnal stillbirths in free-ranging groups of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), Arashiyama and Koshima groups. One infant was born prematurely and in breech position, while the other seemed to be a full-term infant born in front position. The two mothers had little interaction with other members of the group throughout parturition. The group members, except for juveniles, also showed little interest in the mothers. The mother of the infant born in the breech position licked the body of the infant, as in the case of live births. Moreover, both mothers carried the infants ventrally. However, the two mothers also showed behaviors that were different from those usually observed after a live birth. The mother of the infant born in breech position tore parts of the infant's skin and ate them. The other mother dragged the infant by grabbing the umbilical cord. Previous studies have reported that mothers carry infants that died after birth, but it was unclear whether interactions with live infants were required for such maternal behavior. Our observations suggest that some maternal behaviors can be observed even when the infants die before parturition. At the same time, the cases reported by us show the possibility that infants born dead may influence the expression of certain unusual behaviors.

著者

綿貫 宏史朗 落合 知美 平田 聡 森村 成樹 友永 雅己 伊谷 原一 松沢 哲郎

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.30.009, (Released:2014-06-18)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

9 9

---

Chimpanzees were first kept in captivity in Japan in 1926. The Great Ape Information Network (GAIN) collated historical and current data on all chimpanzees housed in Japan between 1926 and 2013 (972 individuals). GAIN has made this information available on an open-access database, with a record for each chimpanzee. Aims of this resource are to promote and inform good scientific research, welfare, care, and management of captive chimpanzees in Japan. This review presents quantitative data on the number of chimpanzees housed in each facility-type, number of individuals per facility, and increases in the number of individuals (imported historically or born in Japan). Facilities were categorized according to purpose: 1) zoo exhibition and/or entertainment, 2) cognitive/behavioral studies, 3) biomedical, and 4) other (animal dealer or privately-owned as pets). By the 1970s, chimpanzees housed in captivity increased with the number of zoos. Many wild chimpanzees were imported from Africa for use in invasive biomedical studies in around 1980. Japan ratified CITES in 1980. The captive population peaked in the 1990s, before decreasing. Field studies and laboratory-based cognitive investigations of chimpanzees in the 1990s and 2000s swayed public opinion against biomedical use. In 2006, invasive study of chimpanzees in Japan was severely limited and, by mid-2012, completely stopped. Ex-biomedical chimpanzees were assigned to cognitive and welfare studies. Since the 1987 peak in number of facilities, number of chimpanzees housed per facility has generally increased. The GAIN database has tried to facilitate increasing awareness of the vital importance, to good welfare, of housing chimpanzees within social groups. On 31st March, 2014, there were 323 chimpanzees in 51 facilities. Data provided by GAIN, and summarized in this paper, will hopefully aid the establishment of an action plan for good welfare, care, management and reproduction strategies to develop a self-sustaining population of captive chimpanzees in Japan.

著者

早川 卓志

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.34.004, (Released:2018-06-27)

参考文献数

102

被引用文献数

1

---

Genetic investigation of wild primates are crucial to understand kinship, population diversity, phylogeographic patterns, and heritable factors of phenotypes. Traditional DNA technology using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing have restricted the genome-wide analysis of primates, particularly due to the low quality and low quantity of noninvasive DNA samples obtained from wild individuals. Following the post-genome era, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have provided a new paradigm in primate studies. NGS has enabled the genome-wide analysis of primate DNA using noninvasive samples, such as feces. Metabarcoding and metagenomics analyses using fecal samples provide information on food items and commensal microorganisms of the host animal. Here, I review a history of DNA sequencing technologies and examples of NGS studies in wild primates. Further, I discuss the effectiveness of NGS application to noninvasive samples.

著者

岩本 光雄

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1-2, pp.45-54, 1985 (Released:2009-09-07)

被引用文献数

7 3

著者

狩野 文浩

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.95-108, 2012-12-20 (Released:2013-01-24)

参考文献数

35

---

Despite the importance of eye movement analysis in comparative and cognitive studies, the eye movements of great apes have not been examined until recently using the eye-tracking method. This is due to the lack of a non-invasive, unrestrained eye-tracking method, which is appropriate for great apes. In this review, I first show how a recent user-friendly corneal-reflection eye-tracking technique captures their eye movements accurately and stably. I then introduce several comparative studies that examined the eye movements of great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutan) and humans when viewing still pictures of scenes and faces under similar conditions. The major conclusion of those studies is that, although the species were similar in their viewing patterns, quantitative species differences existed in those similarities. That is, great apes and humans viewed similar parts of scenes/faces for similar lengths of time. However, great apes and humans differed from each other in that (1) great apes scanned the scene more quickly and more widely than did humans in general, and (2) humans viewed the eye part of faces longer than did great apes. These species differences may reflect their cognitive differences. In future, there are at least three promising directions. (1) Movie presentations about other individuals' actions to reveal how great apes anticipate the others’ action goals. (2) A wearable eye-tracker to reveal how their vision actively interacts with the environment. (3) A correlational analysis to reveal how their basic gaze patterns influence their gaze-related performances such as gaze following and observational learning.

著者

伊沢 紘生

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.153-157, 2011-12-20 (Released:2012-01-19)

被引用文献数

4 1

著者

辻野 亮 湯本 貴和

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.79-93, 2014-06-20 (Released:2014-08-02)

参考文献数

100

被引用文献数

2 1

---

Primates are diverse regarding morphologically and ecologically. They play significant roles in the various niches of the ecosystem. In relation to the effects on the fitness, there are six possible combinations of biological interaction between primates and other species, ranging from harmful to mutually beneficial interactions and neutral interactions, such as predator-prey interaction (i.e., herbivory, predation and parasitism), competition, amensalism, mutualism, commensalism and neutralism, which result in the diverse species interactions. Therefore biological interactions between primates and other species have been studied. There are two major advantages in the ecological research of primates. Firstly, researchers are able to clarify detailed individual behaviours and ecological processes through the direct observation of primate individuals. Secondly, researchers are able to follow the secular trends of individual growth and/or lineages of blood relations through the long-term research of identified primate troops. We need further researches in the primate-other species interaction by applying field experiments, systematic background data, research networks, new research technology, meta-analysis methods, and transdisciplinary idea.

著者

野崎 眞澄

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.2, pp.103-125, 1991 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

63

被引用文献数

5 5

---

Mechanisms controlling seasonal breeding in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata) were studied. 1) Analysis of a total of 310 births recorded at our Institute over 12 years revealed that births were limited to the period from March to August with a peak in May. No difference was found in the birth season between outdoor and indoor samples, but the time of peak of births was slightly earlier in indoor than in outdoor samples. 2) In both monkeys housed indoors and outdoors, clear seasonal differences were observed in the hormonal profiles: Monkeys exhibited cyclic endocrine patterns characteristic of ovulatory cycles during the breeding season (autumn and winter), while anovulation persisted throughout the nonbreeding season (spring and summer). 3) Estradiol-treated ovariectomized monkeys exhibited marked seasonal changes in response to the negative feedback action of estradiol on LH secretion: Serum LH remained high during the breeding season, but decreased to very low levels during the nonbreeding season. There was no difference in the positive feedback action of estradiol on LH secretion between the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. 4) Artificial manipulation of photoperiod alone had no effect on the manifestations of annual reproductive cyclicity of Japanese monkeys, whereas simultaneous manipulation of photoperiod and ambient temperature was at least to some extent effective in modifying the ovarian functions. 5) Serum melatonin exhibited diurnal changes with high values in nighttime and low values in daytime both in monkeys housed indoors and outdoors. These results suggest that seasonal breeding of the Japanese monkey is governed by biannual changes in the response of the hypothalamo-hypophysial axis to the negative feedback action of estradiol, and that multiple annually cyclic environmental factors appears to influence on the seasonal breeding of this animal.

著者

香田 啓貴

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.121-136, 2014-06-20 (Released:2014-08-02)

参考文献数

44

被引用文献数

1

---

Since language is basically audio-vocal communications in humans, the vocal communication in nonhuman primates has been discussed with the questions for evolutionary origins of languages. Many studies have accumulated many empirical evidences showing similarities as well as gaps between human languages and nonhuman primate vocal communications. Here I briefly reviewed the research history of the studies for vocal communications in nonhuman primates, which have been mainly directed to search for origins of human languages. Generally, there are two major approaches for primate origins of human languages; 1) studies of vocal communication in nonhuman primates would contribute to understanding the origins of languages, or 2) it would be completely different forms of language and never contribute to its understanding. The first brief is arisen from the ethological studies for alarm calls, using playback experiments in wild animals. Those studies have showed semantic rules in their communications, which had been believed as a unique component of human language. However, their anatomical and physiological foundations never support vocal plasticity and learning ability in nonhuman primates, which are essential properties in human languages. Those usually lead to the second brief. It would be difficult to solve this critical discrepancy, because both ideas likely discuss the origins of languages with wrong views of unidirectional way in language evolution, i.e., the way from nonhuman primates to humans. Human languages is not the most complex fashion of vocal communications in primate lineages, but vocal communications in other primate species are also complex and unique styles. Now we need more careful attentions to communication uniqueness of various kinds of primate species as well as language uniquness.

著者

揚妻 直樹

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.1-7, 1995 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

2

---

The age-sex composition of provisioned groups of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata yakui) was investigated along the Anbo Road in the southeast of Yakushima island, Japan. The monkeys had been provisioned on an irregular basis by tourists passing through by car or bus. Group size, age-sex composition and socionomic sex ratio were no different from those of purely wild groups of monkeys in Yakushima, as reported by Maruhashi (1982). However, the proportion of females with infants of 7-9 months old in a group on the Anbo Road was estimated to be higher than that for non-provisioned groups. The reason for this could be improvement of nutritional condition as a result both of provisioning by tourists, and of feeding on high quality herbs planted on large, artificial slopes which flank several sections of the Anbo Road.

著者

佐藤 宏樹

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.53-78, 2014-06-20 (Released:2014-08-02)

参考文献数

168

被引用文献数

2 1

---

In tropical forest ecosystems, majority of plant species depend on frugivorous vertebrates for seed dispersal. Because primates constitute a large portion of frugivore biomass in neotropical and paleotropical forests, the roles of primates as seed dispersers have been examined since 1970's. The process of seed dispersal by vertebrates can be divided into three phases: (1) pre-dispersal phase in which animals select particular fruits as attractive food; (2) dispersal phase in which animals handle, transport, and deposit seeds during their foraging activities; (3) post-dispersal phase in which dispersed seeds germinate and grow to reproductive age. To understand roles of primates as seed dispersers, this paper marshals the previous achievements in order of the three phases. During pre-dispersal and dispersal phases, quantitative and qualitative effectiveness of seed dispersal are generally related to several anatomical traits and behavioral pattern of each primate taxon, and particularly, large-bodied frugivorous primates often perform effectively. However, during post-dispersal phase, high mortality and unpredictable fates of dispersed seeds dramatically hurt the effectiveness of primate seed dispersal. Large-bodied frugivorous primates are recognized as vulnerable taxa to human disturbance such as deforestation and bushmeat hunting. Recently, in the forests where such primates are locally extinct or reduced, researchers have demonstrated that the loss of their seed dispersal services drives low density of seedlings and saplings and low rates of gene flow among populations. These facts paradoxically suggest that primates contribute regeneration of plant populations even their effectiveness is lessened in post-dispersal phase. As future issues, integration between seed dispersal research and plant demographic study will develop our understanding of the primates' roles in plant population dynamics over many generations. Moreover, considering the critical situations in empty forests, there is also an urgent need to argue prioritized conservation of high-performance primates for maintaining regeneration and vegetative restoration in degraded forests.