著者

川口 ゆり

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.145-153, 2021-12-03 (Released:2021-12-07)

参考文献数

60

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Primates behave differently toward infants and adults and experimental studies have also confirmed that they visually differentiate between adults and infants. Infants have some visual characteristics that primates may potentially use as age cues. For example, infants in some species have special coat or skin colors that are different from adults. Such coloration is called “infantile coloration” and the extent of it varies across species. Although previous studies have suggested several possible functional roles of it, such as inducing alloparenting behavior, they still remain unclear. Contrary to such species-specific color features, infants also have morphological characteristics that exist across species. “Baby schema” is a set of infantile morphological features, such as bigger eyes, smaller nose and mouth, proposed by Konrad Lorenz. Baby schema is supposed to be shared with various species and works as a releaser of caretaking behavior. I reviewed the studies investigating the effects of infantile coloration and baby schema on behaviors and cognition. Although studies showed that humans show robust preference for baby schema, there has been so far no evidence suggesting that non-human primates are also sensitive to it. In contrast, there is some evidence indicating the importance of species-specific infantile features, such as infantile coloration, for non-human primates. Thus, it may be possible that preference for baby schema was specifically acquired by humans during evolution, while species-specific infantile features, like infantile coloration, are more relevant for non-human primates. Further investigation combining studies with different approaches, such as observational studies in the field, comparative cognitive studies in labs, and image analysis of various species, will help us to understand the evolution of infantile features of each primate species.

著者

小金澤 正昭 山端 直人 望月 翔太

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.2, pp.149-152, 2018-12-20 (Released:2019-01-10)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1

著者

藤田 志歩 河村 正二 山田 一憲 白井 啓

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.3-7, 2020-06-20 (Released:2020-07-14)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1

著者

辻 大和 Nguyen Van Minh L.R. Ulibarri Nguyen Huu Van 濱田 穣

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.61, 2012-06-20 (Released:2012-10-21)

参考文献数

11

著者

ハフマン マイケルA

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.2, pp.179-187, 1993

被引用文献数

5

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It has been proposed that chimpanzees use a number of toxic plant species for their medicinal value. Based on behavior, plant pharmacology, and ethnomedical information, hypotheses concerning the medicinal use of some of these plants by chimpanzees include the following: control of parasites, treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, regulation of fertility, and possible anti-bacterial or anti-hepatotoxic activity. With regards to bitter pith chewing and whole leaf swallowing behaviors, 20 medicinal plant species have been observed to be used not only by chimpanzees, but also by bonobos and lowland gorillas at 7 sites (Mahale, Gombe, Kibale, Kahuzi-Biega, Wamba, Tai, Bossou) across Africa. A detailed description is given of the research program currently being carried out by the author and colleagues of the international research team, The C. H. I. M. P. P. Group, and in particular, of the ongoing multi-disciplinary research into the chimpanzee use of <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> (Del.) in the Mahale Mountains National Park Tanzania. The hypothesis that this species has medicinal value for chimpanzees comes from detailed observations by the author of ailing individuals' use of the plant. Quantitative analysis and assays of the biological activity of <i>V. amygdalina</i> have revealed the presence of two major classes of bioactive compounds. The most abundant of these constituents, the sesquiterpene lactone vernodalin, and the steroid glucoside vernoioside B1 (and its aglycones) have been demonstrated to possess antibiotic, anti-tumor, anti-amoebic, anti-malarial, anti-leishmanial, and anti-schistosomal properties. At Mahale, the particular parts of an additional 12 plant species ingested by chimpanzees are recognized for their traditional use against parasite or gastrointestinal related diseases in humans. Their physiological activities are now being investigated in the laboratory.

著者

中村 美知夫

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

no.24, pp.229-240, 2009

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More than half a century has passed since Imanishi (1952) proposed &lsquo;culture&rsquo; to nonhuman animals. Now, although there is still some skepticism, the discussion of nonhuman cultures is widely accepted in the international academic world. It seems that the study of cultures has become one of the important topics in primatology. In this review, I introduce recent trends of cultural studies on nonhuman primates. First, I give a brief outline of the history of the studies. Then I summarize recent findings of cultural primatology by dividing them into the following three domains: 1) chimpanzee tool use; 2) chimpanzee cultures other than tool use; 3) cultures in other primate species. The most well studied domain is the foraging tool use where more and more additional information about the distributions of known tool types has been reported from new study sites in addition to several novel tool types. From long studied sites, the details of developmental process or tool selection are often well investigated. There are some reports on cultural behaviors outside of foraging tool techniques but the information is still limited compared to tool use. Finally I introduce some of the recent debates on nonhuman cultures by focusing on the distinction between culture and tradition, the distinction between social and asocial learning, and the &lsquo;ethnographic&rsquo; method often employed by field primatologists. I argue that recent discussions of animal culture often tacitly include the idea of hierarchical advances that implies the complex and sophisticated human culture is in the highest and the best stage. This reminds us of the outdated view on human cultural hierarchism which saw the modernized western culture as the final stage. I stress the importance of writing &lsquo;real&rsquo; ethnographies of nonhuman primates for full development of cultural primatology.

著者

森本 直記

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.128-129, 2021

著者

菊池 泰弘 小島 龍平 布施 裕子 木下 勇貴 岡 健司 藤野 健

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.37.047, (Released:2021-11-16)

参考文献数

45

著者

伊谷 純一郎

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1-2, pp.5-14, 1985 (Released:2009-09-07)

被引用文献数

8 6

著者

西村 剛

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.37.005, (Released:2021-06-01)

参考文献数

15

著者

落合-大平 知美

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.3, pp.405-411, 2009-03-31 (Released:2010-06-17)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

2 2

著者

揚妻 直樹

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.133-146, 1995 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

71

被引用文献数

3 3

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There is more to the conservation of wild animals than keeping individual species alive. It is also necessary to maintain their ecological relationships with other plants and animals, relationships with others of their own species and natural patterns of behaviors. This paper deals with methods of vegetation rehabilitation to conserve wildlife ecology, especially for large forest mammals. The first step for the rehabilitation is to compare the natural habitat and ecology of the animal with the intended conservation area. The second step is to rehabilitate the vegetation of the target area by logging and planting so that it comes to resemble the natural habitat. In some case, some economic activities also can coexist in the area. The final step involves monitoring the habitat and ecology of the animal in the rehabilitated area.

著者

竹元 博幸

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.1, pp.87-102, 2018 (Released:2018-08-22)

参考文献数

75

被引用文献数

1

---

The origin of bonobos and the history of their dispersion in the southern Congo Basin were investigated from the perspectives of biogeography and the paleo-environment. Why bonobos are distributed in the southern Congo Basin was unclear because of limited geological records about the region and genetic information for bonobos. Recently, colleagues and I proposed some hypotheses concerning the history of bonobos based on recent reports about marine sediments and structural geology of the Congo basin, as well as new mitochondrial DNA haplotypes collected from seven wild bonobo populations. Here, I illustrate these hypotheses, namely: 1) the Congo River functioned as a biogeographical barrier for forest animals since 34 million years ago; 2) the ancestor of present bonobo populations crossed the upper parts of the Congo River from the right bank to the left bank during the early Quaternary period; and, 3) factors affecting the genetic structure of present bonobos. Lastly, I propose possible future studies to investigate bonobo evolution.

著者

五十嵐 由里子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.132-134, 2021 (Released:2021-07-01)

参考文献数

1

著者

藤田 和生 黒島 妃香 服部 裕子 高橋 真 森本 陽 瀧本 彩加 佐藤 義明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.3, pp.241-263, 2009-03-31 (Released:2010-06-17)

参考文献数

85

被引用文献数

2 1

---

Capuchin monkeys are one of the most important primate subjects in understanding the evolution of kokoro (mind and heart), because of their outstanding intelligence and gentleness despite their phylogenetic distance from humans and apes. Here we report a series of experimental studies on various aspects of the kokoro of tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) conducted at the comparative cognition laboratory, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University. Briefly, for the physical intelligence, the monkeys amodally completed partly occluded figures basically like humans do. They also perceived never-presented contours by spatially and temporally integrating a sequence of fragmentary information just like humans do. They understood physical causality in a type of tool-use task involving tool, goal, and environment. In the social intelligence domain, they spontaneously took actions interpretable as tactically deceiving the conspecific opponent in an experimental food-competition contest. They also cooperated by dividing a sequence of actions leading to rewards. This cooperation continued when only one of the participants obtained a reward at a time. They were sensitive to attentional states of humans shown by eyes, though they might not try to control human attentional focus. They inferred a conspecific's behavior that they never directly observed and adaptively modified their next behavior based on the predicted consequence. They were also able to correct their actions by observing unsuccessful actions of their conspecific partner. One monkey of this species showed evidence that she recognized the knowledge status of humans suggested by their preceding actions toward the items in question. In the affective domain, this species was shown to utilize affective reactions of a conspecific against a hidden object to regulate their own actions toward it. Finally, the monkeys were sensitive to the benefit of their conspecific partner. They sometimes took thoughtful actions toward a low-ranking individual and in other times spiteful actions against a high-ranking individual. All of these results show that this New World species shares many characteristics of kokoro observed in humans.

著者

國松 豊

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.65-85, 2003 (Released:2005-03-24)

参考文献数

94

被引用文献数

2 1

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The extant hylobatids are relatively small primates, and often called lesser apes. The body weight is 5-8 kg for the majority of the hylobatid species, and 10-12 kg for the largest species, Hylobates syndactylus. Recent taxonomy classifies the hylobatids into a single genus Hylobates with four subgenera (Hylobates, Nomascus, Bunopithecus, & Symphalangus) (Groves, 2001).The present geographical distributions of the subgenera are almost perfectly bordered by three (or possibly four) huge rivers in Eastern Eurasia, that is, the Brahmaputra, Salween, Mekong (and Yangtze) Rivers. All these rivers originate from the Tibetan Plateau. Although van Gulik (1967) reconstructed the historical distribution of gibbons in China as being expanded northwards over the Yangtze River up to the Yellow River, the Pleistocene fossil evidence suggests that the northern limit of the gibbon distribution in China was probably the Yangtze River.Recent genetic studies suggest that these subgenera began to diversify around several to ten million years ago. In this period, the Tibetan Plateau reached a considerable altitude. The uplift of the Plateau probably influenced the development of the above mentioned huge rivers, strengthening the function of these rivers as zoogeographical barriers. It seems likely that the proto-hylobatid populations were then isolated from each other, and evolved into recent subgenera, though the diversification between the subgenera Hylobates and Symphalangus needs another explanation.At present, the fossil record of the hylobatids is very poor. There are some Pleistocene gibbon fossils discovered from southern China and Southeast Asia, but no Neogene fossil catarrhines, small or large, are thought to be the direct ancestor of extant gibbons. In Southeast Asian countries, except for a few findings such as the Chiang Muan hominoids discovered from Thailand by the Thai and Japanese scientists, we know nothing about the Neogene fossils of both large and small hominoids. No doubt further field works are necessary to reveal the evolutionary history of gibbons.

著者

辻 大和 和田 一雄 渡邊 邦夫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.1, pp.27-49, 2011-06-20 (Released:2011-07-28)

参考文献数

258

被引用文献数

7 11

著者

布施 未恵子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.105-121, 2013-12-20 (Released:2014-02-28)

参考文献数

79

被引用文献数

2 2

---

Most primates forage on insects to varying degrees. Research focusing on insect foraging behavior has been much less than that of feeding on plant foods. However, detailed studies on insect feeding behavior by primates are required to understand the effects of the relationship on the forest ecosystem. Such studies have revealed that various kinds of primates feed on insects, but the number of studies which have considered side effects of primate-insect relationships have been few. Such triadic relationships include 1) primate-insect-plant, and 2) primateinsect-parasite. Studies based on such viewpoints would lead to new perspective on the role of primate insectivory in forest ecosystems.

著者

本郷 峻

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.73-74, 2020 (Released:2020-12-23)

著者

佐藤 宏樹

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.3-20, 2017-06-20 (Released:2017-07-27)

参考文献数

141

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Traditionally, the activity patterns of primates have been classified as nocturnal and diurnal, with the former recognized as the ancestral trait. Since cathemerality, i.e., active both day and night, was discovered in Eulemur (Lemuridae) in the 1960s, the evolutionary origin and mechanism of cathemerality have been explored as a key to understanding diurnalization in primates. To understand cathemerality in lemurs, this article reviews current knowledge and outlines future issues. Although several theories have hypothesized that cathemerality is an evolutionary disequilibrium condition, as a consequence of recent, incomplete diurnalization, the current analyses of phylogenetic history and eye morphology conclude that it is an adaptive strategy that originated in the common ancestor of Lemuridae around 46-20 MYA. In Madagascar, the days are generally long during the rainy season and short during the dry season. Cathemeral lemurs often increase their diurnal activities in the rainy season and nocturnal activities in the dry season. Chronobiological approaches that have explored the proximate mechanisms have clarified that the light-dark cycle controls the daily activity rhythms and the day-length cause seasonal shift of activity patterns as zeitgebers. In addition, moonlight has a masking effect that facilitates nocturnal activities. Ecological/ethological approaches have examined four hypotheses, as ultimate mechanisms: avoidance of predation risk, relief of interspecific competition, thermoregulation, and extension of feeding activities. However, there is evidence supporting and countering all four hypotheses. Therefore, cathemerality cannot be defined as an adaptive consequence of any single factor. Consequently, cathemerality is recognized as a flexible strategy for dealing with several factors in the harsh, unpredictable Madagascar environment. In the future, researchers need to examine flexible activities in response to other factors, such as habitat disturbance caused by humans, to explain complex mechanisms caused by compound factors, and to compare the activities of diurnal lemurs using ecological and physiological approaches.