著者

徳山 奈帆子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.78-79, 2020-12-20 (Released:2020-12-23)

著者

長尾 充徳 釜鳴 宏枝 山本 裕己 高井 進 田中 正之

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.30.017, (Released:2014-09-08)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

4 1

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The purpose of this paper is to describe the early introduction protocols in a hand-reared Gorilla infant (Gorilla gorilla) that was introduced to biological parents at Kyoto City Zoo. The introduction process was initiated when the infant was one year old. In Dec. 21, 2011, an infant gorilla was born at Kyoto City Zoo. The infant is the first one who has captive-born parents, and the fourth generation of gorillas in Japan. The mother successfully held the infant, but could not give her milk enough to feed the infant. The baby showed dehydration and weakened. For the purpose of saving its life, we separated the infant from the mother and began to rear it. To avoid harmful influence of hand-rearing, we planned to reintroduce the hand-reared infant to its parents on the basis of successful cases in European and American zoos. We separated the processes of reintroduction into five steps, each of which had no time-limit, but totaled one, or one and half years. We started to show the infant to the parents when the infant was two months old. In the beginning, each of the parents showed a gentle attitude, and then started to directly contact with their infant. Habituation with the physical environment and the parents was going smoothly under careful observation. We returned the infant to its mother successfully at 10.5 months of age. Then, in its 11.5 months of age, we reintroduced the mother and the infant to the adult male (i.e., the father of the infant). Finally, the parents and the infant live together peacefully now. We thought of the processes of reintroduction and found one of the most important factors was that separation was attributed by not giving up nursing, but insufficiency of milk. Another factor may be that separation period was short enough to induce a sense of responsibility as a mother.

著者

半谷 吾郎 好廣 眞一 YANG Danhe WONG Christopher Chai Thiam 岡 桃子 楊木 萌 佐藤 侑太郎 大坪 卓 櫻井 貴之 川田 美風 F. FAHRI SIWAN Elangkumaran Sagtia HAVERCAMP Kristin 余田 修助 GU Ningxin LOKHANDWALA Seema Sheesh 中野 勝光 瀧 雄渡 七五三木 環 本郷 峻 澤田 晶子 本田 剛章 栗原 洋介

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.36.014, (Released:2020-11-30)

参考文献数

23

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We studied the island-wide distribution of wild Japanese macaques in Yakushima (Macaca fuscata yakui) in May 2017 and 2018. We walked 165.4 km along roads and recorded the location of 842 macaque feces. We divided the roads into segments 50 m in length (N=3308) and analyzed the effect of the areas of farms and villages or conifer plantations around the segments and also the presence of hunting for pest control on the presence or absence of feces. We divided the island into three areas based on population trend changes over the past two decades: north and east (hunting present, population decreasing); south (hunting present, no change) and west (hunting absent, no change). According to conditional autoregressive models incorporating spatial autocorrelation, only farms and villages affected the presence of feces negatively in the island-wide data set. The effect of hunting on the presence of feces was present only in the north and east and the effect of conifer plantations was present only in the west. Qualitative comparisons of the census records from the 1990s with the more recent census indicated that feces were no longer found in the private land near the northern villages of Yakushima, where macaques were previously often detected in the 1990s. In other areas, such as near the southern villages or in the highlands, macaques were detected both in the 1990s and in 2017-2018. Our results further strengthen the possibility that the macaques have largely disappeared around the villages in the northern and eastern areas. Since the damage of crops by macaques has recently reduced considerably, we recommend reducing hunting pressure in the north and east areas and putting more effort into alternative measures such as the use of electric fences.

著者

京都大学霊長類研究所疾病対策委員会

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.69-71, 2010-06-20 (Released:2010-07-01)

被引用文献数

3 3

著者

豊田 有 石垣 竜 嶌村 泰人 河合 よーたり 長屋 良典 丸橋 珠樹 MALAIVIJITNOND Suchinda

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.81-85, 2019 (Released:2020-02-14)

参考文献数

13

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The stump-tailed macaque, Macaca arctoides, is the most distinctive in its genus with respect to reproductive anatomy and sexual behavior. Male-male mounting behaviors have been mentioned in many reports; however, ejaculation has not yet been recorded. Herein, we report a very rare case of ejaculation in the context of male-male mounting in wild stump-tailed macaques in Khao Krapuk Khao Taomor Non-hunting Area, Thailand. The behavior was observed during documentary filming of the animals. Daily observations were conducted for 28 days from July 4th to 31st, 2018, from 8 am to 6 pm. This rare behavior was documented on July 12th, while following and filming the Wngklm group. A young male of this group, WKM-M33, and a young male of another group (Fourth group), FTH-M33, started mounting. Initially, this mounting seemed to be social interaction in the context of a group encounter. However, after a thrust of a few seconds, the mounter, WKM-M33, exhibited ejaculated-like behavior. The mountee, FTH-M33, exhibited teeth-chattering behavior and touched the mounter's genital area. After completion of the mounting, whitish semen dropped to the ground and was eaten by WKM-M33. Then, WKM-M33 squeezed out sperm from the erect penis and ate it. We were therefore convinced that the mounter, WKM-M33, had ejaculated at the time of mounting. Although it is dificult to draw a definitive conclusion because it is a single case report, we propose two possible interpretations: 1) accidental case owing to extreme tension from group encounters during social interaction or 2) homosexual behavior between males with little access to females.

著者

渡邉 慶 船橋 新太郎

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.2, pp.87-100, 2015-12-20 (Released:2016-01-30)

参考文献数

66

被引用文献数

2 3

---

A dual-task is a procedure in which subjects are asked to perform two tasks simultaneously. Humans often show performance deficits in one or both of the component tasks in the dual-task. This effect, known as dual-task interference, is thought to reflect the fundamental characteristics of higher-order cognitive functions such as attention and working memory, therefore human dual-task performance has been extensively studied in the fields of cognitive psychology and neuroscience. Despite many decades of research, our understanding regarding the mechanisms underlying dual-task performance is still limited due to the lack of animal models that are amenable to direct recording of neuronal signals during dual-task performance. In this review, we first outline the history of dual-task research in human cognitive psychology. We then review the major trends of dual-task research in human functional neuroimaging studies, and discuss how these studies contributed to the understanding of neural mechanisms underlying dual-task performance. Finally, we review recent advances in behavioral and neurophysiological studies in nonhuman primates, and discuss how the development of animal models of dual-task performance will shed new light in these areas.

著者

澤田 晶子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.5-21, 2014-06-20 (Released:2014-08-02)

参考文献数

143

被引用文献数

2 3

---

Nearly 60 primate species consume fungi as a part of their diet, where some species are heavily dependent on fungi, while others use them as minor food resources. Three methods have been used to study mycophagy (fungus-eating behavior) among primates: stomach content analysis, direct observation, and fecal analysis. Direct observation is the most widely used but provides only limited information regarding fungi species eaten by animals. DNA analysis or stable isotope analysis can complement such behavioral data to reveal new insights into mycophagy. Fungi play an important role in maintaining healthy forest by forming mycorrhiza with plant species. Mycophagous primates disperse fugal spores therefore might also contribute to the forest ecosystems. Regardless of their potential as spore dispersers, far fewer studies focus on primates compared with those on other mycophagous mammals such as rodents and marsupials. Studies show that primates generally consume above-ground fungi, while rodents and marsupials use subterranean truffles. Considering the facts that some terrestrial fungi are highly poisonous and that primates build a food repertoire based on feeding experiences, we are confronted with a question of whether they learn how to avoid poisonous fungi. New perspectives and approaches will allow us to explore the animal-fungus relationship in the ecosystem.

著者

小島 龍平 藤野 健 森 健人 後藤 遼佑 関谷 伸一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.29.016, (Released:2013-12-19)

参考文献数

14

著者

落合 知美 綿貫 宏史朗 鵜殿 俊史 森村 成樹 平田 聡 友永 雅己 伊谷 原一 松沢 哲郎

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.19-29, 2015-06-20 (Released:2015-08-07)

参考文献数

70

被引用文献数

1 2

---

The Great Ape Information Network has collated and archived information on captive chimpanzees within Japan since 2002. As of July 1st, 2014, a total of 323 chimpanzees were housed within 52 facilities across Japan, all registered in the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums (JAZA) studbook. JAZA has recorded information on captive chimpanzees within Japan since the 1980s. However, for individuals unregistered and/or deceased prior to this period, JAZA holds scant information. There are very few surviving reports on living conditions and husbandry of such individuals, particularly for the years preceding the Second World War (WWII) (up to 1945). Here we present the first detailed history of captive chimpanzees in Japan before WWII, following a systematic investigation of disparate records. The first record of any live chimpanzee within Japan was a chimpanzee accompanying an Italian travelling circus in 1921. The history of resident captive chimpanzees in Japan began in 1927 when a chimpanzee, imported into Japan by a visitor, was exhibited in Osaka zoo. In the 1930s, many chimpanzee infants were imported to Japanese zoos until in 1941 imports were halted because of WWII. By the end of WWII, there was only one single chimpanzee still alive within Japan, “Bamboo”, housed in Nagoya. In 1951, importation of wild chimpanzees into Japan resumed. In total, we identified 28 individuals housed within Japan before 1945, none listed previously in the JAZA studbook. Of these 28 individuals: 6 entered Japan as pets and/or circus animals, 21 were imported to zoos, and one was stillborn in zoo. Of the 21 zoo-housed individuals, 7 died within one year and 9 of the remaining 14 were dead within 5 years of arriving in Japan. Four individuals are recorded to have lived 7-8 years. Only one male individual, the aforementioned “Bamboo”, lived notably longer, to about 14 years.

著者

保坂 和彦

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.37.014, (Released:2021-06-15)

参考文献数

17

著者

中川 尚史

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.33.012, (Released:2017-12-27)

参考文献数

13

著者

金森 朝子

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.35.003, (Released:2019-06-26)

著者

友永 雅己

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.3, pp.265-272, 2009-03-31 (Released:2010-06-17)

参考文献数

61

被引用文献数

1 1

著者

松原 幹 阿部 知暁

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.305-311, 1999 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1 1

著者

小川 秀司

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.2, pp.143-158, 2010-12-20 (Released:2011-02-01)

参考文献数

31

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I studied huddling groups of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in the Arashiyama E troop at the “Arashiyama Monkey Park Iwatayama” in Kyoto, central Japan. Japanese macaques made physical contact with other individuals and formed huddling groups when air temperatures were low. The 99-101 adult females and 26-36 adult males in the study troop formed 345 huddling groups during 42 scan samplings in the winter of 2001, and 376 huddling groups during 52 scan samplings in the winter of 2002. The average size of huddling groups was 2.34 (range: 2-7) individuals in 2001, and 2.31 (range: 2-6) individuals in 2002. There was no huddling group of two males. Females more frequently huddled with females than with males. Two maternal kin related females huddled more frequently than unrelated females did. Mother-daughter pairs huddled most frequently. Two individuals usually huddled ventrally-ventrally, ventrally-laterally, and ventrally-dorsally. The distribution of huddling group sizes shows that the approaching individuals did not choose a particular size of huddling. However, the approaching individuals chose locations where they simultaneously contacted with two individuals 1.5 times more frequently than locations where they contacted with only one individual. This choice made the shape of huddling groups triangular and diamond-shaped more frequently than expected. By decision making of each individual, specific patterns emerged in the shape, composition, and position of each individual in huddling groups. As well as huddling behaviors, two and more primate individuals were involved in various social interactions. During the interactions, primates make their decision based on complex cognitive mechanisms and non-linear functions, compete and cooperate with the same opponents in their troop, and predict and manipulate the opponent’s behavior. These traits in social interactions among primates might make their society more complex and interesting.

著者

松本 卓也

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.2, pp.85-96, 2024 (Released:2023-12-27)

参考文献数

87

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In this paper, I discuss the relationship between social organization and offspring-rearing methods, which are starting to be used as a novel indicator in interspecies societal comparisons. Additionally, I clarify the relationship between the intimacy of the mother–offspring relationship and the development of foraging in the offspring. I suggest that the establishment of a base camp in human evolution is important not only to facilitate effective hunting and gathering but also for immature individuals to reduce the cost of accompanying adults and engage in their own foraging activities. I also attempt to deconstruct weaning from the offspring’s perspective, which often focuses on the mother’s decision to stop breastfeeding. Specifically, I focus on the development of the offspring’s ability to acquire food independently and the offspring’s behavior away from its mother. I suggest that there is no significant difference between humans and African apes in the timing when the offspring significantly reduces its dependence on breast milk. This paper also depicts “early weaning” as a characteristic of the unique life history of humans, in which the mother conceives a second offspring at the same time as or even before the offspring becomes much less dependent on the mother’s milk.

著者

丸橋 珠樹

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.3, pp.235-244, 1993 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Primates occupy most of the all biomass of the seed dispersors in tropical forests. Among primates, two main feeding techniques are found; one is a type of processing the fruits with cheek pouches and another is a type of swallowing the fruits without cheek pouches. The cheek pouches are one of the main morphological features of Old World monkeys, however, neither the apes nor New World monkeys have cheek pouches.Almost all of Old World monkey species have matrilineal societies, while almost of the primate not having cheek pouches have non-matrilineal societies. Some of apes and atelines have patrilineal societies.Since the appearance of Cercopithecoid having cheek pouches in early Miocene, the relative species diversity of the hominoids in the primate community has been decreasing. This dramatic change of primate community in the Old World might be due to the differences in the efficiency of exploitation for the food resources in the forests between primates having and not having cheek pouches.

著者

林 基治

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.107-113, 2003 (Released:2005-03-24)

参考文献数

25

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The anterior cingulate cortex (Brodman’s areas 24 and 25) has been shown to participate in various functions: emotion, pain, visceromotor, skeletomotor control, and attention. Moreover, the area is involved in vocalization, singing and word processing, suggesting that it is of particular importance for higher brain functions such as communication and language. Anatomical studies have indicated that an unusual type of neurons (spindle neuron) is present in the layer Vb of the anterior cingulate cortex. The spindle neurons are characterized by large vertical fusiform morphology and are a type of projection neuron. They have a large apical dendrite extending toward the pial surface and a single large basal dendrite extending toward the white matter. The neurons have been demonstrated only in humans and the great apes; bonobos, common chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans. The neurons are absent in the gibbon, as well as in New and Old World monkeys. The density of the spindle neurons in layer V and the volume of the cell body vary as a function of relative brain size (encephalization) across humans and great apes. We recently observed the existence of the spindle neurons in a chimpanzee fetus (embryonic day 224), which was stillborn. About 5% of neuronal cells in layer Vb were spindle neurons. No spindle neurons were observed in layer V of the prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that the existence of the spindle neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex is intrinsically characterized during the embryonic stage of the chimpanzee. The relationship between this unique neuron and the physiological functions of the anterior cingulate cortex such as communication and language remains to be clarified.

著者

中村 美知夫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.3, pp.229-240, 2009-03-31 (Released:2010-06-17)

参考文献数

94

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More than half a century has passed since Imanishi (1952) proposed ‘culture’ to nonhuman animals. Now, although there is still some skepticism, the discussion of nonhuman cultures is widely accepted in the international academic world. It seems that the study of cultures has become one of the important topics in primatology. In this review, I introduce recent trends of cultural studies on nonhuman primates. First, I give a brief outline of the history of the studies. Then I summarize recent findings of cultural primatology by dividing them into the following three domains: 1) chimpanzee tool use; 2) chimpanzee cultures other than tool use; 3) cultures in other primate species. The most well studied domain is the foraging tool use where more and more additional information about the distributions of known tool types has been reported from new study sites in addition to several novel tool types. From long studied sites, the details of developmental process or tool selection are often well investigated. There are some reports on cultural behaviors outside of foraging tool techniques but the information is still limited compared to tool use. Finally I introduce some of the recent debates on nonhuman cultures by focusing on the distinction between culture and tradition, the distinction between social and asocial learning, and the ‘ethnographic’ method often employed by field primatologists. I argue that recent discussions of animal culture often tacitly include the idea of hierarchical advances that implies the complex and sophisticated human culture is in the highest and the best stage. This reminds us of the outdated view on human cultural hierarchism which saw the modernized western culture as the final stage. I stress the importance of writing ‘real’ ethnographies of nonhuman primates for full development of cultural primatology.

著者

伊谷 原一 松沢 哲郎 山極 壽一

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.32.002, (Released:2016-06-15)

参考文献数

6

被引用文献数

1