著者

増田 隆一

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

雑誌

北海道大学総合博物館研究報告 (ISSN:1348169X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.103-108, 2013-03

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Previous studies by our group have been summarized in this paper. To understand the genetic status of the Okhotsk people who lived in the southern coastal regions of the Okhotsk Sea between the fifth and twelfth centuries, nucleotide polymorphisms in hypervariable regions I and II (HVR I and HVR II) and the coding regions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were investigated. MtDNA haplogroups of the Okhotsk people examined were classified according to mtDNA lineages previously reported in northeastern Asians. The comparison of mtDNA haplogroup frequencies between the Okhotsk people and other Asian populations revealed that the genetic structures of the Okhotsk people are similar to those of populations currently living around the lower regions of the Amur River and the Ainu in Hokkaido. These results support our previous study on molecular phylogeny of only HVR I sequences in mtDNA (Sato et al. 2007), and strongly show that the Okhotsk people could have originated around lower regions of the Amur River and played the role of intermediate for gene flow from the continental-Sakhalin people to the Ainu (Sato et al. 2009a). To study further the genetic characteristics of the ancient people around Hokkaido, allele frequencies of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette sub-family C11 (ABCC11) gene, which determines the earwax phenotypes (dry or wet type), were analyzed. Interestingly, one homozygote for the 27-bp deletion in the ABCC11 gene was found first in the Epi-Jomon. Exact tests of people differentiation (including the previously reported data on modern people) showed that allele frequencies of the ABCC11 gene between the Jomon people and Ainu were significantly different statistically, whereas those between the Jomon and Epi- Jomon and those between the Epi-Jomon and Ainu were not significantly different. These results suggest that the Epi-Jomon people in Hokkaido were genetically affected by the Okhotsk people who possessed high frequency of allele A (recessive dry allele) of the ABCC11 locus (Sato et al. 2009b; Kazuta et al. 2011). On temporal genetic changes in ancient people of Hokkaido, the result of the ABCC11 analysis supports mtDNA haplogrouping.

著者

関口 明

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

雑誌

北海道大学総合博物館研究報告 (ISSN:1348169X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.46-57, 2013-03

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From the Edo period, The Urup Island, a part of the Chishima Archipelago (Kuril Islands) located close to Hokkaido, was called “Rakko To“ (“To”means island) for the reason of being known as an island inhabited by sea otters. The origin of “rakko”, name for a sea otter in Japanese, can be traced to Ainu language. It has been proved that the fur trade between Ainu and Japanese provided background for its adoption into Japanese language. In this paper the beginning of “rakko” appearance in Japanese historical materials is examined together with the evidence of its presence in Ainu tales “Yukar”, and a point is being made of answering what was its role in Ainu trade with Japanese. First chapter provides an argument that the fur was mainly used for harnesses and partly in sheath for Japanese sword as a sign of status. In the second chapter, based on Japanese historical materials, the following hypothesis is argued: 1) a first known sight of sea otter fur is explained in 1423, 2) in 1433, Japan trades sea otter fur to Min Dynasty, China, 3) in 1434, the Kingdom of Ryukyu supplies Min Dynasty with sea otter fur 4) in the end of 15 century, “rakko” is mentioned in several Japanese dictionaries 5) the route of “rakko” trade goes from Ainu to Kakizaki (Matsumae) to Ando (Tosaminato) to Takeda (Wakasa) to Ashikaga (Kyoto). Third chapter contains an analysis of “rakko” appearance in Yukar Ainu epic, precisely in Itadorimaru. According to the Itadorimaru tale, “rakko” possessed by princess Kanesantaunmat leaves the mouth of Ishikari River. Then, when it is captured by Poiyaumpe (Ainu hero), the fighting between Ainu living in Hokkaido and tribes of Sakhalin erupts. However, eventually Poiyaunpe wins. It is my belief that this Yukar tale discusses a dispute over fur trade rights that took place between Sakhalin and Hokkaido ,with the story being used as a motif. Yukar depicts the process of Satsumon culture wrestling off the rights to “rakko” fur trade from the Ohotsk culture ( 5th ~ 13th century). Japanese historical materials shows that the Ainu who sprang from Satsumon culture, kept the rights to the ”rakko” fur trade.

著者

浪川 健治

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

雑誌

北海道大学総合博物館研究報告 (ISSN:1348169X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.133-138, 2008-03-31

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No historical documentation recording or implying the existence of the Iomante ceremony by the Ainu people who were living in the northern most part of Honshu Island (Tohoku district) has even been found. The only source which contains rich descriptions about the Honshu Ainu people, especially the Tsugaru Ainu, is the Hirosaki Domain Chronicles (1661–1868). However, although these chronicles are filled with records of Ainu rules and organizations, it lacks the necessary descriptions of production and daily living of the Ainu, recording only unusual incidences such as accidents and rescues. It is clear, though, through analysis of the Hirosaki Domain Chronicles, that bear cub rearing which was indispensable for the Iomante Ceremony was common among the Hoshu Ainu. Furthermore, the hunting culture of the Tsugaru Ainu during the first half of the 18th century was very similar to that of the Hokkaido Ezo Ainu during the last half of 18th century. This proves that the Ainu on either side of the Tsugaru Strait shared common hunting, ethic, and religious cultures. For further investigation on what the cultures were like and how they paralleled with the Ezo cultures, it will be necessary to do traditional research of various travel diaries and also to analyze historic documents from retroactive and folkloristic points of view, incorporating the results in the research of material culture.

著者

三浦 裕行

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

巻号頁・発行日

2005-03-31

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内田正練(うちだまさよし)氏は北海道大学水泳部の大先輩です。大正9年(1920)のベルギーアントワープ大会に参加した日本最初のオリンピック水泳代表選手であり、彼の地でクロール泳法を会得して帰国し、広くクロール泳法を日本に広めた日本近代水泳の功労者であります。内田正練氏の業績を再確認しようと過去の記録をまとめ北海道大学総合博物館第20回企画展示を計画しました。本書はそのパンフレットとして作成したもので、当時の競技記録と写真をもとに日本泳法からクロール泳法へと転換していった大正末期の水泳事情と内田正練氏の足跡を辿ろうとするものです。

著者

佐伯 有清

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

雑誌

北海道大学総合博物館研究報告 (ISSN:1348169X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.81-99, 2003-03-31

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Twenty years have passed since the pottery with the written character "□" was unearthed at the Sakushu-Kotoni-Gawa Site on the campus of Hokkaido University. At that time, as regards the broken piece of pottery excavated, the author has endeavored to investigate that character "□" made on pottery in the ninth century, as being identical with the letter "夷", called the Emishi (蝦夷) in ancient Japan. After that, with the increase of similar materials mainly unearthed in many sites of the north eastern provinces and the eastern districts, several opinions have been published by investigators of ancient Japanese history and archaeology. As opposed to the written character "□" as being the very same as the letter "夷" (Emishi 蝦夷), some hold a different view, stating that the character "□" is a kind of mark, or a simpler form for the letter "奉", that inhabitants made when offering to their Gods. On the other side, some scholars offer an opinion that the incised or written character "□" on roofing tiles of the ancient temple and palace is the simplified letter "夷" of the Ubai (優婆夷), namely the Upasika of Sanskrit term. As regard these varying, the author indicates some doubtful points and arrives at the conclusion that the written or incised "□" on potteries and roofing tiles is same letter "夷" (Emishi) as postulated in the original research.

著者

天野 哲也

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

巻号頁・発行日

2008

著者

天野 哲也

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

巻号頁・発行日

2006-06

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iii, 64 p.

著者

藤井 誠二

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

雑誌

北海道大学総合博物館研究報告 (ISSN:1348169X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.9-132, 2008-03-31

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Plant (wood and grass) materials were basic and indispensable to prehistoric people’s lives; however, little attention has been paid to these materials up to now. The main reason is that they are characterized by variety and destructibility. To reveal the characteristics of wooden goods of the Satsumon and the Ainu cultures, data from archaeological reports were collected and arranged into a classification system, from which a data base for wooden goods from these two cultures was created. In total 7,477 wooden artifacts from 29 sites were analyzed (table), and based on the analyses, a class catalog of 26 groups consisting of 213 types was presented. Using this table, the ratio of wooden artifacts assigned to Category 4 (type of goods) and Category 3 (use of goods) of the Satsumon Culture and of the Ainu Culture were compared. In Category 4, there were some remarkable differences in ratio in such goods as ceremonial and ritual artifacts. However, there was no outstanding difference in the number of artifacts within these two cultures. In other words, the usage of wooden goods from the Satsumon to the Ainu Culture was continual. The comparison analyses of each item and of each cultural site will be the main research topic for the future.

著者

天野 哲也

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

巻号頁・発行日

2004-11-01

著者

高橋 英樹 露崎 史朗 笹 賀一郎 齋藤 貴之

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

巻号頁・発行日

2005-03-31

著者

北海道大学大学院文学研究科芸術学研究室 北海道大学総合博物館

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

雑誌

疋田豊治ガラス乾板写真展 : 北海道大学総合博物館開館10周年記念企画展示

巻号頁・発行日

pp.1-79, 2009-10-24

著者

小林 孝人 高橋 英樹

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

雑誌

パラタクソノミスト養成講座・ガイドブックシリーズ

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, 2009-08-31

著者

ゲムエフ I. N. アレクセーエフ N. A. アクチャブリスカヤ I. V. 堀越 しげ子 桝本 哲

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

雑誌

北海道大学総合博物館研究報告 (ISSN:1348169X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.153-272, 2008-03-31

著者

石田 肇 下田 靖 米田 穣 内藤 裕一 長岡 朋人

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

雑誌

北海道大学総合博物館研究報告 (ISSN:1348169X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, pp.109-115, 2013-03

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The Okhotsk culture spread from southern Sakhalin Island to northeastern Hokkaido Island and the Kurile Islands from the 5th to the 12th centuries AD. The Okhotsk culture developed a considerable maritime infrastructure which was different from that of the native population in Hokkaido. The demographic structure of prehistoric hunter-gatherers contributes to our understanding of life history patterns of past human populations. Age-at-death distribution was estimated using the Buckberry-Chamberlain system of auricular surface aging and the Bayesian approach to discuss whether paleodemographic estimates can yield an appropriate mortality profile of the prehistoric hunter-gatherers in Japan. The age distributions of the Okhotsk revealed low proportions of young adults and high proportions of elderly adults. The results indicated 24.4-51.3% for the proportion of individuals above the age of 55 years. The newly-employed technique of the Bayesian estimation yielded age distributions with significant numbers of elderly individuals, which are contrary to usual paleodemographic estimates. Apical periodontitis, accompanied by considerable wear, was frequently seen in the upper first molars of the Okhotsk people. The bone cavities around the root of the upper first molars were probably caused by chronic apical periodontitis and radicular cyst. The bone cavity was clearly surrounded by sclerotic bone tissue diagnosed as condensing osteitis. Excessive amounts of secondary cementum were deposited on the root surface as a result of radicular granuloma. Pulp exposure through extreme wear very likely resulted in bacterial infection of dental pulp and periapical tissue. Degenerative changes in people of the Okhotsk culture were investigated using adult human skeletons and reconstructing their lifestyle. Findings were compared with materials obtained from skeletons from the medieval Kamakura period and skeletons of early-modern peasants on the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Severe osteophytes on the lumbar vertebrae were more frequently seen in the Okhotsk males. Degenerative changes of the articular process were also most frequently seen in the lumbar vertebrae of the Okhotsk skeletons. This is a significant contrasted from the high frequency of degenerative changes in the cervical apophyseal joint among Ryukyu peasants. The high prevalence of elbow and knee joint changes in the Okhotsk skeletons was a strong contrast to the high frequency of hip joint changes seen in materials from Kamakura and changes in shoulder and hip joints common in materials from Ryukyu. Because the Okhotsk culture developed a considerable maritime infrastructure, the lifestyle required for sea-mammal hunting and fishing seems to have particularly affected the incidences of severe degenerative changes in the lumbar vertebrae, elbow, and knee. Isotopic signatures in bulk collagen and some amino acids inform of significant differences in the subsistence of each group. Reconstructed diets are taken into consideration to correct the marine reservoir effects on radiocarbon dates for human remains.

著者

鳥本 淳司 松枝 大治

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

雑誌

パラタクソノミスト養成講座・ガイドブックシリーズ

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, 2011-03-31

著者

大井 晴男

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

雑誌

北海道大学総合博物館研究報告 (ISSN:1348169X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, pp.1-131, 2016-03-31

著者

今村 央 持田 誠

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

巻号頁・発行日

2008-03

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水産科学館に蓄積された水産学部100年の歴史

著者

三浦裕行執筆 松枝大治編集

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

巻号頁・発行日

2005

著者

Tezuka Kaoru Fitzhugh Ben

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

雑誌

北海道大学総合博物館研究報告 (ISSN:1348169X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, pp.85-95, 2004-03

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This article presents the results of our 2000 IKIP fieldwork and focuses on applying Japanese archaeological knowledge to the consideration of Kuril prehistory. The characteristics of the distribution of both Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk cultures based on ceramics excavated on Matua Island, Kama River site on Urup Island, and the Peschanaya Bay Site on Chirpoi Island in terms of culture history are described (Table 1). It was noteworthy for us to find terminal Jomon and Epi-Jomon cord-marked ceramics in the stratigraphy that extend the geographic distribution of this culture farther northeast in the Kuril Islands than had previously been known. The expansion of Epi-Jomon pottery into the middle part of the Kuril islands can be linked archaeologically with the rapid spread of the expansion of contemporary human settlement northward into Sakhalin and eastward into the Kuril Islands. Specifically, this article discusses the significance of this expansion during the Epi-Jomon period. This article also deals with the Kuril Ainu's sea mammal ritual that has previously been little researched. New evidence of the intentional arrangement of fur seal skulls according to their creed system in the animal ritual of the Ainu is antithetical to currently and widely accepted models of "the Bear Festival Complex" which assume that the bear festival occupies the core of Ainu culture (Watanabe 1972).

著者

石田 肇 下田 靖 米田 穣 内藤 裕一 長岡 朋人

出版者

北海道大学総合博物館

雑誌

北海道大学総合博物館研究報告 (ISSN:1348169X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.6, pp.109-115, 2013-03

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The Okhotsk culture spread from southern Sakhalin Island to northeastern Hokkaido Island and the Kurile Islands from the 5th to the 12th centuries AD. The Okhotsk culture developed a considerable maritime infrastructure which was different from that of the native population in Hokkaido. The demographic structure of prehistoric hunter-gatherers contributes to our understanding of life history patterns of past human populations. Age-at-death distribution was estimated using the Buckberry-Chamberlain system of auricular surface aging and the Bayesian approach to discuss whether paleodemographic estimates can yield an appropriate mortality profile of the prehistoric hunter-gatherers in Japan. The age distributions of the Okhotsk revealed low proportions of young adults and high proportions of elderly adults. The results indicated 24.4-51.3% for the proportion of individuals above the age of 55 years. The newly-employed technique of the Bayesian estimation yielded age distributions with significant numbers of elderly individuals, which are contrary to usual paleodemographic estimates. Apical periodontitis, accompanied by considerable wear, was frequently seen in the upper first molars of the Okhotsk people. The bone cavities around the root of the upper first molars were probably caused by chronic apical periodontitis and radicular cyst. The bone cavity was clearly surrounded by sclerotic bone tissue diagnosed as condensing osteitis. Excessive amounts of secondary cementum were deposited on the root surface as a result of radicular granuloma. Pulp exposure through extreme wear very likely resulted in bacterial infection of dental pulp and periapical tissue. Degenerative changes in people of the Okhotsk culture were investigated using adult human skeletons and reconstructing their lifestyle. Findings were compared with materials obtained from skeletons from the medieval Kamakura period and skeletons of early-modern peasants on the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Severe osteophytes on the lumbar vertebrae were more frequently seen in the Okhotsk males. Degenerative changes of the articular process were also most frequently seen in the lumbar vertebrae of the Okhotsk skeletons. This is a significant contrasted from the high frequency of degenerative changes in the cervical apophyseal joint among Ryukyu peasants. The high prevalence of elbow and knee joint changes in the Okhotsk skeletons was a strong contrast to the high frequency of hip joint changes seen in materials from Kamakura and changes in shoulder and hip joints common in materials from Ryukyu. Because the Okhotsk culture developed a considerable maritime infrastructure, the lifestyle required for sea-mammal hunting and fishing seems to have particularly affected the incidences of severe degenerative changes in the lumbar vertebrae, elbow, and knee. Isotopic signatures in bulk collagen and some amino acids inform of significant differences in the subsistence of each group. Reconstructed diets are taken into consideration to correct the marine reservoir effects on radiocarbon dates for human remains.