著者

田中 一之

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.2, pp.13-21, 2007-12-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

20

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Reverse Mathematics is an ongoing research program on foundations of mathematics, whose aim is to find out what kinds of logical or set-theoretical hypotheses are necessary and sufficient to prove a theorem of ordinary mathematics. In this paper, we show that the fundamental theorem of algebra holds within RCA0, a weakest base theory of this program, by way of a combination of a nonstandard method and a conservation result on weak König's lemma.

著者

森元 良太

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.1, pp.15-27, 2007-07-30 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1

---

Probability concept is indispensable to evolutionary theory, particularly to mathematical models of population genetics. Recently philosophers of biology have discussed the meaning of probability concept in evolutionary theory. Most discussions are based on the assumption that evolutionary theory can be reduced to a fundamental physical theory, either classical or quantum mechanics. I will criticize the reductionists' arguments and show that evolutionary theory can't be reduced to particular fundamental physical theories. Instead, using the concept of coarse graining, a basic theoretical tool in statistical mechanics, I can explain the true relation between evolutionary theory and fundamental physical theories.

著者

後藤 蔚

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.1, pp.55-66, 2007-07-30 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

2

---

The opinion that chance is a crossing of the causal sequences is popularized. But the crossing is a point on the causal sequences, then by what meaning the crossing is chance? Moreover a causal sequence will cross other numerous causal sequences and there are lots of crossings, so every crossing is chance? Further, in a game of chance, what causal sequences cross each other? Besides, probability treats what aspect of chance?This paper discusses these questions.

著者

金田 明子

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.2, pp.43-55, 2006-12-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

14

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In his book, The Concept of Logical Consequence, Etchemendy claims that the currently standard model-theoretic account of logical consequence is "the interpretational semantics" and does not capture logicality. The purpose of this paper is to defend the model-theoretic account from Etchemendy's criticisms. Through comparison with Sher's "Tarskian logic" and her model-theoretic definition of logical constants, I aim to demonstrate that the basis of Etchemendy's arguments are mistaken. I then explain that the model-theoretic account of logical consequence guarantees its logicality by the semantic functions of logical constants.

著者

伊勢田 哲治

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.2, pp.77-91, 2005-12-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

1

---

The practice of risk analysis and its validity have invited heated controversies for many years. In this paper, I approach this issue from the point of view of "an applied philosophy of science". Two common models of risk analysis, i.e. the positivist and the social constructivist models, seem untenable because they reflect positions already refuted in the philosophy of science. Kristine Shrader-Frechette and Deborah Mayo offer alternative post-positivistic models of the risk analysis (scientific proceduralism and a metascientific analysis, respectively). Although I agree with them in many respects, their images of uncertainty in the risk analysis seem to be somewhat coarse-grained. I introduce a Bayesian point of view as a refinement in the post-positivistic model.

著者

伊佐敷 隆弘

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.1, pp.31-45, 2005-07-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Philosophers who study time often presuppose that the present is a durationless moment. But the reason is seldom explicitly expressed. There could be at least two arguments for it. And both arguments depend on the implicit assumption that when time passes the present becomes the past. But if we don't take the linear image of time for granted, this assumption is not self-evident though its converse proposition may be. Without this assumption I put forward a new image of the present and the past. The present is non-metrical and when we refer to an event-individual, the past emerges and the present comes to have a breadth. The emergence of the category of event-individuals and that of the past time are cooriginal.

著者

斉藤 健

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.149-162, 2004-12-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

6

---

The aim of this paper is to explicate and evaluate Resnik's structuralism in the philosophy of mathematics, and especially to show some difficulties in his theory. Firstly I clarify his main arguments concerning mathematical realism and structuralism. His position has some merits from the points of ontology and epistemology. Then I point out the philosophical implications of his interpretation of mathematical patterns as merely epistemological devices for philosophical explication. By using indispensability argument as a means of justification of mathematical realism, he admits the degree of our commitment to the existence of mathematical objects. Finally I will show that he fails to explain patterns and positions of mathematical structures in category theory.

著者

中山 康雄

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.31-45, 2004-12-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

7

---

McTaggart claimed that he proved the unreality of time. However, there is some obscurity in his time theory. This obscurity has not been questioned nearly one hundred years after his alleged proof of the unreality of time. This paper is an attempt of a rational reconstruction of his, time theory. This reconstruction reveals that his A-series and B-series have more complex structures than usually assumed. I propose to formalize both series by using tense relation symbols, such as P(t, e), N(t, e), F(t, e). This paper demonstrates that the reconstructed A-theory and B-theory are consistent, so that not only McTaggart's proof but also its reconstructions in Dummett (1960) and Mellor (1998) fail. In the last part, I point out that the dynamic time produces not inconsistency but formal inexpressibility.

著者

向井 国昭

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.65-77, 2003-12-30 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

7

---

The Cantorian set theory survived the Russell Paradox by means of axiomatizing the theory into the standard theory named ZF. ZF has a set theoretical counterpart named FA (Foundation Axiom) to the vicious-circle principle of Russell's ramified type theory. Despite the principle, circular objects and phenomena are ubiquitous in many applications fields of ZF. For modeling such circular things directly as circular sets, Aczel replaced FA with his Anti-Foundation Axiom (AFA) to allow non-well-founded sets in a strong way. The foundation of the new set theory is explained in details.

著者

三平 正明

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.33-48, 2003-12-30 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

29

---

It is a well-known story that Russell's discovery of his paradox shook the foundations of Frege's logical system for arithmetic. But there is another route to this paradox. Hilbert pointed out to Frege that he had already found other even more convincing contradictions which he communicated to Zermelo, thereby initiating Zermelo's independent discovery of Russell's paradox. In this paper, we follow this less familiar route and analyze three paradoxes, namely Hilbert's paradox, Zermelo's version of Russell's paradox and Schröder's paradox of 0 and 1. Furthermore, tradition in which these paradoxes were found is reconsidered. We examine Schröder's place in the foundational study and criticize an alleged dichotomy between the algebraic and logistic traditions.

著者

三浦 俊彦

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.121-134, 2003-07-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

2

---

The fact that our Universe is fine-tuned for life is widely believed to be evidence in favor of the world-ensemble hypotheses, only if the observational selection effect is taken into account. But in Ito's recent book this type of reasoning is criticized as illusory due to the inverse gambler's fallacy, and the observational selection effect is denied its supposed theoretical value. We show that Ito's analogical examples are irrelevant and his arguments are mathematically wrong. There are actually some philosophical insights the observational selection effect would bring, concerning not only the world-ensemble cosmology but also the nature of consciousness, self, identity, and especially the causal theory of reference.

著者

鈴木 延寿

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.95-106, 2003-07-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

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How do we refer to individuals? In this paper, in the first, I will make clear what "meaning" is. Then, I will argue that a kind of proper noun has no meaning, with the result that we will reach the following question: Why can we refer to individuals by proper nouns without meaning? In the end, I will put forward a theory of direct reference.

著者

井上 直昭

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.17-28, 2003-07-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

16

---

This paper deals with Frege's stipulation in his Grundgesetze der Arithmetik I section 10, in which he gives way out of Julius Caesar Problem. There it seems as if he restricted the problem to the case of the truth values, so some consider Frege not wrestling with it squarely in Grundgesetze. But in the second footnote of the section he says clearly that it is possible to adopt his stipulation to the cases of any objects given us independently of the course of values. I will show that his account is correct and it is able to find out a consistency model in which both the stipulation and Quine's axiom of the existence of non-class objects presented in Mathematical Logic hold. With this result I suppose that we are able to take a good understanding for interpretation of that footnote.

著者

金杉 武司

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.43-55, 2003-07-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Does interpretationism leave any place for irrationality? At first sight, it seems it does not. Since interpretation requires the interpreter to assume that the subject being interpreted is rational (the principle of charity), it seems to follow that we can understand the subject only as a rational being, or otherwise the subject will have to be taken as non-rational and not really a subject at all (the paradox of irrationality). In this paper, however, I shall argue that interpretationism can understand irrationality as irrationality through the analysis of the structure of rationality.

著者

古田 智久

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.1-14, 2002-11-10 (Released:2009-05-29)

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In a famous essay entitled 'Two Dogmas of Empiricism', W. V. O. Quine rejected two important doctrines that had been supported by many empiricists. One is the doctrine that a clear distinction can be made between analytic and synthetic statements. The other is the doctrine that every meaningful statement can be reduced to some statement constructed of terms which refer to immediate experience.In this paper, I intend to rehabilitate analyticity, syntheticity and reductionism. First, analyticity is separated from apriority and necessity, and then the reason is given why I regard holism of 'Two Dogmas' as the verificationist one [1]. Next, I survey the views of H. Putnam and J. J. Katz [2]. In the following section, two viewpoints, dynamic and static points of view, are introduced into the arguments in question [3]. On these considerations, I specify the contexts to which the above three notions are applied, although trivial or narrow in the range.

著者

佐藤 俊治

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.1, pp.75-87, 2001-05-30 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

17

---

In this paper, I examine van Fraassen's original version of modal interpretations, which have the increasing significance in the foundational research concerning elementary quantum mechanics. I argue that although van Fraassen's modal interpretation has a salient advantage over the standard Dirac-von Neumann interpretation with the projection postulate, it is confronted with two kinds of interpretive difficulties stemmed from one and the same fact of experience, repeatability of the first kind measurement.

著者

三平 正明

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.2, pp.147-161, 2000-11-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

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In his influential paper "What numbers could not be", P. Benacerraf argues that numbers could not be objects at all, and that the search for which particular objects the numbers really are is a misguided one. It is widely held that he has given a knock-down argument against a platonistic conception of arithmetic. But, in this paper, I shall try to show first that his argument fails because it depends on too strong an assumption. Second, his criticism is not applicable to the version of platonism that Frege proposed.

著者

戸田山 和久

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.2, pp.57-71, 2000-11-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

20

---

This paper aims:1) to re-place and re-estimate A-Life in the tradition of universal biology which goes back to Erwin Schrodinger's memorable lecture "What is Life?";2) to clarify the role which the principle of 'multirealizabitily of life' and the idea of 'strong A-Life' played in justification of A-Life as a form of universal biology;3) to show that clinging to the ideal of storng A-Life is not only unnecessary but harmful for A-Lifers to build a universal biology.

著者

出口 康夫

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.17-30, 2000-05-15 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

7

---

Neo-Bayesianism, the statistical methodology based on the idea of probability interpreted as degree of belief, formulates inductive inferences in terms of probability theory, and justifies them under assumptions of rationality. Conditional probability with condition of zero probability is among those inductive inferences formulated within the Neo-Bayesian terminology. This paper aims to call attention to the need for the justification of the zero conditional probability by pointing out that so far no theorem has justified it successfully.

著者

津留 竜馬

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.1, pp.55-66, 1999-05-15 (Released:2009-05-29)

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ここまで見てきたようなクリプキやグプタたちの理論をはじめとして,嘘つきパラドクスの解決を目指した真理の理論は多数提出されてきている.しかもそのうちのいくつかは,パラドクスの解決だけにとどまらない幅広い応用領域を持つなどして,非常に実り豊かな成果を挙げているように思われる.このような成果はもっと強調されてよい.しかし我々は,これらの高度にテクニカルな結果を眺めながらも,元々の素朴な非形式的レベルでのパラドクスのことを忘れてはならない.前節で見たように,これら真理の理論が我々が直観的に感じているような嘘つきパラドクスを解決しているとは,到底言えないからである.嘘つきパラドクスを真に解決してくれるような真理の理論は,いまだ現れていないのである.