著者
宮本 益光
出版者
東京芸術大学
巻号頁・発行日
2005

博士論文
著者
塚原 康子
出版者
東京芸術大学
雑誌
東京藝術大学音楽学部紀要 (ISSN:09148787)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.29, pp.79-95, 2003

This thesis examines the musical activities of the Gagaku Department, Bureau of Ceremonies in 1878, the year previous to the establishment of the Music Investigation Committee (Ongaku Torishirabe-gakari). The founding of a new tradition of modern gagaku was a result of the substantial revisions to the tradition following the establishment of the Gagaku Bureau (Gagaku-kyoku) in 1870. In addition, as the musicians of the Gagaku Department started to study Western music in 1874, the musical activities of the Gagaku Department diversified more and more. From 1877 to 1878, the Gagaku Department dealt with the following new projects: (1) composition of hoiku shoka (literally 'nursery song', from which various song types later developed); (2) participation in the Paris Exposition through the exhibition of music, a reference book and paintings of gagaku; (3) the first public concert of gagaku in the Gagaku Rehearsal Hall (Gagaku Keiko-jo). These projects amounted to important experiments, enabling the musicians of the Gagaku Department to realize their new state. The various musical activities of the Gagaku Department in 1878, which were undertaken prior to the establishement of the Music Investigation Committee, should be remembered as a significant step in the development of modern Japanese music.
著者
青山 恵子
出版者
東京芸術大学
雑誌
東京芸術大学音楽学部紀要 (ISSN:09148787)
巻号頁・発行日
no.13, pp.p1-38, 1987
被引用文献数
5

Japanese art song, defined as composed vocal mucic dating to the Meiji era that has Japanese lyrics and is based on Western musical principles and singing style, is often criticized because the words are difficult to understand in performance. This difficulty can be traced to such factors as intonation, rhythm, and reverberation, factors that stem from the classical Western singing style. The author conducted experiments, based on her own experience as a singer, in order to ascertain if this difficulty could be ameliorated by incorporating traditional Japanese vocal techniques into the singing style of the Japanese art song. This dissertation presents the results of research conducted so far, including a generalized description of the problems involved, a description of concrete vocal techniques to solve those problems, scientific analyses, and directions for future study. Two principal themes form the basis of the paper: 1) Pracitical research on voice production techniques used in Japanese art songs that are heavily influenced by traditional Japanese folk genres; and 2) comparative acoustical analyses of movement between notes in the melodic lines of Japanese art song and traditional genres. For the first theme, the author compared a purely Western singing style with one modified by the inclusion of traditional folk vocal techniques. Since the author has training in both forms, her own voice served as the test medium. Emphasis was placed on the resonance function, with comparative acoustical and phonetic analyses. This research brought to light the following characteristics of folk-influenced singing technique as compared with purely Western style singing: 1. A melodic line without vibrato is maintained that incorporates such traditional ornaments as "yuri" and "kobushi." 2. Singing formants are closer to the phonemes of spoken Japanese. 3. Singing formants are more clearly distinguishable. 4. The mouth opening is kept relatively small, and the corners of the mouth are often drawn back and up. 5. The tongue and larynx tend to be kept in a high position. This results in a smaller resonance cavity. 6. The soft palate tends to be more relaxed. 7. The false chords are not used during voice production. From these results it can be seen that the resonance function of the folk-influenced singing style differs to some degree from the purely Western style. It is also true, however, that an analysis of singing formants and false chords reveals certain elements the two styles have in common. This seems to indicate that folk vocal techniques can be used successfully to improve the comprehensibility of the sung words without destroying the basic singing style of Japanese art song. The second principal theme involved a comparative analysis of the movement between notes in the melodic lines of Western and traditional singing styles. Ten volunteers from both genres were tested, and the author's own voice was analyzed in both styles using a sound spectrograph. The results showed that in Western music the notes were held precisely the length indicated by the written notation, that vowels received vibrato, and that consonants were uttered as short punctuation between the vowels. In comparison, traditional singing techniques were based on a melodic line free of vibrato but ornamented by minute changes in dynamic level and timbre, particularly during held vowels and when movement was made between notes. The length of the notes was treated relatively freely; as a result, syllables were easily elided and the movement between syllables often did not correspond exactly to the movement between notes, producing an effect of rhythmic variety. The treatment of consonants was also quite diverse and rich. Among the subtle melodic ornaments found in the traditional singing style, a strong/weak accentuation is rare, reflecting the equal syllabic stress of spoken Japanese and contributing to more effective expression. The traditional vocal techniques of Japanese folk genres have an applicability that exceeds the bounds of their origins and can be used effectively to improve the comprehensibility of the sung word in Japanese art song.
著者
平山 郁夫 杉下 龍一郎 田口 榮一 水野 敬三郎 田渕 俊夫 福井 爽人
出版者
東京芸術大学
雑誌
海外学術研究
巻号頁・発行日
1988

今回の調査は昭和57年度の予備調査、昭和58年度の第1次本調査、同60年度の第2次本調査に続く第3次最終本調査である。第1次本調査では敦煌初期石窟中から壁画の一部に西魏大統4・5年(538・9)の紀年銘がある第285窟を選んで重点的な調査を行い、第2次本調査では北周代に属する第428窟ならびに隋代の造営になる第427窟の2窟について重点的な調査を行った。その調査研究結果は『敦煌石窟学術調査報告書』第1次および第2次の2冊に記したとおりである。昭和62年度の第3次本調査では、敦煌に10日間滞在し、9日間を石窟調査にあてた。第57窟をはじめとする初唐窟、第217窟など初唐から盛唐にかけての諸窟などを中心として特に第220窟について重点的な調査を実施した。この第220窟は、窟内に貞観16年(642)の年紀があり、また他の銘文により龍朔2年(662)に完成したことが知られる。敦煌の初唐窟ではもっとも早い年紀を持つものとして、また塑像、壁画ともに極めてすぐれた作行きを示すものとして、敦煌石窟のみならずこの期の中国美術史を考えるうえで極めて貴重な存在である。われわれの調査によれば、まず壁画では、南壁の壁面全体に描かれた阿弥陀浄土図が、それまで仏説法図形式を中心として展開してきた浄土図とは全く異なり、広濶な浄土の宝池に阿弥陀三尊をはじめ多数の諸尊を描き、宝楼段や舞楽段などを完備した本格的浄土図の先駆的遺例として注目される。またこの阿弥陀浄土図をはじめ東壁維摩経変相の帝王・諸臣図などにも当代の理想的写実主義の頂点ともいえる表現がみられ、中央に直結した画家の制作と考えられる。なお、同窟の壁画には、第57窟の説法図などをはじめとする敦煌壁画説法図相のさまざまな要素が受け継がれており、わが国の法隆寺金堂壁画に重大な影響を及ぼしていることを実証することができた。次に塑像では、その写真的表現の完成度の高さは以後の敦煌塑像の出発点となるものであり、さらに彩色文様においても新生面がみられる。このように第220窟は、すでに失なわれた中国中央初唐代のすぐれた絵画・彫刻の表現をうかがい知ることのできる重要な窟であることが指摘される。また今回は、このほか、北京の故宮博物院、歴史博物館、ウルムチの新彊ウイグル自治区博物館、クチャのスバシ故城、クムトラチ仏洞、キジルチ仏洞、敦煌西千仏洞、炳霊寺石窟、蘭州の甘粛省博物館を見学した。敦煌においては9月20日より24日まで敦煌研究院で開催された敦煌学会に出席し、専門研究者のすぐれた発表を聞くことができたのも収穫の一つである。なお、今年度は、次の3窟計6図の原寸大現状模写を完成させた。(一)第220窟南壁阿弥陀浄土図から部分図2図、東壁維摩経変相から部分図2図(二)第57窟南壁説法図から部分図1図(三)第217窟南壁法華経変相から部分図1図
著者
斎藤 一郎
出版者
東京芸術大学
雑誌
東京芸術大学音楽学部年誌 (ISSN:02872048)
巻号頁・発行日
no.6, pp.p1-39, 1981

Edmond et Jules de Goncourt se croyaient eux-memes les premiers initiateurs de la japonaiserie en France. C'est en effet en 1851 qu'ils decrivirent "une fort belle japonaiserie" dans leur premier roman: ≪En 18...≫. Mais nous ne pouvons nous empecher d'affirmer que leur gout pour le Japon etait tout au commencement souvent melange de chinoiserie et qu'il en resta toujours au simple bibelotage. D'ailleurs, Stendhal avait ecrit dans "Le Rouge et le Noir" un chapitre intitule "Le Vase du Japon", ou Julien faisait "tomber ce vieux vase de porcelaine bleu, laid au possible", que Madame de la Mole admirait. "C'etait du vieux japon, disait-elle, un present des Hollandais au duc d'Orleans regent qui l'avait donne a sa fille..." Sans doute, en comparaison d'autres collectionneurs, le gout et la jouissance des Goncourt devant les objets d'art japonais etonnent-ils aujourd'hui meme les Japonais, mais leur decouverte, nous permettons-nous de dire, se limitait aux petits objets de curiosite exotiques de l'Extreme-Orient, alors que des 1855, Felix Bracquemond emerveille de l'originalite des "Hokusai manga", dont certaines feuilles avaient ete utilisees comme emballages de porcelaines envoyees de l'Extreme-Orient, les emportait partout et en vantait l'ingeniosite des dessins a ses amis, Degas, Legros et Whistler. D'ailleurs, Claude Monet lui aussi jouissait de l'honneur d'avoir le premier decouvert l'art japonais: il avait trouve avant 1870 la premiere estampe japonaise dans un paquet chez un epicier hollandais. C'est seulement en 1866 que les freres Goncourt creerent, dans leur roman "Manette Salomon" un heros-peintre qui utilise pour son ceuvre propre les lecons tiree de l'etude de la couleur dans les estampes japonaises. Pourtant, un an auparavant, en 1865, Manet avait deja cause au Salon un grand scandale avec son "Olympia", indiscutablement influencee par la composition simplifiee et les couleurs eclatantes des impressions japonaises. Ainsi doit-on affirmer que c'est toujours apres les artistes que les Goncourt firent mention de leurs decouvertes techniques a l'egard de l'art japonais. Est-ce apres Bracquemont, c'est-a-dire presque plus de vingt ans apres la fabrication de ses assiettes avec les dessins d'apres Hokusai qu'Edmond de Goncourt celebra dans son ≪Journal≫ du 19 avril 1884, "le decor jete de cote sur la chose, le decor non symetrique", contre la religion de l'art grec? Nous sommes cependant tout prets a admirer la sensibilite visuelle des freres Goncourt: par exemple Edmond appreciait au juste certains surimonos, "qui ne sont que des compartiments de couleur juxtaposes harmonieusement et qui contiennent un morceau de bleu sur lequel sont jetes de petits carres d'or, un morceau de jaune ou sont graves en creux des tiges de pins au milieu de nuage, etc..." (Journal du 23 juillet 1888) Nous estimons aussi bien son style de description qui choie et dorlote la surface des objets, ce style incontestablement issu de son oeil d'amateur d'objets d'art. Mais enfin, nous ne croyons malheureusement pas qu'Edmond de Goncourt ait pu nourrir sa litterature de son japonisme. C'est, d'une aprt, a cause d'un probleme de langage: sa lecture de la litterature japonaise etait bornee a une ou deux traductions et d'autre part, c'est a cause de sa conviction obstinee pour le realisme, pour "la recherche du vrai en litterature": qu'il aurait du trouver la litterature japonaise, par exemple l'oeuvre de Tamenaga Shunsui, tres naive et imparfaite, quoiqu'il admirat le pathetique de certains heros et la delicatesse d'une jeune heroine amoureuse. A nos yeux, Edmond de Goncourt parait donc tout au plus, apres la mort de son frere, comme un amateur d'art japonais, qui fit d'ailleurs beacoup pour sa propagation. "La litterature, ecrit Edmond, c'est ma femme legitime, les bibelots, c'est ma p..., mais pour entretenir cette derniere, jamais, au grand jamais, ma femme legitime n'en souffrira." Les bibelots japonais demeurerent toujours sa predilection, et il acheta, par exemple en 1884, 2,000 franc l'ecritoire de Korin, escomptant le succes de ≪Cherie.≫ Et un jour, Tadamasa Hayashi, grand commercant japonais qui aurait vendu 15 millions d'impressions japonaises en 11 ans et etait vraiment un bon guide sur le Japon aupres d'Edmond de Goncourt, tira alors qu'il etait en train de visiter la collection de celui-ci, un yatate, ecritoire de poche, d'un tiroir. Alors, Edmond vit "ses doigts pris d'un tremblement religieux, comme s'ils touchaient une relique", et il entendit le Japonais lui dire d'une voix emotionnee: "Vous savez, vous possedez la une chose tres curieuse.... Une chose fabriquee par un des quarante-sept ronins!" Ce petit objet avait ete fabrique par un vassal du prince Akao, "par un de ces quarante-sept heros qui se vouerent a la mort pour venger leur seigneur et maitre." Hayashi lui traduisit l'inscription sur le fond du sceau de l'ecritoire: Sculpte par Otaka Nobukiyo, sujet du prince Akao, en 1683, a la fin du printemps. Edmond, qui avait deja lu Les Fideles Ronins, roman de Tamenaga Shunsui, traduit sur la version anglaise, et The Forty-Seven Ronins dans Tales of old Japan, par A.-B. Mitfort, trouvait dans cette histoire "de certaines qualites litteraires tres remarquables", et il en avait cite plusieurs anecdotes dans son Journal. Il eprouva un grand desir de faire connaissance avec la personne de son "artiste-heros", par un portrait, une figuration. Et Hayashi lui designa dans un album de Kuniyoshi, Sei Tu Guishi Den le portrait d'Otaka Gengo. Il traduisit encore le texte de la biographie au-dessus de la figure du guerrier, et Edmond en rejouit d'une phrase: Afin de se renseiquer D'ailleurs, Kuniyoshi, longtemps considere comme un artiste de seconde classe au Japon, avait trouve ses plus grands admirateurs en France. Peut-etre influence par Hayashi, Edmond de Goncourt declarait que son arriste de predilection etait Utamaro, mais il avait dans sa collections l'album de Kuniyoshi, dont cependant il ne parla jamais dans ses livres. Et ce n'est que tut recemment que l'on commence a reestimer Kuniyoshi au Japan. le mieux possible des habitudes de son ennemi, il se deguisa en marchand d'objets de bambou. En effet, Le petit ecritoire etait fabrique de deux morceaux de bambou.
著者
斉田 正子
出版者
東京芸術大学
雑誌
東京藝術大学音楽学部紀要 (ISSN:09148787)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.18, pp.73-98, 1992
被引用文献数
1

Nowadays many Italian operas, including the so-called bel canto operas, are performed in our country. It is said that bel canto operas are not only very important but also very difficult for opera singers. That is because there are many factors involved which make it difficult for singers to perform them in the best possible way, singing the notes simply faithful to the score, and because it is thought that Italian operas should be performed by bel canto singing method, the basis of the singing method of the Italian opera. The purpose of this thesis is to consider what is the best performance of bel canto operas expected in modern times. The theme of the research is "The Singing Method of the Italian Bel Canto Opera in the 19th Century." The thesis consists of three chapters. Chapter 1 is "A Consideration of the History and the Social Background." The author makes it clear that the castorats, who originally played the role of sopranos in church music, developed the bel canto method in opera mainly because they possessed a wide range of voice. The author also makes it clear that the singing method of the castratos was succeeded by prima donnas because of social reasons and the rise of female singers, and that the method became inportant for "the mad scene", the highlight of operas by Bellini, Donizetti, et al. Capter 2 is a study of performance. Taking into consideration the actual singing of the mad scene, I examine the history of the performance of "I Puritani" by V. Gellini and "Lucia di Lammermoor" by G. Donizetti, and what may be the best possible performance in modern times of "the mad scene" in each opera. Both operas were originally composed for prima donnas who could sing them more dramatically than castorats of that era, and they were sung by soprano leggero, who laid emphasis on a display of technique by taking full advantage of coloratura. However, recently the dramatic factor is considered to be as important as the coloratura, and the singer is expected to sing with both the coloratura for the sake of technique and with dramatic expression. Chapter 3 is a study using experimental devices. It is very difficult to study artistic singing because many elements are involved in the singing and many conditions influence the singing. In the study of artistic singing, many analyses and combinations are necessary. The present study consists of three analyses: aerodynamic, breathing, and acoustic studies. In the aerodynamic study, the relationship between "the vocal register" and the air flow rate was examined. The air flow rate, the sound intensity level and the fundamental frequency were observed using SH-01 (RION) for the speaking and singing voices produced by the author. As a result, it was shown that the air flow rate increased markedly at the change between "the Chest register" and "the Mid register". The breathing stuny was performed using a computed spirometer to compare the abdominal breathing and the chest breathing. In the quantity of air ventilation the abdominal breathing was found to be advantageous; and in the voicing of the long in the bel canto opera, the abdominal breathing seemd more advantageous. In the acoustic study, using the soundspectrography, the analysed sounds were obtaind from the song in the mad scene, in "Lucia di Lammermoor" et al sung by 10 famous sopranos and the author. There were many variations in the acoustic characteristics. The vibrato was always observed in different degrees. The correlation between pitch and amplitude can be classified into three types. The first is a positive correlation found in Edita Gruberova et al. The second is a negative correlation found in Anna Moffo. The third is a non-correlation found in Maria Callas and Masako Saida et al. It was often found that the singing materials had high frequency "Singing Formant" as in Maria Callas et al. This acoustic characteristic fits very well with the singing voice accompanied by an orchestra. Because the frequency of an orchestra is low, the voice can be heard very well. In another experiment, similation tests were performed; that is, the author sang in different styles: with vibrato, with strong vibrato, without vibrato in covered voicing and in non-covered voicing. In the acoustic study, the vibrato and the strong-high frequency spectrum are considered to be important in artistic singing.
著者
小泉 元宏
出版者
東京芸術大学
雑誌
特別研究員奨励費
巻号頁・発行日
2008

当該研究における最終年度にあたる本年度は、研究課題の調査研究に加え、成果のとりまとめと発表を中心的課題とした。主な実施内容は次の通りである。1.東アジア地域における国際美術展の開催形式、およびその変遷を相対化するため、欧州における先駆的事例との比較や、それらとの関係性を文献調査、インタビュー、フィールドワークなどの質的調査などを用いて分析した。なかでも、近年の国際美術展の「アートプロジェクト」化の傾向、すなわち、たとえば文化観光を用いた地域活性化など、特定の社会的課題に対して芸術諸活動を用いながらその解決を目指す活動にかんする調査を進めてきた。これは、単に芸術祭を社会における自律的な存在の文化装置としてみなすのではなく、NPO、市民、学校などの社会の諸主体と密接に結びつき、重なり合う、社会活動の一部としての芸術活動の意義や課題をみるための試みである。既存の国際美術展研究は、主に美術史や芸術学の分野から、その位置づけを行ってきたのにたいして、社会学的観点から、社会的諸主体と国際美術展やアートプロジェクト、芸術諸活動との関係性を見る研究として先駆的意義および重要性がある。2.これらの成果は、東京芸術大学における博士学位論文、「Asia Cultural Forum」、「音楽文化学」、「芸術社会学研究会」など、関係学会、研究会における諸論文や発表として、ならびに市民講座などのアウトリーチ活動として、広く成果を学術界と社会に向けて発信してきた。
著者
上杉 清仁
出版者
東京芸術大学
巻号頁・発行日
2009

平成20年度