著者

大谷 栄一 赤枝 香奈子

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.3, pp.139-148, 2013-02-28 (Released:2015-05-13)

参考文献数

9

著者

柏原 全孝

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.2, pp.23-39,173, 1995-05-31 (Released:2017-02-15)

---

This essay contends that the documentary method of interpretation in ethnomethodological studies as it has been developed since the founding work of Garfinkel contains a basic ambiguity that has not been sufficiently explored. Garfinkel's key concepts of reflexivity and et cetra practice have been misinterpreted by those who subsequently developed the field of ethnomethodology. Reflexivity incorrectly has been taken to mean the relation between act and social structure, and et cetra practice as that which fills the gap between act and rule. Yet, this paper argues that the original potential of Garfinkel's work lies within the ways in which some things are made visible and others invisible through the mechanism of reflexivity, and the ways in which rules are made through et cetra practices. If reflexivity and et cetra practice are not understood in these terms, we miss the ambiguity within the documentary method of interpretation operates as a form of ideology and that both are essential to sense-making but nonetheless are a illusion.

著者

君塚 大学

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.2, pp.3-18,140, 1987

---

According to Lukes' suggestions, most of the conventional views of power like the pluralist and the reformist one, which have even taken power as relationship, presuppose a priori that one's consciousness of interests is built up by his autonomous choice. However this presupposition precludes the investigation which examines some kind of power effects by the powerful over the formation of the powerless' interest consciousness.<br> Agreeing with Lukes, I deny the presupposition and try to make a conceptual apparatus which helps us understand the power over the interest consciousness. In order to typify the consciousness concerning with the power exercised by the powerful, two criteria are induced, which are not distinguished clearly in Lukes' theory. One is a criterion by which one's interest consciousness can be judged as either built up by his autonomous choice or imposed by the power of the kind. Another is a helpful criterion for us to make a distinction between the morally or normatively relevant consciousness of interests and irrelevant one. There can be four types of the consciousness made by these two criteria. ( 1 ) rational consciousness ; Interest consciousness which is made autonomously by the subject and is normatively relevant. ( 2 ) irrational consciousness ; Interest consciousness formed up autonomously, being normatively irrelevant. ( 3 ) pseudo-rational consciousness ; Interest consciousness which is canalized by the power exerted by other(s) and is in normative relevance. ( 4 ) absurd consciousness ; Interest consciousness canalized by the power, being normatively irrelevant.<br> The kinds of the power which impose the powerless either the pseudo-rational consciousness or the absurd one are analyzed in the terms of the theory on the formation of interest consciousness and are named power of enlightenment and power of meaning deprivation respectively.

著者

松岡 瑛理

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.3, pp.59-76, 2016-02

著者

中島 道男

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.139-156, 1983

著者

土井 隆義

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.2, pp.61-76,188, 1988

---

The sociology of crime has provided a number of explanations about motives for crime up to this day. As the basis of these theories, there is the background-hypothesis which assumes that the individual is motivated to crime previous to concrete offences as a result of the internalization of unfavorable social environments. But this background-hypothesis doesn't notice the view that the reality of motives is constructed through the social interaction process where actors request explanations of behaviour. This particular view is a result of advancements of the sociology of knowledge, especially as promoted by C. W. Mills early work and his followers'. The motives for crime cannot be exceptions to this result, because the reality of crime is also socially constructed.<br> The labelling theory is the most appropriate of all theories to approach the study of the motives for crime from the perspective of the sociology of knowledge. This is so because it succeeded in introducing the conception of relativity into the definition of crime and made it quite clear that a definition of crime is constructed through the prosesses of interaction where actors demand categories of deviance. Of couese, in relation to the motives forcrime, the current labelling theory shares the above background-hypothesis with other theories of crime , which is evident in the problem which treats the increasing motives for crime as a never ending vicious circle. It is an extension of the cultural learning theory. However, it is possible for the motives of crime to be removed from the realms of this background-hypothesis by virtue of the labelling theory, if implications in the concept of a definition of crime are put into the perspective of motives for crime.<br> Accordingly, it is very fruitful to examine the possibility of studying motives for crime from the perspective of 'a definition of crime' as it occurs in the labelling theory. Such examination leads to a study of motives for crime as seen from the perspective of the sociology of knowledge, because it enables us to step back and reinterpret our attitudes in relation to the motives for crime in daily life. In short, labelling of criminal acts involves the construction of mitives for crime and the imputation of them to the actors. Therefore, it is possible to say that the motives for crime reveal themselves, not before concrete criminal acts, but after them. And they must be treated not as mental facts but as social facts, because we construct the motives for crime within the paradigms of the interpretation of acts in daily life, based on a common perception of the meaning of human behaviour.

著者

安達 智史

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.35-51,184, 2013-06-30 (Released:2015-05-13)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

1

---

This paper investigates how young British Muslims manage their complexidentities in order to adapt to a secularized society. In the UK the issue of socialintegration of young Muslims has been gathering public attention since the 9/11attacks in New York and riots in Northern England in 2001 and especially theLondon bombing in 2005; both events were caused by young Muslims. It has beensaid that young British Muslims are becoming more and more religious and itprevents them from integrating into British democratic society. However, such anargument that problematizes Muslims has kept us from better understanding ofhow young Muslims are in reality integrated into secularized and liberal democraticsociety. This paper explores, on the basis of the interview data on young Muslims in a super-diverse area in the UK, their strategies and resources for integration. The result of the analysis demonstrates that young Muslims adapt to British society through introducing the difference between religion and culture. They have tried to purify Islam from their family culture and claim that the teachings of Islam do not have any conflict with British society. In other words, Islam is used as a tool for them to participate in secularized civil society. The development of religious institutions and the Internet make it easier for young people “to research “their religion and the knowledge which helps them to differentiate the teachings of Islam from some cultural conventions which attempt to oppress young, especially female, Muslims. Social lives in the super-diverse area also make their identity more complex, and make it more easier to communicate with people of different religions and races and to adapt to more complex and diverse social environment. The paper contributes both to theoretical discussion on “hybridity” of identity and to practical discussion on social integration of young Muslims in contemporary society.

著者

船津 衛

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.3, pp.130-131, 1978-03-31 (Released:2017-02-28)

著者

君塚 大学

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.2, pp.3-18,140, 1987-09-30 (Released:2017-02-15)

---

According to Lukes' suggestions, most of the conventional views of power like the pluralist and the reformist one, which have even taken power as relationship, presuppose a priori that one's consciousness of interests is built up by his autonomous choice. However this presupposition precludes the investigation which examines some kind of power effects by the powerful over the formation of the powerless' interest consciousness. Agreeing with Lukes, I deny the presupposition and try to make a conceptual apparatus which helps us understand the power over the interest consciousness. In order to typify the consciousness concerning with the power exercised by the powerful, two criteria are induced, which are not distinguished clearly in Lukes' theory. One is a criterion by which one's interest consciousness can be judged as either built up by his autonomous choice or imposed by the power of the kind. Another is a helpful criterion for us to make a distinction between the morally or normatively relevant consciousness of interests and irrelevant one. There can be four types of the consciousness made by these two criteria. ( 1 ) rational consciousness ; Interest consciousness which is made autonomously by the subject and is normatively relevant. ( 2 ) irrational consciousness ; Interest consciousness formed up autonomously, being normatively irrelevant. ( 3 ) pseudo-rational consciousness ; Interest consciousness which is canalized by the power exerted by other(s) and is in normative relevance. ( 4 ) absurd consciousness ; Interest consciousness canalized by the power, being normatively irrelevant. The kinds of the power which impose the powerless either the pseudo-rational consciousness or the absurd one are analyzed in the terms of the theory on the formation of interest consciousness and are named power of enlightenment and power of meaning deprivation respectively.

著者

田中 義久

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.128-131, 1969

著者

石田 淳

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.1, pp.3-19,100, 2007-05-31 (Released:2016-03-23)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

2

---

In this article, I would like to propose a new perspective in studies of the cognitive process of social categories, and then analyze the cognition of one particular social category, "Japanese," by applying that perspective. Social categories are socially constructed cognitive frameworks for identifying others (including observers themselves) and classifying them into social groups. Social categories are, as it were, "ethno methods" in the sense that we implicitly share them and use them to identify others in everyday life. However, there has been little use of rigorous analytical methods for understanding social categories. The cognitive process of social categories can be regarded as the process of reduction of information as to others. In this article, I will suggest that the cognitive process of social categories can be well described by Boolean analysis as the process of reduction of information. I will analyze the difference and distribution among people of the cognition of a social category, "Japanese." Of course, there is a legal definition of Japanese, that is, Japanese are people having Japanese nationality. However, there seems to be a gray zone in distinguishing between Japanese and non-Japanese at the cognitive level in everyday life. For example, are naturalized immigrants regarded as Japanese? How about non Japanese speakers? The question then becomes: what kind of person has what kind of definition of "Japanese," that is, cognition of "Japanese"? To answer this question, I will use Boolean analysis to analyze a data set taken from an exploratory survey of images of "Japanese."

著者

島岡 哉

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.1, pp.39-56,172, 2003

---

The purpose of this study is to analyze the experience of accepting the motion picture films in modern Japan by investigating screenings in a rural village of Nara Prefecture. The analysis presented here is mainly based on oral history collected from members of Nosegawa village in Nara Prefecure. A comparison is made between screening experiences as they appear in oral history and screenings as depicted in the medium of the time. As cinema and theater are usually regarded as modern, urban culture, they have often been examined in cultural studies and media studies, but have rarely been mentioned in rural sociology. By focusing on the screenings practiced by ordinary rural villagers in their everyday life, this study provides alternative viewpoints to previous studies that have ignored such everyday practice (such as the "employment" of traveling theaters for their own purposes). The following four findings were obtained as a result of my case study. (1) Rural sociologists have not paid proper attention to screenings in rural areas, having dismissed them as trivial. (2) Historical approaches to film in modern Japan show that the traveling theater formed the national subject through its education and propaganda. But such studies are based on two tacit premises: that cinema is a medium promoting identification with the nation-state, and that cinema audiences, particularly in rural areas, are male. (3) When elderly villagers talk about cinema, they differentiate between their own screenings and educational screenings. From this, it can be said that people continuously redefine educational and propaganda films in the context of their everyday lives. This shows that their adherence to the nation is subject to negotiation. (4)In rural areas, cinema was accepted as early as the 1910s as a new medium and a symbol of modern technology. Cinema was a strategy for the modernization of the community, used for such purposes as raising funds for new elementary schools. By examining the screenings of villagers in Nosegawa, this study offers a new discussion of modern culture in Japanese rural society.

著者

太郎丸 博

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.1, pp.37-51,158, 2007-05-31 (Released:2016-03-23)

参考文献数

33

---

It is often asserted that the reason why young women are more apt than young men to be jobless or part-time workers is their sex-role attitude. This hypothesis argues that men have no choice other than working full time, but women have several choices: full-time job, part-time job or joblessness. Because young women with a strong sex-role attitude have little incentive to work full time, they tend to be jobless or part-time workers. Therefore, young women are more apt to be jobless or part-time workers than are young men. The aim of this paper is to examine this hypothesis which we call the "sex-role hypothesis." We show that previous papers do not prove the sex-role hypothesis; they merely assert the hypothesis from the results of only a few interviews with young jobless or part-time workers, or they show only zero-order association between young women's jobs and sex-role attitude. Our data are a sample from the Kinki area of Japan in 2005, the respondents being men and women aged between 18 and 34. The survey was conducted through face-to-face interviews and web pages. The results of logistic-regression analyses show that sex-role attitude still has a significant effect on the "Freeter" dummy when education is controlled, but that its effect disappears when age is controlled. This means that women aged between 18 and 25 have a stronger sex-role attitude and arc more apt to be jobless or part-time workers than those aged from 30 to 34. It produces a spurious association between their jobs and their sex-role attitude, while there is no causal relationship between them. This result falsifies the sex-role hypothesis, and implies that young women's jobs and sex-role attitude are structurally conditioned by social constraints that change according to age.

著者

妙木 忍

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.1, pp.119-134, 2007-05-31 (Released:2016-03-23)

参考文献数

30

著者

城 達也 山口 節郎

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.1, pp.151-158, 2004-05-31 (Released:2016-05-25)

著者

西丸 良一

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.39-55, 2014-06

著者

竹内 洋

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.3, pp.45-66, 1971-05

被引用文献数

2

著者

竹内 洋

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.3, pp.45-66, 1971

被引用文献数

2

著者

鎌田 大資

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.p79-95, 1990-10

著者

福田 雄

出版者

社会学研究会

雑誌

ソシオロジ (ISSN:05841380)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.2, pp.77-94,114, 2011

---

This paper focuses on rituals concerned with disaster which have yet to be noticed, but are worth exploring as a sociological problem. In previous studies of rituals, little attention has been paid to post-disaster rituals concerning the dead. Moreover, the changes in rituals over a long period of time have been mostly ignored. Changes in the social context and the sequences of socially constructed meaning are critical for the understanding of this phenomenon. The long-term observation of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Memorial Ceremony is a worthy case study to clarify the process of how people construct significance to disastrous experiences. Through a diachronic case study of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Memorial Ceremony, rituals performed in the ceremony show new characteristics of public ritual, which distinguish themselves from folk or political rituals. Looking closely at the pictures and historical materials, symbolic actions and speeches given at the ceremony show that symbolic actions in the ceremony gradually shift their direction from the dead to the living. This is in clear contrast to folk rituals whose central object is appeasing or comforting the dead and to political rituals that aim to commend the dead and the tragic past within the framework of an interpretation of political reality. In addition, along with the economic and political changes, televised broadcasting of the ceremony is also an important factor in the change of the direction of rites. It is also implicated from the diachronic observation of the case that creation of "we-feeling" is vital to apprehend the experience of violent death. For further discussions, the social phenomenon of post-disaster rituals can be presented as a particular subject of social research that shows the dynamics of how life and death are socially reorganized in symbolic system of meaning.