著者

柏端 達也

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.27-28, 2009-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

著者

前田 高弘

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.29-38, 2009-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

15

---

It is often thought a difficult task to find a place for qualia in the physical world. The reason for this may be that qualia seem to be essentially intrinsic qualities so they cannot be captured entirely in terms of their causal-functional roles. This is the typical way in which qualia are thought to be physicalistically problematic. In this paper I rethink that very problem of qualia by means of metaphysical considerations concerning properties in general. The relevant question in the metaphysics of properties is whether properties have essences which determine their identities independently of their dispositional aspects. (Such essences are called 'quiddities'.) Indeed, the problem of qualia would take a different shape depending on the answer to that metaphysical question. I show this with reference to three main views on that question, namely, quidditism, the causal theory, and the identity theory. In closing, I make a brief remark about what these considerations imply for the relationship between physicalism and qualia.

著者

金杉 武司

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.39-48, 2009-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

15

---

Mental causation is one of the major problems in the philosophy of mind. It is a big problem not only for dualism but also for physicalism because even physicalists, as long as they accept the multiple realizability of mental properties, cannot identify mental properties with physical properties, therefore, they seem to be forced to exclude mental properties from physical causal relations. Sydney Shoemaker recently proposed interesting metaphysics of properties as a physicalist solution to this problem. According to Shoemaker, causal powers are essential to properties, and a realized property is a part of its realizer. This paper aims to assess the possibility of a physicalist solution to this problem through a critical examination of the adequacy of his solution.

著者

渡辺 恒夫

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.49-58, 2009-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

21

---

Based on the considerations of two kinds of documents, those from the "Symposium about the environmental problem (1992)" and current several leading textbooks of environmental science, I picked up three kinds of antagonism in the epistemology of science: objectivity vs. subjectivity, analysis vs. synthesis, and value-neutral vs. value-oriented. "Modern science" has emphasized the left-side of these binary oppositions, rejecting the right-sides. However, our considerations suggested that the underlying epistemology of the environmental science stands on the right side: subjectivity, synthesis, and value-oriented. I ended this paper by emphasizing that more detailed considerations of the problem of subjectivity are necessary for the development of environmental science.

著者

細谷 暁夫

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.31-34, 2009-02-25 (Released:2017-07-14)

参考文献数

12

---

We briefly look at the background of the research field of "quanta and information" from the epistemological point of view. Then quantum computation is very briefly explained and in particular quantum brachistochrone as my own research. The optimal quantum control to drive a transition from a given state to a target state in the shortest time naturally leads to the two state vector formulation of quantum mechanics advocated by Aharonov et al.

著者

枝松 圭一

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.35-43, 2009-02-25 (Released:2017-07-14)

参考文献数

33

---

Entanglement is not only a fascinating phenomena predicted by quantum mechanics but also an essential and practical resource of quantum information and communication technology. Photons are the most popular and promising media to generate, manipulate, and transmit the entanglement. In this review article, concepts and progress in the generation, observation, and characterization of entangled photons are presented.

著者

三島 瑞穂 菊池 誠

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.53-57, 2009-03-31 (Released:2017-08-15)

参考文献数

7

---

We use varieties of cognitive structures in cognitive activities. Classes and collections are two kinds of cognitive structures for class-inclusion reasoning introduced by Markman to analyze the Inhelder and Piaget's class-inclusion problem. In this paper, we shall review investigations on classes and collections in developmental psychology, and propose mathematical definitions and models of classes and collections. We shall show also interpretations of these two models.

著者

石川 芳男 杉浦 桂 中根 昌克 王丸 哲文

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.59-66, 2009-03-31 (Released:2017-08-15)

参考文献数

10

---

A numerical model (individual-based model) to describe ecosystem dynamics is proposed. The ecosystem is partitioned into the same time and space scale levels and the partitions at different levels are connected through transfer of mass. The partitioned system is expressed as aggregates of three-dimensional cells. Within the cells, nutrient intake, excretion, growth, reproduction, death, and movement of individual organisms are executed in accordance with the model rules. The mass transfer due to metabolic processes of organisms, including energy dissipation (efficiency) is described by difference equations. Movement to neighboring cells occurs through diffusion for substances, and through expansion of habitat range and migration in organisms. This individual-based model was applied to an experimental microecosystem (microcosm) derived from an aquatic ecosystem. This model was demonstrated to be applicable to descriptions from the micro behavior of individuals to macro system formation.

著者

中島 敏幸

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.67-76, 2009-03-31 (Released:2017-08-15)

参考文献数

43

---

A hierarchical view of natural systems provides an effective framework to describe a given process of interest effectively by focusing a particular hierarchical level. However, this raises a serious problem, how is the focal level restricted or determined by the upper and lower levels? This problem is seen in the theory of natural selection. The theory explains the evolution of a population of biological entities as an automatic consequence of differential heritable fitness among variants, in which the complex biotic/abiotic interactions are put into a black box ("environment"), and the existence of the variants is presupposed; no interactions are explicitly incorporated into this explanation between the focal (population) and the upper/lower levels. In this paper I analyze the inter-level interactions involved in the process of adaptive evolution, and show that it proceeds under upward determination (i.e. generation of novel genetic variants) from the lower level, and under downward one from the upper level such as ecosystem (i.e. supply of new genetic information, creation of selective environments, and dynamic mechanism of replacement).

著者

斉藤 了文

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.57-64, 2008-03-30 (Released:2010-02-03)

参考文献数

12

---

We focus on artifact which is phenotype of a sort of genes “technological knowledge”. And we make clear the difference between science communication and technological communication mediated by artifact. Two points are essential, i. e. artifact and engineer. And then four key words are needed, requirement specification, inspection, technical standards, and manufacturing industry. We conclude that technological communication mediated by artifact is different from science communication. The point is the strangeness of “mediated by artifact”.

著者

香川 知晶

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.87-92, 2008-03-30 (Released:2010-02-03)

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The nascent field of neuroethics consists of three main divisions: the neuroscience of ethics, the ethics of neuroscience, and the interface between neuroscience and society. This concept originated at the conference, “Neuroethics, Mapping the Field, ” in San Francisco in 2002, sponsored by the Dana Foundation. However, due to its enormity, this concept lacks clarity, and can be more accurately defined in two distinct ways: examining the conditions of neuroscience, and its comparison with the first appearance of the term “;neuro-ethics” in 1973 which was coined as a protest against an unethical neurological experimentation.

著者

北島 雄一郎

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.1-7, 2009-02-25 (Released:2017-07-14)

参考文献数

10

---

In algebraic quantum field theory, some von Neumann algebra is associated with any finite open set in Minkowski space-time. Such a von Neumann algebra is called a local algebra. Let V1 and V2 be two spacelikely separated spacetime regions and let N(V1) and N(V2) be local algebras associated with V1 and V2 respectively. In the present paper it is shown that N(V1) and N(V2) are logically independent if and only if any correlation between projections of N(V1) and N(V2) has a Reichenbach's pre-common cause explanation.

著者

藁谷 敏晴 大森 仁

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.9-18, 2009-02-25 (Released:2017-07-14)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

1 1

---

In a paper by Waragai and Shidori, a system of paraconsistent logic called PCL1 was proposed and a result showing the relation between PCL1 and the system of Modal Logic S5 was given. Though the classical negation plays an important role in the result, it was treated in an abstract way, so the present paper focuses on the concrete treatment of classical negation in PCL1 and makes the condition to enrich PCL1 with classical negation explicit. For this purpose, strong negation, which is defined by using a bottom particle in PCL1, is introduced and some of its results will be given. Also the notion of "behaving classically" in the extended system will be discussed.

著者

島村 修平

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.19-29, 2009-02-25 (Released:2017-07-14)

参考文献数

10

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This paper discusses the view about the problem of self-knowledge that Crispin Wright has proposed in a series of his papers, which is closely related to Wittgenstein's 'rule-following' consideration. Based on his insight that intentions are not independent of subject's judgments about them (judgment dependence of intention, JDI), Wright offered the so-called 'extension-determination approach' to intentions (EDA). Though EDA is original and effective as an answer to the problem of self-knowledge, it intrinsically has a serious problem of infinite regress. This paper aims to suggest an alternative view that follows his basic insight (JDI) but that can avoid this serious problem.

著者

斉藤 了文 遠山 茂朗

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.2, pp.101-107, 2007-03-25 (Released:2009-07-31)

著者

横山 幹子

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.1, pp.1-9, 2007-12-25 (Released:2010-02-03)

参考文献数

13

---

In “From Alethic Anti-realism to Alethic Realism” Künne distinguishes between alethic realism and alethic anti-realism. This article examines whether or not alethic anti-realism is appropriate, when we take the position of using common sense to settle a philosophical problem. To that end, I will first review Künne's theory. Next, I will point out that Putnam's natural realists are alethic realists, that Wright's moderate internalists are alethic ani-realists, and that Wright argues against Putnam. Then, I will argue that Künne's conception of truth escapes the criticism of Wright's argument. Lastly I will also review Tennant's argument for anti-realism, and argue that in spite of Tennant's argument, alethic anti-realism is not appropriate when considered from a commonsense point of view.

著者

植原 亮

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.1, pp.11-20, 2007-12-25 (Released:2010-02-03)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1 1

---

The theory of knowledge as a natural kind holds that knowledge has a theoretical unity in the causal structure of the world. Since knowledge supports causal explanation and prediction, we can investigate knowledge empirically like other natural kinds such as water. But epistemological nihilism holds that knowledge does not have such a theoretical unity because we can always observe the diversity of knowledge. This paper aims to defend the theory of knowledge as a natural kind from epistemological nihilism. To do this, I will suggest that we can understand knowledge as a biological kind like species or organs, and then accommodate the diversity of knowledge to this viewpoint positively.

著者

前田 高弘

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.1, pp.29-38, 2007-12-25 (Released:2010-02-03)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

1 1

---

According to the relational view concerning the ontological nature of perceptual experience, perceptual experience is a relation between the perceiver and its object. Moreover, if it is a relation, then it must be a cross-time relation. After explicating the principal motive for the relational view, this paper considers whether the ontological nature of perceptual experience can really be construed as a cross-time relation, and argues that the relational view can be defended against objections based on a temporal ontology in the form of the time-lag argument which assumes either Presentism or Eternalism. So it is concluded that as far as temporal ontology is concerned the relational view has no serious problem.

著者

三浦 俊彦

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.1, pp.39-46, 2007-12-25 (Released:2010-02-03)

参考文献数

16

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It seems necessary to reply to the review of my book Paradoxes of Bertrand Russell, by Natsuki Takamura on this journal No. 106. Takamura was involved in verbal trivialities and repeated a stereotyped view to the effect that Russell did not admit the significance of modality in metaphysics. On the contrary, Russell's idea of modality as properties of propositional functions, not of propositions, must be estimated to have anticipated the possible world semantics. My book suggested it, and many texts by Russell himself and other scholars support the interpretation.

著者

森田 邦久

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.1, pp.29-37, 2007-03-25 (Released:2009-07-31)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1 2

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There are three received approaches to scientific explanation: causal, unification and pragmatics. However, I will try to highlight the insufficiency of these approaches in this paper, furthermore instead, suggest a new approach: explanation by showing the essence of the phenomena. 'The essence of the phenomena' is what distinguishes the class of phenomena in question from the other classes of phenomena. Therefore, unification surely plays an important role in the scientific explanation, but its role is to clarify the essence of the phenomena.