著者

菅沼 聡

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.2, pp.89-95, 1998-03-31

参考文献数

24

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我々が経験科学の成果から学んだ (ないしは推測した) ことの一つに, 我々人類は全宇宙で共通に成り立っている自然法則の範囲内で生まれたものであり, またその人類の生まれ育った地球は, 数千億以上もの銀河の中のごくありふれた一つの中の, 数千億もの恒星のうちのこれまたごくありふれた一つの回りをまわる小さな天体にすぎない, ということがある。<BR>いわゆるコペルニクス的転回以後の科学の根底に流れるこのような自己相対化, 平等原理を推し進めれば, この広い宇宙に我々人類だけしか知的生命が存在しないと考えることはかなり不自然ではないか, という疑問が容易に浮かんでくる。実際, 宇宙人, つまり地球外の知的生命 (Extraterrestrial Intelligence, ETI) が存在するのではないか, とする発想の根底にあったのは, 基本的には常にこの疑問であった(1)。もっとも, 従来はこの発想は単なる空想の域を出ることはなかった。何しろ検証も反証もしようがなかったのであるから。<BR>だが, ここ数十年来の電波天文学をはじめとするさまざまな科学技術の発展によって, この発想は近年にわかに現実的な様相を帯びてきた。実際今日多くの科学者たちが, 地球外のどこかに知的生命が存在するか, もし存在するならどのような方法で彼らと交信したらよいかという問いをモチーフに, きわめて真面目に宇宙人探しを行いだしている。科学者たちによるこのような真面目な宇宙人探し-それがSETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence=地球外知的生命の探査) である。1960年前後に一部の天文学者たちによって始められたSETIは, その後さまざまな活動がなされることによって, 現在では科学研究としての市民権を得たと言っても言い過ぎではない(2)。<BR>1990年代に入ってからの諸動向(3)により, SETIはいよいよ多くの注目を浴びてきている。もちろん根強い懐疑論者もいるが, いまや科学界においてSETIが理論と実践の両面にわたって盛り上がっていることは間違いない。それは, 巷にあふれている「宇宙人もの」や「UFOもの」のような明らかに実証性を欠いた擬似科学とは厳密に区別されるべき, 真剣に検討されるべきテーマなのである(4)。<BR>だがその一方で, 哲学者たちのSETIに対する関心は相対的にきわめて低い状況にある。これは, SETIがさまざまな哲学的含蓄を含んでいることを考えると, 奇妙なことである。もちろん, ETIは存在しないかもしれないし, 少なくとも現在ETIの存在確認は全くなされていない。だが, 多くの科学者が考えているように将来におけるその存在確認の可能性が無視し得ない以上, 我々哲学者は前もって, 実際のETIに関する何のデータもない今だからこそむしろできるような一般的問題に関する議論の叩き台としての大枠を作っておくべきであろう。そこで本稿で我々は, それをとりわけ, 実際にETIの存在が見出だされた際に我々人類に起こり得る哲学的インパクトについてに限って試みる。そしてそれを通して, SETIがいかに重大な哲学的意義を含んでいるかを明らかにしたい。

著者

藤田 翔

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.1, pp.1-19, 2020 (Released:2020-11-18)

参考文献数

51

被引用文献数

1

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In recent discussions as to emergence of spacetime, spacetime is said to be not fundamental in quantum regions, which we must apply quantum gravity’s theory to and to be derived from fundamental entities. This is a very strange picture not only from philosophically but also commonsensically. As to classical regions, there have been already many discussions from structural realists about spacetime in General Relativity regarding how “curved spacetime” exists and where it does. But most papers on emergence of spacetime in quantum gravity’s theory are independent from details of these structural interpretations, namely traditional discussions about ontology of spacetime. This paper tries to connect classical structural spacetime and quantum spacetime’s atoms called “spinnetwork” in loop quantum gravity as one of the examples of fundamental entities through the quantization of gravitational fields. And I check from ontological viewpoints whether there are some structural discontinuities between classical and quantum regions based on “isomorphism”, comparing the quantization of electromagnetic fields.

著者

東 克明

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.1, pp.35-46, 2019 (Released:2019-11-07)

参考文献数

17

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Hardy presented a famous argument that shows that there exist no hidden variables in quantum mechanics. His argument is called Hardy's paradox. The commentaries and discussions on Hardy's paradox have been ordinarily presented for deterministic hidden variables, and it has not been discussed whether a similar paradox will occurs in probabilistic hidden variables. So, first, I will show that Hardy's argument can also be applied to probabilistic hidden variables. After that, I discuss the common cause of a correlation, which has been actively discussed in the philosophy of science in recent years. That is because requiring the common cause of a quantum correlation is mathematically equivalent to introducing a probabilistic hidden variable to explain the correlation. Some researchers argued that in the non-existence proof of hidden variables, the existence of a common common-cause to multiple correlations is tacitly assumed, however that is unreasonably strong. According to their idea, it is sufficient if there exists a respective common-cause of each correlation. However, it will be revealed that at least as far as Hardy's paradox is concerned, merely weakening the common common-cause requirement to the respective common-cause requirement does not help to construct a local model.

著者

山田 圭一

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.1, pp.47-55, 2019 (Released:2019-11-07)

参考文献数

12

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In The Aporia of Mind: Space, Body and Meaning, Noya tried to answer two difficult philosophical problems about the world and other minds. And his answers were given mainly by the elimination of person from his theory of Cyoubou. In this paper, I examine his arguments and explain why sceptics would not be fully satisfied with his solution. First, I argue that the explanation of the unity of multimodal perceptions should require person. Second, I insist that person is needed for the individualization of the body and show that the subject of experiences can be separated from that of acts. Finally, after showing the difference between actuality and reality, I point that Noya's theory missed the problem of the other lives in the different actuality.

著者

榊原 英輔

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.1-2, pp.69-70, 2018 (Released:2018-05-07)

著者

石田 知子

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.1, pp.11-31, 2018 (Released:2018-11-01)

参考文献数

36

被引用文献数

1

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One of the most influential approaches to understanding the nature of genetic information is by the etiological theory of function, its most sophisticated exemplar being teleosemantics. Such discussions are largely focused on genetic information carried by the genes. Although the concept of gene itself has been a target of intense arguments, most of the earlier arguments had adopted rather simple and naive ones. By considering the arguments regarding the concept of gene more seriously, the current study aims to investigate the philosophical consequences of teleosemantic analysis of genetic information and shows that the nature of genetic information can differ depending on which concept of gene we adopt.

著者

塩野 直之

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.2, pp.51-63, 2019 (Released:2019-05-22)

参考文献数

21

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This paper looks at how we make decisions in the face of plural values, and explores its implications for our conception of practical reason. Specifically, the idea that our choice is governed by what I call “decision-theoretic rationality”, which has been influential among decision theorists and some “interpretationist” philosophers, will thoroughly be criticized as not being capable of explaining the difficulties characteristic of choosing among alternatives which bear different kinds of value. The paper concludes by suggesting that our understanding of practical reason needs to be reformed, in a way that appropriately captures those difficulties.

著者

桐山 孝司 佐藤 雅彦

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.2, pp.65-70, 2019 (Released:2019-05-22)

参考文献数

5

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This paper discusses two interactive exhibits in the perspective of design and behavioral analysis. The first exhibit, Pool of Fingerprints, was created for the exhibition of The Definition of Self. The second exhibit, Arithmetik Garden, was exhibited at Mori Art Museum in 2007 and NTT InterCommunication Center [ICC] in 2008.

著者

横路 佳幸

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.1-2, pp.35-50, 2018 (Released:2018-05-07)

参考文献数

56

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The aim of this paper is to give appropriate rejoinders to some typical objections to Epistemic Sortalism (ES) and thus to vindicate ES from them. ES argues that in epistemically individuating an object, a subject of perception needs to grasp under which sortal concept the object falls. ES has been, however, questioned lately in terms of both the possibility of misconceptions or ignorance of sortal concepts and the conflict with some current psychological research. I shall show that these objections pose no threat to ES, by examining the notion of ‘individuation' and thereby reorganizing ES as a specific epistemological theory concerning discriminating and identifying knowledge. Based on the relevant ontology, i.e., the constitution view, newly reconstructed ES requires an individuator to grasp the sortal concept of an object as an epistemic evidence.

著者

四津 雅英

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.1-2, pp.51-68, 2018 (Released:2018-05-07)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

1

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In this paper I attempt a new analysis of utterances that (implicitly) convey typicality or nontypicality, which have been regarded as cases of conversational implicatures since Grice's classical analysis of them. Leading accounts of such utterances―Horn's and Levinson's―appear inadequate for a kind of them. I take it that utterances conveying typicality split up into two groups and they are different in their ways of generating a typicality implicature. And I regard utterances conveying nontypicality as more closely related with metalinguistic negation than Horn and Levinson assume.

著者

古田 智久

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.2, pp.105-119, 2015-03-30 (Released:2017-08-31)

著者

菊池 誠

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.1-2, pp.1-2, 2016-03-30 (Released:2017-08-31)

著者

佐藤 暁

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.1, pp.1-17, 2014-12-30 (Released:2017-08-31)

参考文献数

14

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In The Origins of Analytical Philosophy, Dummett criticized the philosophy of Husserl for being a Humpty-Dumpty theory. We reconstruct this criticism into a more general argument that shows that the idea of meaning as a type entails the Humpty-Dumpty theory. In interpreting Dummett's text, we show that the criticism of the Humpty-Dumpty theory is a criticism of "associating expressions with meanings" in an attempt to explain linguistic significance, and that types are not objects, but rather equivalence relations. In addition, we demonstrate that tokens are not concrete, but theoretical objects, and thus should be distinguished from bearers of tokens, which are bare physical objects.

著者

黒川 英徳

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.1, pp.39-54, 2014-12-30 (Released:2017-08-31)

参考文献数

35

著者

信原 幸弘

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.1, pp.55, 2014-12-30 (Released:2017-08-31)

著者

伊勢田 哲治 金杉 武司 菊池 誠 松本 俊吉 丹治 信春

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.1, pp.55-57, 2014-12-30 (Released:2017-08-31)

著者

松本 俊吉

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.1, pp.57-60, 2014-12-30 (Released:2017-08-31)

著者

八杉 滿利子

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.2, pp.97-104, 2015-03-30 (Released:2017-08-31)

参考文献数

14

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The halting property as such is not guaranteed for limitimg recursion, since its evaluation process requires infinitely many steps. Nevertheless, as limiting recursive functions are useful in the study of computational aspects of mathematics on the continuum, it is desirable that some extended notion of computation be bestowed upon limiting recursion. We will here present a framework which general recursion and limiting recursion can share in characterizing their functions, and in which the halting property of the former and the identification in the limit of the latter can be expressed in terms of a formula stating a kind of compactness of a sequence of sets. We regard this fact as claiming that limiting recursion is conjunctive to general recursion, and hence can be viewed as a computation in an extended sense.

著者

佐金 武

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.1, pp.37-61, 2013-11-30 (Released:2017-08-31)

参考文献数

62

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Presentism is the thesis that everything is present, which implies that there are no past (or future) things or events. It is sometimes said to be imcompatible with the claim that every truth must have some ground on being. In this paper, I will examine the efficacy of such an argument in favor of presentism. In my view, however, how to respond to the grounding objection depends on what kinds of past truths we deal with: (i) truths about how present things were, (ii) general truths about things that no longer eixst, and (iii) singular truths about wholly past things. Before discussing this, I will also give an overview of the grounding project.

著者

渡辺 恒夫

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.103-105, 2014-03-30 (Released:2017-08-31)

参考文献数

9