著者

平岡 隆二

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.289, pp.2-21, 2019 (Released:2021-01-24)

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The Tianjing huowen 天経或問 of You Yi 游藝 (fl. 17C.) is a book on natural philosophy, composed under strong influence from the scholarly circle led by Fang Yizhi 方以智 (1611-1671) in the Jiangnan region. Although this book is known to have been more widely distributed in Japan than in China, no extensive survey of its textual exemplars has so far been carried out. Based on a survey of existing printed editions and manuscripts of the book, this paper seeks 1) to specify the most important exemplars useful for restoring the text of the book, and 2) to clarify the aspects of this bookʼs textual production and circulation, especially in Japan, where the majority of surviving exemplars are found.

著者

綾部広則 佐藤靖 桑原雅子 後藤邦夫 菅波完 黒田光太郎 川野祐二

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.288, pp.324-334, 2019 (Released:2021-01-24)

著者

矢口 直英

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.288, pp.250-265, 2019 (Released:2021-01-24)

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The astronomer, physician, philosopher, Quṭb al-Dīn al-Shīrāzī (d. 1311), known as the author of Commentary on the Canon of Medicine by Ibn Sīnā (d. 1037), wrote a short treatise on medical ethics, Explanation of the Need for Medicine and Physicians. In this article, I elucidate how Shīrāzī explained the need for medicine, and point out the characteristic of his argument. In Chapter One of the work, Shīrāzī argued for the need for medicine on the basis of both the rational and the traditional argument. The rational argument derived from Greek philosophy. In the traditional argument, on the other hand, he cited Qur'an and a number of the Prophetic sayings and deeds (ḥadīth), and concluded that medicine is a duty of the whole community of Muslims. The characteristic of this latter type of argument can be illuminated by comparing Shīrāzīʼs treatise with those of his predecessors. First, some texts in the genre of “Prophetic medicine” collected medical knowledge for believers, but did not discuss extensively the need or legitimacy of medicine. Second, treatises on medical ethics written before Shīrāzīʼs did not argue for the need for medicine on the basis of Islamic tradition. This contrast demonstrates that Shīrāzī deliberately departed from his predecessors in making his traditional side of argument.

著者

由井 秀樹

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.287, pp.222-225, 2018 (Released:2021-01-24)

著者

塚原東吾 槇蒼健 宮島一彦 全勇勲 宮川卓也 武田時昌 金凡性

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.287, pp.211-221, 2018 (Released:2021-01-24)

著者

任 正爀

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.287, pp.201-207, 2018 (Released:2021-01-24)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.287, pp.208-210, 2018 (Released:2021-01-24)

著者

木本 忠昭

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.283, pp.8, 2017 (Released:2021-01-10)

著者

小笠原 好彦

出版者

一般社団法人 日本考古学協会

雑誌

日本考古学 (ISSN:13408488)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.13, pp.49-66, 2002-05-20 (Released:2009-02-16)

参考文献数

32

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古墳時代には,各地の首長が首長権を執行する居館を構築した。この居館に建てられた建物と深い関連をもって描かれたとみなされるものに奈良県佐味田宝塚古墳から出土した家屋文鏡がある。この鏡には,高床住居,平地住居,竪穴住居,高床倉庫の4種の建物が描かれている。このうち高床建物には露台と衣蓋,樹木が描かれており,ほかの建物と同じく屋根上に2羽の鳥を表現する予定であったと想定され,中国の漢代の武氏祠などに描かれた昇仙図の楼閣建物の系譜を引く可能性が高く,首長がほかの3つの建物とともに,他界後に神仙界でかかわる建物として描かれたものと推測される。一方,首長居館に設けられた囲繞施設に関連するとみなされる形象埴輪に,囲形埴輪がある。この埴輪の用途には壁代,稲城など諸説がだされており,居館の塀と門を表現したものとみなす考えを提起してきたが,なお明らかでなかった。しかし,近年,兵庫県行者塚古墳,三重県宝塚1号墳,大阪府心合寺山古墳などから古墳に配置された状態で見つかっており,中に木槽樋型土製品,井筒型土製品と家形埴輪が置かれていたことが判明した。このうち木槽樋型土製品は奈良県南郷大東遺跡,纏向遺跡,滋賀県服部遺跡などから検出されている木槽樋遺構を模したものとみなされるので,浄水施設を覆った上屋である家形埴輪を囲んだものと推測して間違いないであろう。そして,宝塚1号墳から井筒型土製品を囲んだものも出土していることからみて,これらは漢代の昇仙図に「其の江海を飲む」と書かれているものがあるように,首長が神仙界を訪れた際,飲料水の浄水を欠かすことがないように古墳に置かれたものと推測される。一方,三重県石山古墳では,東方外区から倉の家形埴輪群とともに4個以上の囲形埴輪が出土しており,これらは昇仙図に「太倉を食する」「大倉を食する」と記されたことと関連をもつ可能性が高く,神仙界で首長が食糧が尽きることのないように置いた倉庫群を警固したものかと思われる。このように,古墳には首長居館と深い関連をもち,しかも黄泉国世界との関連で,副葬品や墳丘に配置されたものが少なくないように推測される。

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.271, pp.273, 2014 (Released:2020-12-09)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.270, pp.127, 2014 (Released:2020-12-09)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.269, pp.1-2, 2014 (Released:2020-12-09)

著者

小林 大州介

出版者

経済社会学会

雑誌

経済社会学会年報 (ISSN:09183116)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.203-212, 2015 (Released:2016-03-25)

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From the late eighteenth through the nineteenth century, the concept of ‘evolutionism’ had prevailed among social scientists in many fields, such as sociology, philosophy, history, economics, anthropology, ethnology and archaeology, as a framework of their research. One of the origins of this idea was the belief in ‘progress’ that characterized eighteenth century’s enlightenment thought. The evolutionists assumed that society, economy and culture progressed through a sequence of deterministic developmental stages, and always toward a completion of civilization. However, in the late nineteenth century, many objections to this notion of evolutionism emerged within the above academic fields, mainly in history and ethnology. Historians and ethnologists pointed out that evolutionism failed to offer an appropriate explanation for the complex and non-deterministic character of the historical process. Moreover, innovation theories, which came into existence in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, largely rejected the idea of progress and evolutionism. In the present paper, the author argues that early innovation theorists, such as Gabriel Tarde and Joseph A. Schumpeter attempted to offer more general theories than the development stages theory, and to transcend the out-of-date ideas of the evolutionists.

著者

岩熊 典乃

出版者

経済社会学会

雑誌

経済社会学会年報 (ISSN:09183116)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.180-191, 2015 (Released:2016-03-25)

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Decades before the so-called "ecological issues" came up to the fore, Th.W. Adorno and his colleagues paid serious attention to the destructive relation of human beings to the nature. In spite of their deep interest in the thought of K. Marx, they did not reduce its cause to the matter of mode of production. They also rejected the idea of "return to nature" in spite of the influence of romanticism on their thought. That is, they pursued the way of emancipation from the dominative as well as subordinate relation of human beings to the nature. This paper focuses on Adorno's idea of "Naturgeschichte" (natural history) which is one of bases of this highly requested and currently meaningful enquiry. I firstly argue that Adorno's idea of "Naturgeschichte" has two aspects in his terminology. On the one hand, "Naturgeschichte" functions as a critical description of human history. In this description human history appears as a blindly compulsive, namely, naturally growing (naturwüchsig) process. Such an idea was formed through Adorno's own interpretation of Marx. On the other hand, "Naturgeschichte" refers to the reconciliation (Versöhnung), that is, a possibility of fleeing from the dominative or subordinate relation of human beings to the nature. What is the correlation of these two aspects which are apparently incompatible? I consider this question by way of reexamining the ideas of G. Lukács and W. Benjamin that Adorno attempts to synthesize. He suggests the conception of deciphering the "second nature" which appears stiff and compulsive but is a historically produced world, as a "transitory (vergänglich) nature", hence, a variable moment. I conclude that Adorno's aim lies at the emancipation from ideas which stiffen the process by positing either nature or history as the first principle. This is the emancipation not only from "the ideology of subordination to the nature" (an ideology shared by Hegel, social Darwinism and the so-called Dialectical Materialism), but also from "the ideology of domination over the nature" (Marx).

著者

小林 佑太

出版者

経済社会学会

雑誌

経済社会学会年報 (ISSN:09183116)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.225-227, 2015 (Released:2016-03-25)

著者

宮垣 元

出版者

経済社会学会

雑誌

経済社会学会年報 (ISSN:09183116)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.223-224, 2015 (Released:2016-03-25)

著者

青木 孝志

出版者

人体科学会

雑誌

人体科学 (ISSN:09182489)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.75-82, 1996-05-30 (Released:2018-03-01)

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The middle region of the breast and the middle region of the forehead of a subject were irradiated by artificial external qi emitted from a qi-generator made of a 80kHz quartz resonance system proposed previously by the author, where this artificial external qi was named EQR (emission from quartz resonance). Changes in human body impedance were investigated before, during and after the irradiation by the EQR. It was found that BP (before polarization) currents show statistically significant increases (p<0.05) which suggest increases in body fluids flows, while magnetic irradiations as a control experiment do not show statistically significant increases in the BP currents, where each BP current means the peak current which appears immediately after a square wave impulse of voltage is applied to the human body.

著者

若林 直樹

出版者

経済社会学会

雑誌

経済社会学会年報 (ISSN:09183116)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.38-45, 2015 (Released:2016-03-25)

著者

山岡 淳

出版者

経済社会学会

雑誌

経済社会学会年報 (ISSN:09183116)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.94-103, 2015 (Released:2016-03-25)

被引用文献数

1

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Introduction Transportation time by ambulance is one of the important factor of evaluating emergency medical service. But, the previous researches about the relation of transportation time and socioeconomically condition by district is insufficient. Objectives We estimate an average transportation time and a ratio of daytime to nighttime in a transportation time in each district using various district socioeconomically indicators as independent variables. Method The dataset includes 3,538,275(71.9%) emergency patients who used emergency transportation by ambulance in 2011 and 587 districts. The independent variables for each district included a geographical component variable (population density and so on), ratio of transportation to another district, ratio of public hospital to emergency hospital, ratio of emergency patients to population, population aging rate and traffic congestion. We estimate two indicator by these independent variables for OLS. Result For the estimated transportation time (Adj.R-Squared = 0.294 P<.001), ratio of transportation to another district (P<.01), population aging rate (P<.01) and traffic congestion (P<.001) showed positive correlations. Geographical component variable (P<.001) and ratio of public hospital (P<.001) showed negative correlations. For the estimated a ratio of daytime to nighttime in a transportation time (Adj.R-Squared = 0.308 P<.001), geographical component variable (P<.001), ratio of transportation to another district (P<.001) and traffic congestion (P<.1) showed positive correlations, while ratio of public hospital (P<.01) showed negative correlations. Conclusions The result shows that a transportation time is longer in rural than urban and a ratio of daytime to nighttime in a transportation time is higher in ur ban than rural. These are the geographic subjects in emergency medical system. And, a transportation time and a ratio of daytime to nighttime are more influenced supply side factor rather than demand side. To solve the subjects, supply of emergency medical for elderly people is needed, because elderly people who is one of a cause of the subjects is increasing year by year in Japan.

著者

小池田 冨男

出版者

経済社会学会

雑誌

経済社会学会年報 (ISSN:09183116)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.3-9, 2015 (Released:2016-03-25)