出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, pp.57, 2016 (Released:2018-05-07)

著者

福島 智子

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, pp.88-89, 2015-09-30 (Released:2018-02-01)

著者

杉岡 良彦

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, pp.11-21, 2014 (Released:2018-02-01)

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Recently, a growing number of scientific studies and publications have focused on loneliness. They reveal that loneliness influences a variety of psychological and physical diseases, and even mortality. Some researchers point out that loneliness, just like smoking, is one of the most crucial factors contributing to the development of many diseases. However, the human experience is essentially lonely or existential. Philosophers have emphasized the positive effect of loneliness, suggesting that it may provide us with maturity and wisdom. I believe we have to realize that humans can be regarded as dual structures, experiencing being both lonely and relational. Scientific research on loneliness is apt to focus on the relationship aspect of humans. By ignoring the dual structure of humanity and depending more on the scientific research on loneliness, medical professionals may encourage people to avoid loneliness. This approach may overlook the maturity brought about by the pain of being lonely. It is true that adequate medical and social strategies are indispensable to address loneliness as a risk factor, but medical professionals also need to understand the positive effect of loneliness in our life. There must be adequate treatments and scientific researches focusing on the positive aspect of loneliness.

著者

浅見 洋

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, pp.74, 2013 (Released:2018-02-01)

著者

熊谷 晋一郎

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, pp.77-80, 2013 (Released:2018-02-01)

著者

加藤 穣

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, pp.63-67, 2012-09-30 (Released:2018-02-01)

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Members of the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, also known as Jehovah's Witnesses, refuse blood transfusions based on their religious principles. In Japan, their refusal has posed challenges since the 1980s. The only court ruling on this matter by the Supreme Court was made in 2001, which ruled that the refusal of blood transfusion based on religious reasons should be respected as a personal right. The Supreme Court apparently chose the words cautiously and addressed exclusively the refusal of blood transfusion based on religious principles, as the Japanese judicial system has a way of judging exclusively the contested issue. Nevertheless, the ruling has mostly been regarded as a celebrated case of recognizing the superiority of an autonomous decision by a patient over other values or obligations. Although typical blood transfusion refusal in an operation planned in advance by competent adult Jehovah's Witnesses has been established since the court ruling, it has been understood in an expansive way without justification. That is, the religiosity of blood transfusion refusal by Jehovah's Witnesses has been ignored for the most part, with their religious refusal understood as merely an autonomous decision or self-determination. I argue against rapid expansive interpretation of the said court decision, citing court rulings and related cases in other countries, especially the United States. In doing so, I show the need to revisit the implications of the religious aspects of refusals in potentially controversial cases.

著者

武田 理宏 真鍋 史朗 松村 泰志

出版者

公益社団法人 日本生体医工学会

雑誌

生体医工学 (ISSN:1347443X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.4, pp.151-158, 2017-08-10 (Released:2018-01-23)

参考文献数

40

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In hospitals that introduced electronic medical records (EMRs), the data on EMR database was transferred to the analytical database and has been used for the analysis such as the clinical research. As the standardization of the medical data by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (SS-MIX:Standard Structured-Medical Information eXchange) has advanced, the clinical research using not only the data from single facility but also the data from plural facilities can be carried out. On the other hand, the structure of the EMR database is not suitable for clinical research, because the EMR database was designed only for the duties purpose. For this reason, the clinical study only with the data accumulated in the EMR database passively is limited. It is necessary to accumulate the data actively. For example, the usage of the template with required items for clinical research is helpful. The Health Insurance Claims (receipt) data and the Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC) data are the clinical data that standardization has been achieved. However, these data were designed for medical service fees request use and does not have the result information. For the secondary use of clinical data, it is necessary to capture the characteristic of EMR data, receipt data and DPC data, and to select which data should be used. The clinical research using EMR data is focused on observational research. The high quality findings could be achieved by handling the loss data appropriately and by adjusting the patient background factor. In this report, we discuss the outline of the current situation and issues of the secondary use of electronic medical record data.

著者

松山 圭子

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, pp.112-116, 2009-10-01 (Released:2018-02-01)

著者

福田 八寿絵

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, pp.52-59, 2009-10-01 (Released:2018-02-01)

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical cancer, and efforts to develop vaccines against this virus have been proceeding. In June 2006, the U.S. FDA approved a vaccine that prevents HPV. There is now a political controversy over how to use this HPV vaccine in the clinical setting. Because of the high prevalence of cervical cancer in Japan, this vaccine has been eagerly awaited. This paper examines the experience in the U.S. and discusses how this vaccine might be used in Japan where it has not yet been approved and considers how the cost should be borne as well as the ethical problems involved in selecting individuals to receive preventive vaccination.

著者

上野 哲

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.1-6, 2004-10-18 (Released:2018-02-01)

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The purpose of this paper is to contribute to making a better life in leprosariums by providing viewpoints to change leprosariums as isolation hospitals into communities of living. Although it is very hard for many residents who are advanced age and without any relatives to go off of leprosariums, the court found the isolation policy for recoverists of leprosy illegality in May 2001. Leprosariums are obliged to change, for example, homes for the aged. What I do not try to do here is to impeach someone. I make proposals, however, based on the interview to the Niirada branch school of Oku senior high school students in the Nagashima-aiseien leprosarium. The subjects of the interview meet the following two requirements: firstly they have been expected a remarkable activity out of leprosariums from their boyhood; and, secondly, they live in leprosariums again at present after the living out of leprosariums. As a consequence of the analysis, I propose attaching importance to the high regard for resident's self respect under the isolation policy and the understanding of the human relations in leprosariums, in addition to the request for substantial medical service, to better the present condition of leprosariums.

著者

村岡 潔

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, pp.166-178, 2001-10-20 (Released:2018-02-01)

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We usually take it for granted that an event that some people fall ill has no connection with another event that the others can keep healthy, because we generally judge the matter from an atomistic or individualistic daily life standpoint. Many people believe that the main cause of illness is their bad lifestyle such as drinking, smoking or working too much so that the sick only have themselves to blame. This popular idea is called "victim-blaming ideology." However, from a macroscopic mass standpoint, we can find that healthy people are dependent upon the sick. That is, for people to be healthy there must be people who are sick instead of the healthy. This paper is an introduction to this paradoxical idea. First, I reconsidered the social function of the medical diagnosis of an illness and found it is to divide all the members of a society into two groups : one that is ill and the other that is not (that is., healthy). This means that the healthy cannot be healthy without the sick unfortunately being sick instead. This substitution is a kind of altruism. "Ri-tagyo", a Buddhist encouragement of altruism also supports this idea. Secondly, some epidemiological statistics also support this altruistic relationship. Finally, we concluded that sick people are neither useless nor a nuisance, but they play a great role in society because of their being-ill altruism. Healthy people, therefore, must show extreme kindness to those who are sick. This act of kindness may be an ethical origin of clinical medicine.

著者

安藤 泰至

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, pp.16-30, 2001-10-20 (Released:2018-02-01)

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In the argument of bioethics, more often in the public argument than in the academic one, the concept of "Dignity" has been used as a protector of a human's irreplaceable value. For example, "Dignity of Life", "Human Dignity", " Dignity of Individual", and "Death with Dignity". But in many cases, the various terms of "Dignity" are ambiguous and at times oppose one another. One main reason for this is that the word "Life" has various meanings. In Japanese, at least four words, "seimei", "seikatsu", "jinsei", and "inochi" (each has rather different implications) are equivalents to the word "life". In this paper, I have reflected on the concept of "Dignity" in Human Life in some topics of bioethics, classifying the meaning of "Life" in each case. The concept of "Dignity" has a rather ambivalent character. On the one hand, it works as a protector of a human's irreplaceble life in various dimensions, such as fundamental "seimei", individual personal "jinsei", or the interrelational "inochi". But on the other hand, it can be exclusive priciple that devalue certain forms of human life as unworthy of human dignity and so cut off the possibility of encounter and self-awareness of "inochi-beings" in advance. Today, we cannot be too cautious of the danger when the exclusive principle of the concept of "Dignity" prevails and suppresses the quest for Dignity itself.

著者

尾崎 恭一

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.81-94, 1996-10-01 (Released:2018-02-01)

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Not a few people in Japan are killed in active euthanasia. However, most cases are hidden, as active euthanasia is prohibited in any situation. Consequently some people are killed by immoral ways, for example involuntarily or cruelly, though they could survive with handicaps, or though they could die calmly in voluntary active euthanasia. Voluntary active euthanasia should be permitted legally, and the Involuntary one should be prohibited strictly. Why is Voluntary active euthanasia prohibited? Because people think that no one has the right of death and believe in the theory of the slippery slope. But everyone has the right of self-determination. Does this right imply that? And cannot we put the brake on unlimited killing performed under active euthanasia? In order to answer these questions, I first investigated how the right of self-determination is justified by two theories which differ from each other:social contract theory and utilitarianism. This call give an impartial solution for them. The solution is that each person has the right to decide all one's own affairs and even commit suicide if the right is not misused and makes no one unhappy. Secondly I studied the meaning of death for the dying person, especially with regard to its positive meaning, i.e. the completion of his life. It is important what he does as the last act in his life when he suffers terribly from fatal wounds or diseases. Is it morally good that doctors prolong the severe pain of the patient as long as possible? It is bad that they rob him of self-determination and his happiness. He doesn't only have the right to die,but also should exercise the right in oder to get rid of his fatal pains. Thirdly I think through the new legal systems which permit the right to die and prevent patients from misusing it. Judging from the above, these systems must be based on the principles of self-determination and state of necessity. In the case of voluntary active euthanasia, to help one commit suicide can be legally justified. However, to kill one based on the one's serious request cannot justified, but only irresponsible for the murder.

著者

服部 健司

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, pp.28-35, 1994-10-01 (Released:2018-02-01)

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Kant's concept of Person, connected with the concept of dignity, is one of the most influential in medical ethics. No one call the dignity of person into question. A person should not be treated merely as a means, rather as an end at any time. In founding bioethics, Prof. Engelhardt, Jr. brings this concept up in dual strains: the person in the strict sense, whose definition is purely ethical and the same as Kant's; the person in a broad sense, a compromise between the person in the strict sense and the merely biological human. His purpose to extend the concept in its use is, on the one hand, to impute some rights to humans who have not enough intellectual faculties and need moral protection, which has merit in overcoming the extreme argument made by M. Tooley; on the other hand, to release primary persons from obligations to some humans who cannot play any social roles. Were there undue burdens, rights of subordinate persons may be legitimately ignored. Freedom of the will of real persons should be prior to protection of secondary persons. Thus, not only nonperson humans but, occasionally, assumed persons may be treated merely as means. Problems are as follows. 1. who determines the order of priority among assumed persons, or when these would be degraded to nonpersons? 2. may one who does not possess inner worth be designated as a person? 3. must a merely arbitrary, subjective desire of primary persons be still respected even at the expense of secondary persons or others? Indeed, in Kant's writings we come across the radical, well-known dichotomy : Person and Sache. Apparently Formula II of the categorical imperative does not forbid persons to treat irrational beings merely as means. Yet there seems to be no better way than by regarding so: when Kant uses the concept Person, it matters little to which the nonperson human belongs, rather how we ourselves as moral agents should act in the name of Person. A extensional use of Person to judge not quite rational beings, subjectum patients, objectively (gegenstandlich) would seem to be looked upon as a misuse or abuse. The concept Person urges upon us self-consciousness as rational subjects and to make every endeavor to be what we must be through actual acts, because we are animal rationabile, not yet animal rationale.

著者

矢内 義顕

出版者

日本医学哲学・倫理学会

雑誌

医学哲学 医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.16-29, 1985-07-05 (Released:2018-02-01)

著者

鈴木 生郎

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.1-2, pp.15-33, 2017 (Released:2017-09-07)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

1

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Four-dimensionalism and three-dimensionalism are two rival theories of persistence. They give contrasting pictures of persistence of material objects, but it is still under dispute what is the proper formulation of their difference. In this paper, I aim to propose a new formulation of it, in light of which each theory can be properly understood. To this end, first I set three theoretical desiderata for a desirable formulation of the difference between two theories. Next, I consider three representative formulations, which I call respectively, ‘the temporal part formulation,’ ‘the temporal instantiation formulation,’ and ‘the spatiotemporal location formulation.’ I argue that they fail to meet the desiderata in some way or other. The temporal part formulation fails to meet all of three. The temporal instantiation formulation, properly understood, captures important aspects of the distinction, but fails to meet at least one desideratum. The spatiotemporal location formulation fares the best among the three formulations, but still has some deficiencies. Third, I argue that an appropriate combination of the temporal instantiation formulation and the spatiotemporal location formulation is even better and meets all the desiderata. Finally, I draw some implications from the previous discussion for the incompatibility of four-dimensionalism and presentism.

著者

上野 健爾

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.1-2, pp.3-15, 2016-03-30 (Released:2017-08-31)

参考文献数

59

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In the present notes we shall discuss history of algebraic geometry form Riemann to today. Emphasis is placed on the development in 20th century. We shall show that there are three driving forces of the development, namely the Riemann hypothesis of algebraic curves over finite fields, theory of algebraic functions and compact Riemann surfaces, and geometry of algebraic curves and surfaces.

著者

倉橋 太志

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.93-101, 2014-03-30 (Released:2017-08-31)

参考文献数

21

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Rosser's provability predicates were introduced by Rosser to improve Godel's first incompleteness theorem. First, we survey the research on Rosser's provability predicates developed by Guaspari and Solovay, and Arai. Secondly, we investigate the formalization of existential version of Yablo's paradox based on Rosser's provability predicates, and show that this formalization can give independednt sentences for any consistent theory. At last, we prove that there is a consistency statement defined by using Rosser's provability predicate, which cannot be proved in arithmetic.

著者

伊藤 直樹

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.1, pp.43-54, 2012-09-30 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

1 1

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In this paper, I will explore the metatheory in psychology and human science in relation to Dilthey's psychology. I will utilize two methods. First, I will examine Dilthey's psychology in late 19th-century Germany. I have found that Dilthey's psychology has two characteristics; not only empirical psychology but also metatheory of psychology. However, due to this ambiguity his psychology was criticized by both psychologists and philosophers in his day. And at the same time, the metatheory which his psychology contained vanished from the main stream of psychology. Second, I will reconsider Dilthey's psychology from these two characteristics. His empirical psychology is the foundation of various sciences in that it stands between the sciences and their object. On the other hand, his meta-psychology provides a principle to his psychology which is considered a basic science. As a result, Dilthey's meta-psychology opens up a world of a person-centered point of view to psychology and the human sciences.

著者

鈴木 生郎

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.13-24, 2011-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

19

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This paper aims to show that the combination of Three-dimensionalism, a theory of persistence, and Eternalism, a theory about the ontological nature of time, gives us the best solution to a widely known problem of the harm of death. To begin with, we argue that the following two claims are plausible: Termination Thesis, which says that people go out of existence when they die, and Harm after Death Thesis, which says that death harms people at some time after their death. Next we point out that there is an apparent conflict between these claims, as Epicurus and other philosophers argued. Then we show that the combination of Three-dimensionalism and Eternalism enables us to settle the conflict. Finally we show that the combination is preferable to two alternatives which have been discussed in the literature, namely, the combination of Four-dimensionalism and Eternalism (H. Silverstein), and the combination of Three-dimensionalism, Presentism and Meinongianism (P. Yourgrau).