著者
草生 久嗣
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.109, no.7, pp.1297-1318,1429-, 2000-07-20 (Released:2017-11-30)

Several attempts have been made by scholars to interpret the Bogomils. J.Gouillard(1965)and A.Rigo(1989)have regarded them as members of Byzantine mysticism. H.G.Beck(1993)explained them as ordinary men who led a life with holy modesty and with an attitude of passive resistance against the extravagant Orthodox church. However, many scholars have thought them to be one type of dualist heretic or a revival of the Manichaeans, following St.Runciman(1947), D.Angelov(1947)and D.Obolensky(1948). The author believes that the Bogomils were not only a group of intellectuals, but also an expression of contemporary theological and social problems in 12th century Byzantine History. However, if we presuppose the Bogomils to have been like a school of thought, dualists or mystics or whatever, we cannot understand the real Bogomils on the historical scene. When we examine a social problem regarding"heresy", we have to understand first the reasons why contemporaries treated someone as a heretic. The author, focusing on this way of understanding and treating the Bogomils, surveys them in trials held during the first half of the 1100's in Constantinople. In so doing, this article shows several points that differ from the views of former theses. First, 12^<th> Century contemporaries were unaware of the two precedent sources, the Presbyter Cosmas's Discourse against the Heresy of Bogomil and the Euthymius of Acmonia's Contra Phundagiagites. Secondly, the name"Bogomils"is just one of the criminal labels, which the Orthodox-Byzantines could apply to non-conformers arbitrarily. Thirdly, for the Byzantines, Gnostical cosmology or demonology was not an essential element of the teaching of the Bogomils. There is no identity with thought, theology, moral-code, sectarian movement under the label of Bogomils. On the other hand, in the trials at Constantinople, we find that all of the accused Bogomils equally respected monastic life. The Bogomil-problem first appeared on the official documents after the 10^<th> century. From that time, the power of the monasteries rose, and the number of monks increased. From antiquity, Monks had been very popular in the Byzantine Empire. There were some deviational monks prior to this period, but the subsequent increase in"bonafide"monks also brought its faire share of deviants. This caused growing concern for the Orthodox Church, and in particular regarding their non-controlled activities. If some of them preached heterodoxical sermons to the people, heresy could be easily spread. The insecurity of the Church can be seen clearly in contemporary sources. In conclusion, Byzantines constructed a new type framework for understanding heresy, namely"the Bogomils". They thought deviational monks should be controlled under the heretical label of"Bogomils"as a tool for moral control. In the Constantinople in the 1100's, they were not considered to be dualists. The Bogomils were an indicator of the existence of behavioral problem in those days.
著者
池上 俊一 加藤 玄 草生 久嗣 千葉 敏之 藤崎 衛 小澤 実 菊地 重仁 田付 秋子 橋爪 烈
出版者
東京大学
雑誌
基盤研究(B)
巻号頁・発行日
2013-04-01

本共同研究によって得られた成果は以下の3点にまとめられる、第一に、初期中世からルネサンスに至るまで、教皇庁の制度は、内外のコミュニケーションを通じて、ヨーロッパ全体の変動に対応するかたちで展開していた。第二に、イベリア半島から北欧・東欧に至るまで、ラテン・カトリック世界における普遍君主としての教皇庁の影響が、君主から地方に至るあらゆるレベルで確認された。第三に、ビザンツ帝国、イスラム政体、モンゴル帝国といったラテン・カトリック世界の外部との交渉を通じ、教皇庁はヨーロッパの世界認識ならびに自己認識を変化させた。
著者
浦野 聡 師尾 晶子 太記 祐一 草生 久嗣 中谷 功治 小笠原 弘幸 深津 行徳 益田 朋幸 村田 光司 田中 咲子 松崎 哲也 奈良澤 由美 KORKUT Taner
出版者
立教大学
雑誌
基盤研究(B)
巻号頁・発行日
2012-04-01

古代から中世にかけての地中海世界における聖域空間と社会の関係の変動を具体的に調査するため、リキア地方(トルコ南西部)のトロス遺跡の司教座聖堂に焦点を定め、発掘調査を行った。この聖堂は、古代の都市の主聖域に建造されており、それ以前の神殿や聖域との関係で重要な知見を得られることが期待されたが、キリスト教の国教化から50年ほど経った五世紀の半ばには完成し、その後、11世紀に至るまで、隣接する旧都市の主神殿クロノス神殿までの空間に教会付属の工房区域が形成され、都市の手工業の中心となったことが明らかにされた。