著者

西川 輝昭

出版者

日本動物分類学会

雑誌

タクサ:日本動物分類学会誌 (ISSN:13422367)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, pp.33-47, 2018-08-31 (Released:2018-08-31)

参考文献数

49

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The history of the nomenclatural type concept and the principle of typification are outlined following examination of articles, recommendations and appendices in editions (and Japanese versions) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), the Règles Internationales de la Nomenclature zoologique, and the antecedent Stricklandian and Blanchard Codes. For family-group names, typification first appeared as a recommendation of the Stricklandian Code in 1843, subsequently becoming a criterion for availability following publication of the Blanchard Code in 1889. Typification of genus-group names also followed publication of the Stricklandian Code, being considered a criterion for availability since 1930. In species-group names, however, the explicit fixation of name-bearing types (holotypes and syntypes) has been included in the appendices of the Règles since 1913, being a recommendation in the first to third editions of the ICZN, and now (fourth edition), a criterion of availability of names published after 1999. Reasons are considered why the principle of typification was applied as a criterion for availability for species-group names far later than for family- and genus-group ones. The institution and development of public specimen registration systems in the UK and USA are also discussed.

著者

西川 輝昭

出版者

THE SESSILE ORGANISMS SOCIETY OF JAPAN

雑誌

Sessile Organisms (ISSN:13424181)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.2, pp.1-6, 1997-02-15 (Released:2009-10-09)

参考文献数

46

被引用文献数

1

著者

野田 泰一 西川 輝昭

出版者

日本動物分類学会

雑誌

タクサ:日本動物分類学会誌 (ISSN:13422367)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, pp.71-76, 2013-02-28 (Released:2018-03-30)

参考文献数

5

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A Japanese version of the amendment of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in September 2012 was presented with some comments.

著者

蟹江 和子 KANIE Kazuko 西川 輝昭 NISHIKAWA Teruaki

出版者

名古屋大学博物館

雑誌

名古屋大学博物館報告 (ISSN:13468286)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.267-276, 2006-12-25 (Released:2008-01-18)

著者

西川 輝昭 NISHIKAWA Teruaki

出版者

名古屋大学博物館

雑誌

名古屋大学博物館報告 (ISSN:13468286)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.173-182, 2005 (Released:2006-04-14)

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国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

著者

西川 輝昭

出版者

日本動物分類学会

雑誌

タクサ:日本動物分類学会誌 (ISSN:13422367)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, pp.67-70, 2013-02-28 (Released:2018-03-30)

参考文献数

4

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The current financial crisis at the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature (ITZN) is reported here in the hope of inspiring widespread participation in an urgent, earnest, and ultimately successful fund-raising effort to save it. The organization, purpose, and history of ITZN are recounted here in brief, and evidently for the first time in Japanese, to foster a wider and better understanding of its significance. ITZN financially supports the entire operation of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) and its Secretariat, whose activities are indispensable for stability in the scientific names of animals. The Commission is responding innovatively to new technical opportunities by developing tools to make nomenclature more accessible and reliable, as shown by the 2012 amendment to the Code to allow valid electric publication and the relaunch of ZooBank, the Official Registry for Zoological Nomenclature, in a new architecture and better interface, both giving rise to an impressive increase in registrations. Establishing ZooBank as a gold-standard archive of scientific names is as important a task as the related endeavors of keeping archives of type specimens (the core role of Natural History Collections) and archives of published information (the core role of libraries and online data archives). ITZN's financial underpinnings must be restored quickly, with an assurance of steady and adequate future income. The risk is such that it could fail and be dissolved as soon as 2013. If ITZN founders, ICZN's ability to function will be severely compromised. A new "subscription" campaign to encourage annual pledges of funds to ITZN from stakeholder institutions and organizations around the world (museums, learned societies, businesses, etc.), including in Japan, is outlined.

著者

蟹江 和子 KANIE Kazuko 西川 輝昭 NISHIKAWA Teruaki

出版者

名古屋大学博物館

雑誌

名古屋大学博物館報告 (ISSN:13468286)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, pp.267-276, 2006-12-25

著者

日野 晶也 角田 恒雄 釜野 徳明 野川 俊彦 小笠原 強 速水 格 松本 政哲 服部 明彦 西川 輝明 竹内 一郎 橋本 惇 三浦 知之 木津 治久 森田 博史 姚 揚貨 易 新生 小宮山 寛機 林 正彦 川村 将弘 張 恵平

出版者

神奈川大学

雑誌

年報 (ISSN:13420917)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2001, pp.127-129, 2002-03

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約100万種といわれる海洋生物は,地上における最も未知の世界である。この海洋生物から,医薬資源となりうる有用な生理活性物質を発見し,構造を明らかにし,生理活性を検討することを目的としている。NIHで臨床試験中のドラスタチン10(ウミウシ成分)とブリオスタチン1(フサコケムシ成分)は,釡野がその研究に携わったものである。平成元年以来,日野,西川等の協力を得て,平塚付近(相模湾)および岩手県大槌町付近(大槌湾)の海洋生物を検討し,特に青森,浅虫湾のフサコケムシからブリオスタチン10という強い抗癌性物質を見いだし,抗エイズ活性もあることが分かった。また,これらの物質には,ホルモン産生活性などの作用の存在も明らかになり,医薬品としての開発の可能性が考えられる。さらに,フロリダ産コケムシから10数種の新規アルカロイドを単離したが,このうちconvolutamydineが,ヒト急性骨髄性白血病細胞HL-60に対し,強力な分化誘導作用を示し,新たな抗癌剤発見の手がかりになる可能性もある。2000年度には,ほぼこれらのアルカロイドの全合成を完成した。これらの結果をふまえ,日本沿岸およびアジア各地の海洋生物について探索が計画されている。さらに,橋本,三浦等が「しんかい6500」,「しんかい2000」により採集した深海生物に対する検討も行い,今までに相模湾産シロウリガイとヘイトウシンカイヒバリガイおよびサツマハオリムシ,さらに巻き貝2種Alyinconcha cf. hesseleriおよびIfremeria nautileiの化学成分の検討を行っている。また,竹内等による南極付近の生物の入手も期待できる現状にある。さらに,新しく速水先生が加わり,洞窟生物の調査・採集が可能となっている。一方,生理活性,薬理作用検討に新たにそれぞれ小宮山博士,林博士,川村教授の協力が得られている。また,一昨年から中国でのフサコケムシの探索が姚新生教授と新たに参加した易楊貨教授によって開始され,かなり大量の生物が採集された。この生物からの活性物質の単離はこれからの大きな仕事であり,その結果が期待される。本年度は今までの生物成分のまとめを行った。特に,日本産ナマコ類成分,沖縄と真鶴で採集した日本産フサコケムシ成分,および深海巻貝2種の成分研究を完成した。

著者

佐藤 純子 SATO Junko 西川 輝昭 NISHIKAWA Teruaki 西田 佐知子 NISHIDA Sachiko 門脇 誠二 KADOWAKI Seiji

出版者

名古屋大学博物館

雑誌

名古屋大学博物館報告 (ISSN:13468286)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, pp.169-184, 2010-12-25

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Chīmā (Chinese paper charm) and Chīchen (Hell bank note) are pictures engraved on woods and printed on simple plain papers. Most of them are made to wish the people’s good fortune, and they act as an important mediator between Chinese gods and the people in folklore belief. This review presents a list of the Chinese paper charm and the hell bank note collections, which consist of 590 specimens donated mainly by Mr. Hiroshi Asami and Mr. Saburo Ito to the Nagoya University Museum since 2004.

著者

西川 輝昭

出版者

日本動物分類学会

雑誌

タクサ:日本動物分類学会誌 (ISSN:13422367)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, pp.1-2, 2020-08-31 (Released:2020-09-03)

著者

岩崎 敬二 木村 妙子 木下 今日子 山口 寿之 西川 輝昭 西 栄二郎 山西 良平 林 育夫 大越 健嗣 小菅 丈治 鈴木 孝男 逸見 泰久 風呂田 利夫 向井 宏

出版者

JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF BENTHOLOGY

雑誌

日本ベントス学会誌 = Japanese journal of benthology (ISSN:1345112X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, pp.22-44, 2004-07-28

被引用文献数

24 26

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To investigate the invasion history and recent geographic distribution of marine organisms introduced to Japan or transferred domestically to non-native regions, a questionnaire survey on their occurrence in the field, including both published and unpublished records, was conducted in 2002-2003. A total of 105 taxa was reported by 94 respondents. According to three criteria, viz. known or unknown geographic origin, established invasion history, and presumed dispersal mechanisms associated with human activities, 42 taxa were designated as non-indigenous species introduced to Japan through human activities, 26 taxa as indigenous species that are distributed both in Japan and other countries but are introduced from abroad to Japan for fisheries or as fish bait, 20 taxa as cryptogenic species which are not demonstrably native or introduced, two taxa as non-indigenous species that have extended their range to Japan through natural dispersion, and one taxon as an indigenous species. The remaining 14 taxa were considered to have been transferred domestically to new areas. Analysis of the years of first record of 42 non-indigenous species suggests that the rate of invasion has increased over the past century, with seven or eight species being introduced per decade after 1960. Data on temporal change in geographic distribution revealed that many non-indigenous species have become widespread recently, from the Pacific coasts of central Japan to the coasts of the Sea of Japan or northward. However, the species listed in the present study are not exhaustive, and more extensive investigations covering all taxa and all presumed dispersal mechanisms are urgently needed before consideration of legislative management of introduced marine organisms.

著者

西川 輝昭

出版者

生物研究社

雑誌

海洋と生物 (ISSN:02854376)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.6, pp.p512-517, 1995-12

著者

西川 輝

出版者

横浜経済学会

雑誌

エコノミア (ISSN:00129712)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.1・2, pp.25-42, 2020-03-31

著者

西川 輝昭

出版者

日本動物分類学会

雑誌

タクサ:日本動物分類学会誌 (ISSN:13422367)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, pp.19-28, 2021-08-31 (Released:2021-08-31)

参考文献数

48

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Baron Yoshio Tanaka (1838–1916), a famous historical researcher of natural history based in the “honzo-gaku” (traditional natural history) developed in the Edo Period in Japan, established himself as a talented and energetic higher governmental official in early modern Japan, establishing the National Museum. He also contributed much to the development of modern biological education by the compilation of wallcharts and translations of European and American textbooks into Japanese, and improved understanding of agricultural and fisheries products. He is therefore regarded to have bridged the gap between pre-modern and modern approaches in biology (especially botany), although his influence in the understanding of ascidians has been overlooked. However, a hand-written and previously unknown manuscript on this animal group by Tanaka (dated 1882), translated here into modern Japanese with detailed explanatory notes, included references to dissected museum specimens, evidence of Tanaka’s modern approach, since dissection and museum-deposition of specimens had not been practiced in “honzo-gaku”. The only cited western article in the manuscript, entitled “Cuvier’s molluscs”, was identified as Deshayes’ molluscan volume [completed in 1845 and including good figures of ascidian anatomy] included in the third edition of Cuvier’s “Le Règne Animal”, issued between 1836 and 1849. However, Tanaka made no reference to Lankester’s “urochordate” concept, published in 1877, and left no detailed figures of ascidian anatomy, necessary for modern taxonomy. In fact, the modern taxonomy of Japanese ascidians was begun in 1882 by foreign taxonomists, to be followed soon after by a Japanese researcher, Dr. Asajiro Oka. However, these endeavors did not avail themselves of Tanaka’s museum specimens, which were possibly unavailable even then, due to irregular museum deposition practice. It is clear that the gap between pre-modern and modern practices, was very significant in the case of ascidians.

著者

西川 輝

出版者

政治経済学・経済史学会

雑誌

歴史と経済 (ISSN:13479660)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.38-44, 2017-01-30 (Released:2019-01-30)

参考文献数

30

著者

西川 輝

出版者

政治経済学・経済史学会

雑誌

歴史と経済 (ISSN:13479660)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.3, pp.9-18, 2016-04-30 (Released:2018-04-30)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

1

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This article aims to shed light on the role of the IMF (the Fund) in the establishment of the Bretton Woods monetary system. Previous studies argued that it was the Marshall Plan and the EPU that facilitated Western European reconstruction, monetary stability and exchange liberalization, while regarding the Fund as having failed to resolve the serious dollar shortage in the same period and accordingly lapsing into dormancy.Contrary to the common view, however, primary sources show that the Fund’s Managing Director and leading staff members sought aggressively to intervene in the process of establishing an intra-European multilateral payment scheme. These efforts persisted even after the Marshall Plan and subsequent “ERP Decision” prohibited the Fund from providing finance to the Europeans. The Fund’s staff regarded the rise of the OEEC and the EPU as potentially undermining to the Fund’s prestige in the field of exchange liberalization.As early as 1950, therefore, the Fund began considering policies that would prompt its members to remove their exchange restrictions. Attributing the prevalence of exchange restrictions to a worldwide dollar shortage, the Fund’s staff pointed out the need for international policy coordination and stressed the importance of tighter macroeconomic policies aimed at stabilizing international balance of payments. The Fund's emphasis on the need for austerity measures rested on the so-called absorption approach that was being formulated at the time in the Fund’s Research Department. Furthermore, the reform of the financing system undertaken under the leadership of Managing Directors Mr. Gutt and Mr. Rooth enabled the Fund to intervene in the macroeconomic policy-making of its member nations through its financing role.Consultations on Article XIV began in March 1952, and the Fund began promoting its members’ monetary stability and exchange liberalization in accordance with its liberalization policies. Major Western European currencies returned to convertibility at the end of 1958, and in February 1961, the Fund’s European members transitioned to Article VIII status. It is evident that the Fund was impelled by the bitter experience of “dormancy” to extend its mandate from the relatively minor role of providing short-term finance to the dynamic one of implementing policy on monetary stability and exchange liberalization.

著者

西川 輝

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.2, pp.40-42, 2017 (Released:2019-11-30)

著者

西川 輝昭 NISHIKAWA Teruaki

出版者

名古屋大学博物館

雑誌

名古屋大学博物館報告 (ISSN:13468286)

巻号頁・発行日

no.21, pp.261-264, 2005

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国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

著者

蟹江 和子 KANIE Kazuko 西川 輝昭 NISHIKAWA Teruaki

出版者

名古屋大学博物館

雑誌

名古屋大学博物館報告 (ISSN:13468286)

巻号頁・発行日

no.22, pp.267-276, 2006-12-25

著者

西川 輝昭 NISHIKAWA Teruaki

出版者

名古屋大学博物館

雑誌

名古屋大学博物館報告 (ISSN:13468286)

巻号頁・発行日

no.21, pp.173-182, 2005

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国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。