著者

柴山 元彦

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.105, no.6, pp.718-722, 1996-12-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

被引用文献数

2 2

著者

横山 又次郎

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.11, pp.596-598, 1895-11-10 (Released:2010-10-13)

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.3, pp.206-206, 1909

被引用文献数

1

著者

高木 菊三郎

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.12, pp.577-588, 1940-12-15 (Released:2010-10-13)

被引用文献数

1 1

著者

速水 格

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.3, pp.157-171, 1974-06-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

37

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The phylogeny and mode of evolution of a Liassic oyster Gryphaea have been studied by many European and American outstanding evolutionists since TRUEMAN's (1922) classical interpretation of its morphological change. For these fifty years many useful ideas and methods in the study of morphogenesis, biometry, autoecology and functional morphology were introduced into paleontology through this material. In this report some of these works are reviewed and evaluated, and what is suggested to general evolutionary paleontology is considered.

著者

増田 富士雄 藤原 治 酒井 哲弥 荒谷 忠

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.110, no.5, pp.650-664, 2001-10-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

14 17

---

Relative sea-level changes and variations in shoreline progradation rate over the past 6000 years are elucidated from the elevations of the beach deposits, their 14C ages, and the geographic position of each locality on the Kujukuri strand plain, Pacific coast of the Boso Peninsula, central Japan. These past sea-levels were +4 to +6 m above the modern sea-level (high-stand stage) at 6000 to 5300 calendar years B.P., +3 to + 4.5 m (stable stage) at 5000 to 3500 years B.P., declined from +1.2-+ 3.4 m to + 0.5-+ 2.1 m (falling stage) at 3300 to 2250 years B.P., and were-1.5--1 m to + 1 m (stable stage) from 1650 to 250 years B.P. ; sea level is 0 m at present. The detailed changes revealed by this new method strongly imply the existence of several rapid uplifts (0.4 to 1.2 m per event) at 5100 to 5500 years B.P., 3400 years B.P., 2400 years B.P., 1650 years B.P., and 0-250 years B.P. The uplifts were co-seismic, because the speed of occurrence seems to have been high, and the events are generally associated with so-called “tsunami deposits.” Co-seismic uplift in this region has not been reported previously from historical records or geological evidence.

著者

矢野 桂司 中谷 友樹 磯田 弦 高瀬 裕 河角 龍典 松岡 恵悟 瀬戸 寿一 河原 大 塚本 章宏 井上 学 桐村 喬

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.117, no.2, pp.464-478, 2008-04-25

被引用文献数

2 19

---

バーチャル京都は,歴史都市京都の過去,現在,未来を探求することを目的に,コンピュータ上に構築されたバーチャル時・空間である。本研究では,最先端のGISとVR技術を用いて,複数の時間スライスの3次元GISからなる4次元GISとしてのバーチャル京都を構築する。本研究は,まず,現在の京都の都市景観を構築し,過去にさかのぼる形で,昭和期,明治・大正期,江戸期,そして,京都に都ができた平安期までの都市景観を復原する。<br> バーチャル京都を構築するためには以下のようなプロジェクトが行われた。a)京都にかかわる,現在のデジタル地図,旧版地形図,地籍図,空中写真,絵図,景観写真,絵画,考古学資料,歴史資料など位置参照可能な史・資料のGIS データの作成,b)京町家,近代建築,文化遺産を含む社寺など,現存するすべての建築物のデータベースおよびGISデータの作成,c)上記建築物の3次元VRモデルの構築,d)上記GISデータを用いた対象期間を通しての土地利用や都市景観の復原やシミュレーション。<br> バーチャル京都は,京都に関連する様々なデジタル・アーカイブされたデータを配置したり,京都の繊細で洗練された文化・芸術を世界に発信したりするためのインフラストラクチャーである。そして,Webでのバーチャル京都は,歴史的な景観をもつ京都の地理学的文脈の中で,文化・芸術の歴史的データを探求するためのインターフェイスを提供する。さらに,バーチャル京都は,京都の景観計画を支援し,インターネットを介して世界に向けての京都の豊富な情報を配信するといった重要な役割を担うことになる。

著者

新井 智一

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.120, no.4, pp.676-691, 2011-08-25

被引用文献数

2

---

This paper discusses locational conflicts surrounding a new waste disposal facility in Koganei City from the viewpoint of "the politics of scale". Since 1957, Koganei, Chofu, and Fuchu cities have disposed of their waste at Nimaibashi Waste Disposal Facility. In 2007, Koganei City officials proposed the construction of a new facility by 2017 at the site of the Nimaibashi Waste Disposal Facility, which was located at the periphery of Koganei City, or at the site of a former Janome sewing machine factory, which was located at the center of the city. Although people residing near both sites protested against the construction of the new facility, the Koganei City officials decided to construct the new facility at the site of the Nimaibashi Waste Disposal Facility. The reason for this decision is summarized as follows: (1) Most of the citizens of Koganei City appeared to be indifferent to this locational conflict; (2) The Koganei City officials were adamant about constructing an incineration facility; (3) The actions of the people residing near the former Janome sewing factory, unlike those of the people residing near Nimaibashi Waste Disposal Facility, were successful in protesting given the scale of Koganei City.

著者

神保 小虎

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.3, pp.116-121, 1890-03-25 (Released:2010-10-13)

著者

奥山 喜久夫

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.98, no.6, pp.775-781, 1989-12-05 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

6

被引用文献数

1

著者

平賀 岳彦

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.108, no.2, pp.110-121, 1999-04-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

3 3

---

Grain boundaries in metamorphic rocks were obsereved by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Most of the boundaries have no distinct secondary phases at a nanometer scale. Not only between the same kind of minerals but also between different minerals, mineral grains are directly connected at their boundaries, showing that the structual width of the grain boundaries is less than 0.5nm. Grain boundaries with spheroidal voids are observed in the boundaries. It can be concluded that this type of grain boundary is formed by the healing of microcracks. Low-index plane boundaries are well-developed, showing that this type of boundary has low grain boundary energy. Local structural modification, indicating the segregation of impurities, in grain boundaries is observed. The present results show that the actual width of the grain boundary in rocks is too small for the grain boundary diffusion to be as the dominant transport mechanism.

著者

片尾 浩

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.111, no.2, pp.248-255, 2002-04-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

1 1

---

In the Tamba Plateau, an earthquake swarm area in the Kinki district, Central Japan, seismicity was activated just after the Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) Earthquake (M7.3), which occurred in an adjacent area in 1995. We found that micro-earthquake activities in the Tamba Plateau corresponded to moon phase. Occurrences of micro-earthquakes increased after a new moon and a full moon during 1995 and 1996. Before 1995, such a correlation could not be found. The present study suggests a possibility that the stress change caused by the Hyogoken Nanbu Earthquake made seismicity in the Tamba Plateau sensitive to tidal forces.

著者

古川 雅英

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.102, no.7, pp.868-877, 1993-12-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

15 12

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Extensive field survey on natural radiation was conducted from 1967 to 1991 over Japan Islands. The average level of the islands was found to be 79.7 nGy/h. In general, Southwest Japan has higher level compared with the Northeast one. From the data obtained at 1304 sites of the survey, a contour map of natural radiation level in the islands was made by simple interpolations, and a geological interpretation on the distribution of the level was done by comparing the contour map with geological information. The islands were divided into four areas according to whether the level is higher or lower than the average level. The boundaries between these areas were found almost exactly coincide with major geo-tectonic lines. This feature suggests that natural radiation level is controlled mainly by distribution of granitic and volcanic rocks.

著者

遠藤 毅

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.116, no.5, pp.593-626, 2007-10-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

47

被引用文献数

2 4

---

The Tokyo Lowland situated in the eastern part of Tokyo Metropolis was composed of extensive paddy fields until the end of the Edo era in 1868, then became a major industrial area from the beginning of the Meiji era due to the industrialization project of the early Meiji Government. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the changes in the industrial area in the Lowland since the beginning of the Meiji era, and to investigate the recent use of former factory sites following the relocation and closing of factories since around 1960.In the early part of the Meiji era, the industrial area only occupied the western part of the Lowland, the estuary of the Sumida River, and the junction of the Shakujii River and the Sumida River, and the main factories belonged to the shipbuilding and military industries. Then, over the period of two major wars, Shino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and Russio-Japanese War (1904-1905), the industrial area continued to be enlarged. At the end of the Meiji era, in 1912, many factories were developed along canals throughout the Kohtoh Area. Furthermore, the industrial area was developed throughout the Lowland during the period straddling World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1941-1945).Although the industrial activity in the Lowland stopped for a several years from the end of the World War II in 1945, it started again with the outbreak of the Korean War, in 1950, and advanced remarkably mainly in the heavy and chemical sectors.However, this extreme industrial development brought to the Lowland the overpopulation and the public nuisances such as air-pollution, noise, and vibration from plants and manufacturing sites. To reduce these problems, the National Government and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government took such measurements as restricting the construction of new factories and strengthening regulations on the operations of factories. The regulations to prevent public nuisances were very costly to factory operators.As a result, the number of factories in the Lowland stopped increasing around 1960, and the number decreased rapidly from 1961 to 1975 because of relocation to other countries or ceasing manufacturing operations.Many former factory sites have been converted to other uses, mainly facilities for citizens such as condominiums, general residential areas, parking lots, schools, and parks. In particular, mainly at the sites of former metal industry, timber, and chemical industries, conversion to residential quarters has been remarkable. Among the new uses changed from former factory sites, the residential use occupies more than 50%.However, the change in land use from former factory sites to a residential quarter has brought problems throughout the Lowland area such the blocking of sunlight to existing houses due to the construction of housing complexes, and soil pollution caused by past industry activity. To reduce the problem of the blocking of sunlight to existing houses, each ward government has regulated the construction of housing complexes, and to reduce the problem of soil pollution, the National Government has promulgated the Soil Contamination Countermeasures Law.In addition to these problems, the extension of the subway network to the Lowland area in recent years has promoted an expansion of the residential quarter. This rapid expansion has led to a shortage of public institutions such as elementary and junior high schools. Furthermore, most of the Lowland area is permanently below sea level due to land subsidence, although the land is protected by extensive dikes and drainage systems to prevent disasters related to high tides and flooding.It is essential to solve these problems related to land use in this Lowland area.

著者

大崎 晃

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.119, no.4, pp.615-631, 2010-08-25 (Released:2010-11-08)

参考文献数

43

---

This study examines the American whaling industry, which was based in New England and dominated most of the Western oil market in the 18th and 19th centuries. Previous studies by the author examined why the industry was attracted to this region, highlighting the favorable economic environment of the area, which allowed investors to accumulate the necessary funds to launch whaling ventures. Each investment consortium that provided funds to whaling vessels organized limited partnerships with individual vessels. This enabled consortiums to collect funds from a variety of stakeholders other than just businessmen involved in whaling and their families. Crewmembers of the vessel, reflecting the multi-racial society of the United States, were also free to select employers without relying on a conventional employer-employee relationship. Taken together, these factors led to New England attracting funds and labor from both within the region and further afield, and developing into the whaling center of the United States. An additional reason for New England's development as a whaling base was the global expansion of the industry to cover the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, with only the Southern Ocean not affected by this growth. Crewmembers were also paid from a ship's profits using the lay system. This payment by piece ratio ensured a minimum payment to crewmembers while guaranteeing a return for investors. The hiring of native islanders as part-time laborers in the whalers' areas of operation also kept expenditure to a minimum, with all of these factors contributing to investors' profits. Against this background, the whaling industry prospered and profited up until the 1850s. In the 1870s, however, the industry started to decline as whale resources decreased and the price of whale oil fell as a result of increased petroleum production. This study examines the details of how whaling voyages were managed during this period and how New England's whaling industry underwent a rapid transformation into a mechanized cotton industry with the owners of whaling vessels switching their investments to the cotton industry at New Bedford, the center of the whaling industry in New England. The rapid change from industrial whaling to the mechanical cotton industry in New England was made possible with the abundant funds accumulated by the whaling industry. The reestablishment of consortiums progressed smoothly as limited partnerships already existed and the labor market adapted efficiently from supplying whaling vessels to supplying female workers for the cotton industry due to the presence of non-conventional employment rules. We can see, therefore, in this region the development from one industry to another was controlled only by market-based mechanisms of American management. This is in sharp contrast to the Japanese fishing industry, which developed from a manufacturing fishery through technological innovation and utilizing community manpower or industrial power as the only motive force under limited investment and labor market conditions.

著者

海野 進

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.103, no.5, pp.498-521, 1994-10-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

65

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Recent progress in studies on magma plubming system beneath mid-ocean ridges is reviewed. Mid-ocean ridges are not continuous, homogeneous series of crests, but are segmented by various topographical offsets of several orders of magnitude. Such topographical ridge segmentation is a surface manifestation of along-strike variations in the pattern of mantle convection and the supply of magma.Upwelling of the mantle material beneath the spreading center takes the form of a diapir, rather than sheet-like flow. Such diapiric upwelling has an along-axis dimension of several hundred to several tens of kilometers, which corresponds to first-and second-order segments, but some are as small as the scale of third-order segments. Where magma upwelling is intense, hot lithosphere and high magmatic productivity produces thick crusts, resulting in low gravity anomaly.When the spreading rate is low, mantle flow is cooled on route to the bottom of the lithosphere and ceases to melt at depths. Thus magmas produced beneath slow spreading ridges have low degrees of melting. On the contrary, fast spreading ridges are followed by intense mantle upwelling which melts significantly the mantle column from deeper part of the upper mantle up to just beneath the crust.Magmatic budget is so large at fast spreading ridges as to maintain large, steady-state magma chambers along the ridge axes with extensions comparable to second-and third-order segments. Such magma chambers have a very small melt pocket one to two kilometers wide and up to several hundred meters thick, underlain by a large mush of crystals and melt. Cumulate layers on the top of the mush sink and deform to S-shaped or downwarping layers as seen in large layered plutonic bodies in some ophiolites. However, low spreading ridges do not have enough supply of magma but only possess short-lived small magma chambers consisting of crystal mush.Volcanic landforms consist of major topographic features associated with small volcanic edifices : the former is a large shieled volcano several tens of kilometers long and is probably formed by episodic eruptions every several tens of thousand years ; the latter is a small conical lava cone comprising pillow flows which is constructed during a short-period eruption but some are active as long as 1.8 million years which are unequivocally central volcanoes.Rifting episodes at spreading axes depend on the spreading rate and the width of the volcanic zone. Slow spreading ridges such as Iceland have rifting every 100 years, but fast spreading ridges such as East Pacific Rise rift every year or two. Such rifting episodes continue for several years and are associated with multiple dikes with an injection interval of a month up to a year.Diapiric mantle upwelling, structure of magma chambers and volcanic landforms seen in mid-ocean ridges resemble those in some large ophiolites such as the Troodos, Cyprus and the Semail, Oman, and post-Teritary volcanism in Iceland.

著者

瀬野 徹三 丸山 茂徳

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.94, no.3, pp.141-155, 1985-06-25 (Released:2010-10-13)

参考文献数

85

被引用文献数

1 3

---

The models on the tectonic evolution of the Philippine Sea can be divided mainly into two:(1) entrapment of a normal ocean at 43Ma for the West Philippine Basin formation and back-arc basin formations caused by successive landward retreats of the upper Philippine Sea plate, and (2) back-arc basin formations caused by successive seaward retreats of the trench axis. These models are discussed on the basis of the presently available data.The island arc type volcanism at the northern half of the Palau-Kyushu Ridge since 48Ma, and the age-depth relation and chemistry of basalts at Sites 291 and 292 in the West Philippine Basin favor the back-arc spreading origin for this basin. In contrast, the chemistry of basalts at Site 447 and the large distance between the Central Basin Ridge and the northern Palau-Kyushu Ridge favor the entrapment origin for this basin. It is likely that the West Philippine Basin has formed under the unique situation of the ocean basin formation, i.e., with subduction at its northern margin and a spreading center far from this subduction zone.Subduction or collision of the aseismic ridges in and around the Philippine Sea is discussed in terms of the crustal structure of the ridges, seismicity, and onland geology. It is found that all these aseismic ridges except for Izu which has a thick 20-30km crust have been subducted, although many of them have formed a cusp or discontinuity at the trench. Elucidating the times of the bending of the Cretaceous-Paleogene terranes in central Honshu and in Kyushu is critical to discriminate the two models for the Shikoku Basin formation, i. e., the fixed trench model and the trench retreating model.

著者

笠原 順三 佐藤 利典

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.106, no.4, pp.557-566, 1997-08-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

2

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The 1995 Amami-Oshima-Kinkai Earthquake occurred near the Nansei-Shoto Trench where the upheaval area of the Philippines Sea plate subducts beneath the Nansei-Shoto islands. The main shock was MJMA 6.6 and its largest aftershock was MJMA 6.5. The aftershock distribution for these two events by Yamada et al. (1996) corresponds to two distinct and nearly vertical fault zones. The focal mechanisms obtained by Kikuchi (1996) are consistent to the aftershock distribution.The authors propose that the seamount found beneath the trench-continental-slope indirectly triggered this earthquake activity. If a subducting oceanic plate is normal oceanic denser than an overriding island arc, the oceanic plate should be faulted near vertically priori to the plate subduction by horizontally tensional force due to plat bending. On the other hand, an oceanic plate with seamounts or an oceanic plateau lighter than a normal oceanic plate, might resist to plate subduction due to its small density and delaying normal faultings might occur in the subducting oceanic plate. The delaying normal faultings between a subducting seamount and a preceding normal portion of the oceanic plate can compensate the subduction process. The compressional convergence margin such as the Nankai Trough, however, may not generate such normal faultings due to the nature of stress field.The low seismicity area existing across the trench axis is also seen both in this aftershock activity and ISC hypocenters. This is the same result as those in other regions. This might imply low earthquake potential for this portion of plate interface due to the existence of low density sediments and water contained in the sediments.

著者

林 慶一

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.105, no.6, pp.723-727, 1996-12-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

被引用文献数

1 2

著者

若林 芳樹 伊藤 悟

出版者

東京地学協会 = Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.103, no.3, pp.221-232, 1994-06-25

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

4 6

---

Geographical approach to cognitive maps has mainly focused on measurement of their spatial patterns. Recently Lloyd (1989) devised a useful method for analyzing the components of distortions in cognitive maps by means of Euclidean regression. Until now, however, this method has not yet been validated. The purpose of this study was to reexamine his concepts about the distortions in cognitive maps and to test their validity.We pointed out several discrepancies between the concepts of distortions and their operational definitions given by Lloyd (1989). To overcome this problem, the absolute distortion that appears in the configuration before Euclidean regression ought to be distinguished from the systematic distortion that is measured by the parameters of Euclidean regression. While the systematic distortion that indicates a Euclidean property of the distortion can be explained by alignment and rotation heuristics (Tversky, 1981) and implicit scaling model (Holyoak and Mah, 1982), the relative distortion that remains after Euclidean regression cannot be explained by general theories. In addition, these geometrical components of distortion ought to be distinguished from statistical ones, namely, distortion (central tendency) and fuzziness (dispersion) defined by Gale (1982).On the basis of this conceptualization, we carried out an empirical analysis of the distortion in the cognitive map of Kanazawa City. The data used in this study were obtained by a conditional sketch mapping drawn from 113 students of Kanazawa University. Locations to be answered were 21 transportation nodes within the central part of the city known by more than 90 percent of the students. From these locations, two major landmarks of CBD were selected as reference points. Subjects were asked to indicate the remaining 19 locations on the legal-size sheet in which the two reference points were printed.We detected the absolute distortions, overlaying the cognitive maps for all samples on the actual map so as to fit the locations of two reference points into the actual ones. The patterns of the absolute distortion indicated that the amount of errors increased with distance from the reference points, and that the locations in cognitive maps commonly shifted outward from the actual ones. Specifically, these displaced locations in southern or eastern part of the city indicated a counterclockwise shift, which suggested a directional bias in cognitive maps.In order to separate the systematic distortion from the relative one, each of the cognitive configurations was fitted into the actual map by Euclidean regression. Parameter estimates of the scale change averaged 0.593, which suggested that cognitive maps were enlarged about twice the size of the actual map. Mean direction of the rotated angle amounted to-22.2 degrees, which implied that cognitive maps were rotated counterclockwise about 20 degrees from the actual map so as to coordinate the cardinal directions of the cognitive map with the actual one. This tendency can be due to the displacement of two river channels as major reference lines in Kanazawa from cardinal directions.After eliminating the systematic distortions by Euclidean regression, the actual map was overlaid with all the cognitive maps. The overlaid maps indicated that the local patterns of relative distortions reflected hierarchical structure of cognitive maps (Stevens and Coupe, 1978) although the amount of them was smaller than that of the systematic distortions.