著者

葉 倩瑋

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.121, no.5, pp.841-855, 2012-10-25 (Released:2012-12-05)

参考文献数

83

被引用文献数

1 1

---

In Taiwan, geographical research, especially human geography reflects contemporary political and social changes. This paper examines the transformation of geographical research under a period of social and political changes in Taiwan. After the Japanese colonization ended in 1945, The Republic of China, led by the Kuo Ming Tang (KMT, Nationalist Party) became the new ruler of Taiwan. In 1949, the KMT moved its government to Taiwan and placed martial law. Until martial law was lifted in 1987, Taiwanese society experienced political turmoil, and the academic environment was also affected. The history of geographical research in Taiwan began in 1946, when the first geography department was established at National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU), a university that specialized in training high-school teachers. Geography came under the Department of History and Geography until 1962, when an independent Department of Geography was established. The initial mission of the department was to cultivate patriotism and loyalty to the government. The second department was founded at the National Taiwan University (NTU) in 1955 with the meteorology division under the Faculty of Science. The third department of geography was established in 1963 at a private university, Chinese Culture University, and was affiliated with the university's Faculty of Science. Two other departments were established at Changhua University of Education and Kaohsiung University of Education in the 1990s. The fact that these departments were affiliated with the Faculty of Science shaped the initial characteristics of geographical research, which emphasized the physical sciences. This bias was also rooted in the Japanese colonial period (1895-1945), because the only Japanese geographer at that time, Tomita Yoshiro, specialized in geomorphology. After Japanese colonization, those geographers who had gained advanced degrees in Japan considerable influence on research in this field. They brought the prevailing Japanese methodology of geography, particularly of geomorphology, climatology, and regional/settlement geography. This methodology was characterized by detailed ethnographic field investigation. Due to this institutional background, during the early stage of the development of geography in Taiwan physical geography was predominant, while human geography was studied only as a part of regional and industrial geography. The political situation intensified this tendency in academia; themes related to political and social issues were avoided in academic research.View PDF for the rest of the abstract.

著者

清水 正明

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.131, no.2, pp.257-274, 2022-04-25 (Released:2022-05-13)

参考文献数

68

被引用文献数

2 2

---

Both the history of resource development and the progress of studies of mining and ore deposits in Japan are summarized. Researchers and engineers promoting in studies on ore deposits and resource geology are also reviewed, focusing on Professors Takeo Kato, Takeo Watanabe, Tatsuo Tatsumi, and J. Toshimichi Iiyama as well as other staffs of the Third Professorship, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo. Mineralogy, geology and geochemistry are essential for an understanding of resource geology. It is revealed that mineralogy plays an important role in studies on ore deposits and resource geology. Future directions of studies on ore deposits and resource geology are proposed.

著者

松岡 憲知 横川 美和 成瀬 元 関口 智寛

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.125, no.1, pp.7-12, 2016-02-25 (Released:2016-03-22)

参考文献数

27

著者

安里 進

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.105, no.3, pp.364-371, 1996-06-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

33

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Is it possible that modern Ryukyuans are the descendants of Palaeolithic Minatogawa Man, and the people of the Shellmound Period, which is partially equivalentto the Jomon Period ? There is a blank period of about 10, 000 years between the Minatogawa population and the population of the Okinawan Shellmound Period. Sakishima prehistoric culture was one of the Southeast Asian prehistoric cultures until the beginning of the Heian Period. A dramatic cultural change occurred in Okinawa after the Shellmound Period, in the Gusuku Period, which began in the 10th to 11th centuries as a result of culturalinfluence from the Mediaeval Period of Kyushu. Darling 13th to 14th centuries the culture of the Gusuku Period also expanded into the Ryukyu Islands from Amami Islands to the Sakishima Islands, and there was a general rapid population increase. Modern Ryukyuans are descended from the populations of the Gusuku Period. Some geneticists and anthropologists insists that modern Ryukyuans possess hereditary blood factors found in northern Asian populations. It is suggested that those factors flowed into the Ryukyuan population in the Gusuku Period.

著者

小林 貞一

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.6, pp.361-371, 1980-12-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

59

著者

篠原 叶実 伊藤 敦哉 小倉 拓郎 松岡 憲知

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.132, no.1, pp.33-55, 2023-02-25 (Released:2023-03-09)

参考文献数

69

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Marine cavernous landforms, including notches, caves, arches and tunnels, characterize the rocky coast landscape and are strongly influenced by the geology (e.g., rock strength and structure) of sea cliffs. Geological controls on the development and shape of marine cavernous landforms are evaluated based on field investigations along the Pacific coastlines of Honshu Island, Japan. Morphological parameters, width (w), depth (d), and height (h), of cavernous landforms were measured directly or through images taken with an unmanned aerial vehicle, together with geological factors, such as rock types, strength (Schmidt hammer rebound values: R), dips and strikes of bedding, major joints, and fault planes. In total, 76 caves are investigated in six coastal areas: Sanriku Coast, Joban Coast, Boso Peninsula, Miura Peninsula, Izu Peninsula, and Kii Peninsula. According to shape index, d/w, and presence of the open end, cavernous landforms are classified into notches (d/w < 1, closed end), caves (d/w ≥ 1, closed end), arches (d/w < 1, open end), and tunnels (d/w ≥ 1, open end). An analysis shows that the major geological controls differ between notches and the other three forms. Low rock strength (R < 40) and sub-horizontal bedding are, respectively, the primary and secondary controls on the formation of notches, whereas weak rock structures (joints, faults and bedding) with a dip steeper than 30° (vertical or steeply inclined structures) and a strike trending perpendicular to the cliff face are the major controls on the formation of caves, arches and tunnels. Rock strength also affects planar forms defined by the shape index, promoting a deepening of cavernous forms, particularly when the cliff has a medium rock strength (R = 30-50) that provides an optimal balance between erosion force and resisting force. In general, vertical or steep structures contribute to the deepening of holes, whereas horizontal or gentle structures favor widening.

著者

大村 纂

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.121, no.4, pp.626-634, 2012-08-25 (Released:2012-09-03)

参考文献数

20

---

The article presents a summary of the development of geography in Switzerland since the late 19th century. After initial development placed weight on physical geography, there was a period after the Second World War until the early 1970s when human geography blossomed, mainly because of the need for regional planning. During the 1970s, geography in Switzerland searched for a new direction either as an environmental science or as a part of the Earth sciences. In a method-oriented development, satellite-based remote sensing and computer-based Geographic Information System were actively introduced. During the last thirty years, the field of physical geography has been productive, while human geography has failed to establish itself either as an environmental science or a scientific discipline with a global perspective. Notable accomplishments at universities in Berne and Zurich, as well as at the Federal Institute of Technology (E.T.H.), are summarized. Coordinated contributions that are internationally acknowledged have been made in various fields of climatology and geomorphology. Furthermore, the teaching of geography at Swiss high schools and teaching training methods at universities are outlined.

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.125, no.1, pp.Cover01_01-Cover01_02, 2016-02-25 (Released:2016-03-22)

参考文献数

1

---

層状堆積岩層を切って崩壊地―ガリー―土石流錐の一連の地形が形成されており,その下端は多角形土のみられるクレーター底(写真右端)に張り出している.斜面頂部(写真左端)にも多角形土が広がる.これらの景観より,高緯度に広く存在する「氷に富む表層(永久凍土)」からなる谷頭部で(融解?)侵食が発生し,土石流の流下によりガリーを発達させ,斜面基部に堆積するという地形変化が最近も起こっている可能性がうかがえる.崖錐表面は季節的なドライアイス層で覆われて白っぽくみえる.HiRISEのホームページにGulick(2014)による本画像の紹介記事がある.写真の左右幅は約5 km.(写真提供:NASA/JPL/University of Arizona;説明:松岡憲知)

著者

岡 秀一

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.100, no.5, pp.673-696, 1991-10-25 (Released:2010-10-13)

参考文献数

58

被引用文献数

5 4

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A forest limit marks a distinct change in landscape, but it includes a variety of elements. In this study, the forest limit altitudes all over Japan were compiled, the relationship between the specific features of their distribution and thermal conditions were discussed.The forest limit altitudes on 211 mountains ranged from below 1, 000 meters in Hokkaido to 2, 800 meters in Central Honshu, and difference in these altitudes extended about 2, 000 meters between 35° and 45° North Latitude. Horizontally, these altitudes are distributed concentrically, focusing on the Taisetsu Mountains and the Hidaka Mountains in Hokkaido and the Akaishi Mountains in Central Honshu. The zone ranging from the southern part of Northern Honshu to the northern part of Central Honshu is crowded with isopleths, forming a division between the sides of the Japan Sea and Pacific Ocean. Calculation the Warmth Indices (WI) of forest limit altitudes, we find that their frequency distribution ranges from 16.1°C·M to 50.4°CEM, and their modes are 25 to 35, 34 to 40, and 25 to 30°C·M in Hokkaido, Northern Honshu, and Central Honshu, respectively. Reviewing these data individually, we see that forest limits are seldom equivalent to WI 15°C·M, which has been set as a boundary between the alpine and subalpine zones. In reality, it becomes increasingly difficult for the forest limit to converge on a particular WI value due to a variety of causes. It is worth noting, however, that at least there are some mountains on which the forest limit altitude is extremely close to WI 15. In such a situation, the WI 15 is of great importance, because it indicates that forests are capable of growing at least to that extent in terms of thermal conditions. This is the reason why WI 15°C·M is worth notice, and therefore the relationship between its altitude distribution and the forest limit altitude was determined. Additionally, the relationship between mountaintop altitude and forest limit altitude was also investigated. The correlation coefficient of the latter is more closely related than the former. But we must emphasize that the latter is only a seeming relation. Why? It is true that the higher the mountain, the higher the limit altitude, but the fact is that the limit altitude will not rise endlessly in step with the height of a mountain.Then, another relationship was examined, concerning differences not only between WI 15 altitudes and forest limit altitudes but also between mountaintop altitudes and forest limit altitudes, using the variation coefficient to verify the dispersion in these differences. As a result, we found out that dispersions are smaller in the former (WI 15 and forest limit) th an in the latter and that forest limit altitudes are more closely related to thermal conditions. On the other hand, the differences between WI 15 altitudes and the forest limit altitudes are defined by mountaintop altitudes. Additionally, the depth of snow cover strongly affects the difference in forest limit altitudes, if mountaintop altitudes are the same.The role of thermal condition, mountaintop altitude and snow depth condition for determining the forest limit altitude should be easy to determine as Fig. 10. Namely, altitudes of forest limit are primarily decided by thermal conditions depended on their geographical situation. They are secondarily modified by altitude of mountain. When the mountain altitudes are equivalent, snow depth conditions affect the forest limit.

著者

工藤 広忠

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.2, pp.102-106, 1967-04-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

9

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The author describes the oil production, history and geology of the oil field in Szechuan which has been in progress recently. The interesting oil episode by Zhu-Ge-Kong-Ming, a famous politician, are also added.

著者

山岸 宏光 畑本 雅彦 鎌田 光也 志村 一夫

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.128, no.6, pp.941-952, 2019-12-25 (Released:2020-01-28)

参考文献数

25

---

“Buratamori Muroran,” an NHK Japan TV program was broadcasted on November 25, 2017. To prepare for the program, observations were made on the Etomo Peninsula using ortho-photographs provided by Muroran City as Open Data. A large number of aerial photographs were taken using aircrafts and observational research was undertaken by road. In addition, cliffs were observed from a small boat provided by Hokkaido Regional Development Bureau, Muroran. As a result of these research activities, many remarkable outcrops and occurrences of Miocene subaqueous volcanic rocks were observed on the cliffs, most of which are inaccessible. Subaqueous pumice flows, concentric and radial columnar jointed dikes called Peach Rock, subaqueous lava domes associated with hyaloclastites, and their feeder dikes forming apophyseal, polygonal and columnar-joints were observed. The occurrences of these variable subaqueous volcanic rocks are described and models of some volcanic rocks are described. Finally, cliffs are defined as subjects for geo-tourism.

著者

吉川 虎雄

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.1, pp.8-24, 1963-01-30 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

10

---

In February, 1957, the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition established a station, called “Syowa”, on a small island off Prince Olav Coast, East Antarctica. The station had been occupied by the wintering teams untill February, 1962, except during the period from February, 1958, to January, 1959. Various kinds of scientific observations, for example, aeronomy, meteorology, geology, geomorphology, glaciology, biology, and so on, had been carried out at the station and on its surrounding Antarctic continent. The station was temporarily closed in February, 1962, on account of logistic and financial difficulties, and the reopenning of the station for scientific activities is now being discussed by the Japanese government.In this paper, activities of the Japanese Antarctic Research.Expedition are described and some of scientific results in geography, geology, geodesy, glaciology, and so on are briefly explained.

著者

日本地学史編纂委員会

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.101, no.2, pp.133-150, 1992-04-25 (Released:2010-12-22)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

3 1

著者

戸崎 裕貴 浅井 和由

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.126, no.1, pp.89-104, 2017-02-25 (Released:2017-04-20)

参考文献数

73

被引用文献数

8 7

---

Current studies on the groundwater ages in Mt. Fuji are reviewed. Mt. Fuji is one of the largest Quaternary stratovolcanoes in Japan (volume of 1,200-1,500 km3). The large amount of precipitation on mountain slopes (annual volume of approximately 2 × 109 m3) suggests that Mt. Fuji contains substantial reservoirs of groundwater in its main body. In fact, numerous springs located around the foot of the mountain originate mainly from confined groundwater in Holocene lava flows. Early groundwater studies in the Mt. Fuji area focused on the development of groundwater resources, followed by studies on measures to address groundwater problems including depletion, salinization, and nitrate contamination. Application of isotope hydrological tools since the 1990s has provided valuable information on groundwater flow processes in Mt. Fuji. Groundwater age in Mt. Fuji has been a key issue since the 1960s, and relatively extensive data on tritium (3H) are available. Besides, new age-dating techniques including tritiogenic 3He (3H/3He method), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and bomb-produced 36Cl have been applied in the Mt. Fuji area in recent years. These groundwater age data are compiled and discussed in terms of the hydrogeological structure of Mt. Fuji (lava flows of the Younger Fuji volcano, and mudflow deposits of the Older Fuji volcano). Compiled multi-tracer groundwater age data show distinct differences between Younger Fuji (< 30-40 years) and Older Fuji (> 60 years) aquifers, although data on Older Fuji groundwater are still limited. Possible explanations relate to differences in permeability or volume between Younger Fuji and Older Fuji deposits.

著者

鶴巻 萌 齋藤 元文 丸山 茂徳 金井 昭夫

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.129, no.6, pp.881-898, 2020-12-25 (Released:2021-01-18)

参考文献数

49

被引用文献数

2 5

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It is well known that the evolution of life is affected by environmental factors, and this should be a fundamental perspective when investigating the origin of life; however, this perspective has not been fully addressed in biology. The Hadean Earth had a completely different surface environment from that of today, with no free oxygen, but instead a local environment rich in H2 which was generated by serpentinization, while energy–material circulation was driven by nuclear geysers. It is proposed that an anoxic hot-spring environment, with abundant hydrogen produced by serpentinization, was the birthplace of life. It is also proposed that the Hakuba hot spring in Nagano, Japan, is a Hadean-Earth-like environment with an H2-rich environment. A microbe found there, designated Hakuba OD1, is a member of the Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria group. In this review, CPR bacteria are described and their importance for the origin of life is discussed. The CPR is a bacterial supergroup consisting of dozens of phylum-level lineages of very small bacteria. This group was recently discovered with a metagenomics analysis that allowed unculturable environmental samples to be detected. Biochemical approaches to the CPR bacteria have not yet been successful because almost all the bacteria are unculturable or have not been isolated. However, with the development of massive parallel sequencing technology (next-generation sequencing), the phylogenetic characteristics of the CPR bacteria are becoming clear, and genomic analyses of these bacteria have led to unique discoveries. The sizes of the CPR bacterial genomes range from 400 to 1,500 kilobases (kb), and they contain approximately 400-1,500 genes. Thus, their genomes are remarkably small compared to other well-known and ordinary bacteria, represented by Escherichia coli, which have over 4,000 genes, but are similar to those of symbiotic or parasitic bacteria. The CPR bacterial genomes also lack many of the genes involved in essential metabolic pathways, such as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and amino acid biosynthesis, so they seem to obtain their essential metabolites from their environments. It is proposed that this knowledge is important when considering the chemical changes that occurred on primitive Earth, which gave rise to the first forms of life through the processes of chemical evolution. Therefore, it is essential to understand the kinds of protein that are encoded in CPR bacterial genomes when studying the origin of life.

著者

増田 富士雄

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.100, no.6, pp.976-987, 1991-12-05 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

54

被引用文献数

1 2

---

The history of global climate on the earth during these 600 million years is presented based on the oxygen isotope data of fossil shells. The paleoclimatic curves clearly show the cyclic changes with different frequencies, such as, glacial-interglacial cycle of 0.1 Ma and Fischer-Arthur cycle of 32 Ma, and Greenhouse-icehouse cycle of 300 Ma. Today is located in the interglacial period of icehouse state. There are essential differences of the environmental systems and conditions between the greenhouse and icehouse states. The greenhouse state characterized by no continental ice sheets, simple climatic zones, more carbon dioxide in atmosphere, small annual temperature range, warmish and humid poles, high sea level, wide continental shelves, low latitudinal and vertical gradients of seawater temperature, warm oceans, slow circulation of bottom currents, anoxic oceans, abundant marine organisms, black shale deposition of oil raw material, sulfide deposits on oceanic ridges, manganese deposits on continental shelves, active magmatism, first spreading, magnetic quiet and active orogeny. A modern greenhouse warming was also compared with the warming after the “Younger Dryas Event” in the postglacial age.

著者

小元 久仁夫

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.131, no.1, pp.115-121, 2022-02-25 (Released:2022-03-14)

参考文献数

1

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Geologists, petrologists, geomorphologists, botanists and ecologists often collect samples through field surveys. They are required to obtain permission from the Ministry of the Environment before collecting samples in a special zone and a marine park zone of a national park. For example, permission is necessary for sampling prior to mining minerals or quarrying soil and stones in such zones. A legal procedure is introduced that is required to be followed before taking samples for AMS 14C dating in Keramashoto National Park, Okinawa.

著者

杉原 重夫 嶋田 繁

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.107, no.5, pp.695-712, 1998-10-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

45

被引用文献数

2 3

---

Hachijo Island, located on the volcanic front of the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) arc, consists of two stratovolcanoes : Nishiyama and Higashiyama. Nishiyama (Alt. 854.3 m) is a scarcely dissected cone called “Hachijo-fuji”. Nishiyama began its volcanic activities about 10, 000 years ago. Many lateral volcanoes exist around Nishiyama, and one of them, Kandoyama (Alt. 194.9 m) is a tuff cone which was formed by a phreatomagmatic eruption. This study discusses the stratigraphy of deposits, and the eruptive types and the eruption ages of Nishiyama after the formation of Kandoyama. The results are summarized as follows.1) This study names four air-fall pyroclastic materials “Ny1-4”, which erupted from Nishiyama after the pyroclastic surge eruption of Kandoyama (ca. 2, 500 y.BP). All of them are scoriaceous.2) Ny2 erupted from a lateral volcano on the west of Kandoyama. This scoria cone is composed of agglutinate.3) Ny3 erupted from the summit crater of Nishiyama ca. 1, 100 y.BP. Ny3 was widely distributed on the southeast flank of Nishiyama, but it did not reach the foot of Higashiyama. Prior to the eruption of Ny3, a large amount of lava flowed down the southeast flank of Nishiyama.4) Ny4 erupted from a crater row along the southeast side of Nishiyama. From the description found in archives, it is clear that the eruption of Ny4 corresponds to A.D. 1605 (Keicho 10th) eruption. Ny4 deposited around the vents as agglutinate, and air-fall materials were widely distributed on the southeast side of Nishiyama. However, the total volume of Ny4 was the same or less than that of the Miyakejima 1983 eruption and the Izu-Oshima 1986 eruption.5) There are descriptions in the archives of at least four eruptions and about ten occurrences of earthquakes and tsunami in and around Hachijo Island. The fissures and tsunami deposits which followed historic earthquakes were found at the Yaene site located on the south side of Nishiyama. The pyroclastic materials from Nishiyama date these past earthquakes.

著者

三上 岳彦

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.114, no.3, pp.496-506, 2005-12-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

22 16

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Urban heat island phenomena, which are known as high temperature occurrences in the central part of a city, would be estimated to become much greater in a large city as Tokyo. There have been many studies on urban heat island phenomena in the field of meteorology, climatology, architecture and city planning. Thus overall feature of urban heat island phenomena including their mechanisms became clear from observational and numerical studies. However, the detailed characteristics of urban heat islands such as the long term warming trends of urban temperatures and the seasonal/diurnal variations in local scale temperature distribution are not fully discussed. This paper aims at clarifying the spatial and temporal structure of urban heat island phenomena in Tokyo metropolitan area as a case study in connection with anthropogenic energy consumption and diurnal wind fields based on the high density meteorological observational system in Tokyo Metropolis.

著者

青木 隆浩

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.107, no.5, pp.659-673, 1998-10-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

38

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Generally, most sake breweries were established by local people. But in case of present day sake breweries in Saitama prefecture, more than half were established by brewers from Echigo and Ohmi, while a few were established by brewers from Saitama. One reason for this is that brewers from Echigo and Ohmi extended markets by establishing many branch houses, on the other hand, brewers from Saitama were conservative. Then, the sake brewers had to produce more delicious sake to meet demand. They need well water which contains little Fe and Mn, good quality rice, and excellent brewing technology to make delicious sake. The well water quality and the brewing technology together with the organization and the market were closely related with the rise and fall of sake brewers. In this paper, differences of well water quality and brewing technology of breweries are analyzed.As a result, the successful brewers established breweries where there was good quality well water, and they had excellent technologies. The typical brewers were from Echigo and Ohmi. While brewers from Saitama operated in the eastern part of Saitama where they pumped well water that was unsuitable for brewing. Because there was very little competition among brewers in eastern Saitama, brewers from Saitama could continue to operate breweries.Brewers from Echigo and Ohmi also used bought-in rice for brewing. Brewers from Echigo especially had excellent techniques to produce high-quality sake in eastern Japan. Brewers from Ohmi lagged behind brewers from Echigo on technical innovation. Conversely, most brewers from Saitama depended on tenant rices as well as traditional technologies. They were defeated in competition over quality and disappeared.But the quality improvements of brewers from Echigo and Ohmi had not gained competitive power in the Tokyo market. There was a price gap between Saitama sake and national brands, and Saitama sake was helped by selling at lower prices. As a result, brewers from Echigo tried to sell within Saitama, and brewers from Ohmi changed their sales outlet from Tokyo to Saitama. Brewers from Saitama who lost sales outlets, sold sake at bargain prices in Tokyo, and this caused a declining general popularity of Saitama sake in Tokyo.