著者

竹中 克行

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.121, no.4, pp.650-663, 2012

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Since its beginnings, geography in Spain has followed a particular development course, defined mainly by a close and ever evolving relationship between academic geography and professional geography. Over the last few decades, the two geographies have been mutually involved, creating a situation in which the professional practice of geography, originating with cartographers and engineers in the late nineteenth century, has become an increasingly important factor for the renewal of academic research, mostly undertaken in universities. Innovation was possible, on the one hand, thanks to the consolidation of academic geography, which today concerns not only traditional areas of knowledge, but also fields where there is growing social demand, such as environment, landscape management, regional planning, urbanism or risk analysis. All these themes, on the other hand, have opened up new professional opportunities for geography graduates, who have been contributing with their practice in administration and private enterprises to make more people aware of the importance of geography as a useful science.<br> The fruitful relationship between the two geographies briefly described above is the main concern of this article, which introduces a mixed approach of science historiography and radiography. After analyzing the evolution of academic geography through doctoral theses and major journals specialized in geography, the author highlights the role of professional geography, focusing on how geographers are entering in new fields of the labor market and are defending their interests as a professional group. The analysis is complemented by reference to successive new plans of studies launched in university geographical education, an important reform accelerated by the so-called Bologna process. The article concludes by pointing out some of the research lines that have great potential for future development with international repercussions.

著者

松本 剛 宮下 純夫 荒井 章司 森下 知晃 前田 仁一郎 熊谷 英憲 大友 幸子 DICK Henry J. B.

出版者

東京地学協会

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.112, no.5, pp.705-719, 2003-10-25

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

6 4

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To characterise the crust-mantle boundary (petrological Moho) and to find evidence of ophiolite model, we investigated the lithology and the development process of the oceanic crust. We carried out geological and geophysical studies of Atlantis Bank core complex located at the eastern margin of the Atlantis-II active transform in the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) using deep sea submersibles and remotely operated vehicles. Unaltered lower crust and uppermost mantle rocks were observed at the southwestern slope of Atlantis Bank. The lower crust of this part of Atlantis Bank is similar to the ophiolite exposed ashore. On the other hand, a large number of dike intrusions into gabbroic massifs were observed at the eastern wall and at the southern slope of the bank. This corresponds to the dike-gabbro transition in the ophiolite model. Dike intrusions were also observed in the mantle peridotite domains. This may, however, suggest melt intrusions into the bank near the spreading axis posterior to the mantle peridotite that was dragged out along the detachment faults, or may suggest possible horizontal melt intrusion from the segment centre to the segment edge characterised by a thin plutonic layer. The northern ridge-transform intersection RTI of the Atlantis-II active transform presents an L-shaped nodal basin, while the southern RTI presents a V-shaped one. The difference between northern and southern RTI types suggests differences in the structure and basement rock types. A fossil transform fault and RTI relics at the northern side of the spreading axis west of the Atlantis-II active transform were observed, suggesting a sudden change of the spreading direction in SWIR from 20 Ma

著者

庄子 仁 Young K. JIN Anatoly OBZHIROV Alexander SALOMATIN Boris BARANOV Vyacheslav GLADYSH 八久保 晶弘 南 尚嗣 山下 聡 高橋 信夫

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.1, pp.175-193, 2009-02-25 (Released:2010-04-05)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

10 10

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Methane hydrates exist beneath the sea bottom near cold seeps NE off the Sakhalin in the Sea of Okhotsk. Multidisciplinary field operations were performed at a study area (approximately 16 × 20 km2) to investigate seepage characteristics and understand gas hydrate formation mechanisms. A continuous profiling survey was conducted to obtain a distribution map of seepage structures on the floor by using a deep-tow, side-scan-sonar equipment. The distribution map reveals that the dense area of seepage structures coincides with a sea-floor area of deformed sediments caused possibly by repeated sediment slumping and debris flows in the past. We speculate that this deformation may have created shallow faults that are suitable to conduits for the migration and discharge of gas and fluid. Three seepage structures were selected to study about their fluid-seep conditions around the sea floor level. Hieroglyph seepage structure is located at the northern end of the dense area of the structures. Kitami and Chaos structures are located about 2 and 7 km respectively apart from the Hieroglyph structure within the dense area. Large plumes on echograms and higher methane contents in the water column confirm gas seepage activities at the three structures. There observed at least two and four plumes at the Hieroglyph and Chaos structures, respectively. Each gas chimney image in seismic reflection profiles was traced to connect each BSR and seepage structure. Both pull-up and disturbed structures of BSR around the gas chimney images were interpreted as to be indications of significant heat flows caused by ascending fluid at both Kitami and Chaos structures. On the other hand, almost no pull-up/disturbance of BSR was observed at the Hieroglyph structure, suggesting little water seepage. The seep activity may vary with time off the Sakhalin. The Hieroglyph structure is located at the edge of a dense area of the seepage structures. It might serve as an indicator for the long-term activity of the fluid seepage system off the Sakhalin.

著者

佐藤 暢 谷口 英嗣 高橋 直樹 Mia Mohammad MOHIUDDIN 平野 直人 小川 勇二郎

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.108, no.3, pp.203-215, 1999-06-25 (Released:2010-10-13)

参考文献数

65

被引用文献数

5 10

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Geological, petrological, and biostratigraphical studies of Mineoka ophiolite and related rocks, Hayama and Mineoka Belts, central Japan, were reviewed, and the origin of ophiolite is summarized as follows. 1) Pelagic to hemipelagic sedimentary rocks occur from late Paleocene to middle Miocene. 2) Basaltic rocks in the Hayama Belt are mostly alkali basalts of hotspot origin, whereas those in the Mineoka Belt are mostly tholeiite of mid-ocean ridge origin. 3) Chemical compositions of gabbros and diorites indicate island arc origin. 4) Peridotites are residues after a medium degree of partial melting. These facts arenot consistent with previous ideas that the ophiolite is island arc or back arc originonly. “It is concluded that ophiolite is part of the Mineoka plate” in the Pacific Ocean side, not in the Philippine Sea as previously proposed. Reconstruction of plate motions of the Mineoka plate is proposed, as it was formed at mid-ocean ridge, was subducted by the Pacific plate, and obducted to the Honshu arc during Miocene age after the eastward motion of the triple junction.

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.10, pp.712b-712b, 1902-10-15 (Released:2010-12-22)

著者

山口 岳志

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.1, pp.34-44, 1965-02-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

40

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It is a common knowledge that the geography of mineral production has attracted small number of geographers comparing with other fields of economic geography. Even though there have been several articles dealing with mineral production, most of them have been concerned with either the distribution pattern of mining activities, or the commodity or commodity-in-area approach.It is, however, expected that the analysis of more dynamic characters of mineral production, which are also covered by the field of mineral economics, would bring more fundamental basis to develop this field of geography. Two factors, localized occurrence and exhaustibility, are the most important characteristics of mineral production and these must be considered as basic to the study of the geography of mineral production. In other words, the former sets the distribution pattern of mineral production, and the latter and its derivatives differentiate the pattern. The problems which stem from these two factors distinguish the mineral industries from other industrial activities.It is the purpose of the geography of mineral production to evaluate the extent and nature of the factors, to analyze the regional characteristics and to describe the areal associations brought by mining activities. In addition, some consideration should be given to the phases which the factors have brought drastic interruption in the sequent occupance of a mining region.The geographers of mineral production should pay more attention to the importance of the dynamic characters of mineral production and their associated problems and try to consider the trends of mining activities on the basis of analysis of geographical research. The rise and fall of mineral production have a close relationship with socio-economic problems of mining regions, so that the analysis of the factors appraise more fundamental understanding of the ever-increasing importance of minerals in our economy.The writer owes a debt of thanks to Dr. Shinzo Kiuchi and Dr. Osamu Nishikawa of the Department of Human Geography, University of Tokyo, for their stimulating criticisms and constructive advices. He is also deeply grateful to Dr. E. Willard Miller of the Department of Geography and Dr. John J. Schanz, Jr. of the Department of Mineral Economics for their patient guidances and kind suggestions while he was studying at the Pennsylvania State University.

著者

山口 岳志

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.1, pp.34-44, 1965

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It is a common knowledge that the geography of mineral production has attracted small number of geographers comparing with other fields of economic geography. Even though there have been several articles dealing with mineral production, most of them have been concerned with either the distribution pattern of mining activities, or the commodity or commodity-in-area approach.<BR>It is, however, expected that the analysis of more dynamic characters of mineral production, which are also covered by the field of mineral economics, would bring more fundamental basis to develop this field of geography. Two factors, localized occurrence and exhaustibility, are the most important characteristics of mineral production and these must be considered as basic to the study of the geography of mineral production. In other words, the former sets the distribution pattern of mineral production, and the latter and its derivatives differentiate the pattern. The problems which stem from these two factors distinguish the mineral industries from other industrial activities.<BR>It is the purpose of the geography of mineral production to evaluate the extent and nature of the factors, to analyze the regional characteristics and to describe the areal associations brought by mining activities. In addition, some consideration should be given to the phases which the factors have brought drastic interruption in the sequent occupance of a mining region.<BR>The geographers of mineral production should pay more attention to the importance of the dynamic characters of mineral production and their associated problems and try to consider the trends of mining activities on the basis of analysis of geographical research. The rise and fall of mineral production have a close relationship with socio-economic problems of mining regions, so that the analysis of the factors appraise more fundamental understanding of the ever-increasing importance of minerals in our economy.<BR>The writer owes a debt of thanks to Dr. Shinzo Kiuchi and Dr. Osamu Nishikawa of the Department of Human Geography, University of Tokyo, for their stimulating criticisms and constructive advices. He is also deeply grateful to Dr. E. Willard Miller of the Department of Geography and Dr. John J. Schanz, Jr. of the Department of Mineral Economics for their patient guidances and kind suggestions while he was studying at the Pennsylvania State University.

著者

田中 和広 宮田 雄一郎 中田 英二 千木良 雅弘 中屋 志津雄 石原 朋和 新谷 俊一

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.3, pp.xi-xiii, 2009-06-25 (Released:2010-03-26)

被引用文献数

1

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.10, pp.721-722, 1909

著者

新妻 信明

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.122, no.2, pp.233-249, 2013-04-25 (Released:2013-05-31)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

3 4

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Continental scientific drilling projects were promoted actively around the world in the latter part of the 20th century. The super deep drilling projects developed drilling technologies, and highlighted a lack of understanding of the Earth's interior. The International Continental Scientific Drilling Program was initiated to promote continental scientific drilling projects globally and international cooperation. Geology needs to be taken into consideration more and technology for preventing bore-hole break-outs needs to be developed in continental drilling projects. More work is required to take a fresh look at the Earth based on the facts obtained from the surface. Continental scientific drilling is a potentially important tool for undertaking this study of the Earth in areas such as the subsiding atoll concept and ocean floor spreading. Because accretion and arc magmatism accompanying subduction of the ocean floor are important in the formation of continental crust, continental scientific drill projects on the Japanese Islands will play an important role in geology and human society.

著者

ホール ロバート・ビー

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.3, pp.97-100, 1949-03-31 (Released:2009-11-12)

著者

水谷 伸治郎

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.108, no.5, pp.638-638, 1999

著者

砂川 一郎

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.96, no.7, pp.518-525, 1988-01-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

9

著者

吉村 稔

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.102, no.2, pp.131-143, 1993-04-25

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

7 14

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In order to reconstruct the march of climate before instrumental observations in Japan, Historical Weather Data Base has been constructed. Weather descriptions in historical documents, such as official diaries of Feudal Clans in Edo Era, or of local offices in each clan, are objects of the data base. Other descriptions are in those diaries of large temples, large shrines and large farmers, and in some of private diaries Considering the description of weather phenomena in old diaries, they were grouped into 13 weather conditions In this data base, "weather range" means weather conditions in a day. A rough tendency of the weather in a day (HN), or remarkable conditions such as hot, cold, dry and wet (HT), are also important to understand weather conditions for each day. Accompanied phenomena (TK) and wind conditions (KT, TT, KH) are also objects to encode. Daily weather records for the years from 1700 to 1889 are mainly under collections. So far, more than 2, 500 years weather records have been inputted in the daily data base. The main files of the system are PC-DA (paleo climatic data), and PC-REC (paleo climatic record). The former consists of encoded weather data which will be used chiefly to retrieve weather conditions and to draw maps or to make tables. The latter contains weather descriptions in each day with Katakana, one of the Japanese characters. This will support detailed investigation<BR>As an index of wet or dry condition for each month, "PI" is proposed. Weather conditions having some relations with precipitation are grouped to three kinds. Monthly frequencies of each type are multiplied by constants. These are 1 for "little rain", 2 for "rain" and 5 for "much rain". The total value in each month in each day is "PI", which is useful for the comparison within the same daily series. The scatter diagrams of PI in Kokura Kita Kyushu City and Precipitation at Moji for each season are shown in Fig. 4. Time series of PI in 6 cities show the existence of different march in summer precipitations over Japan (Fig. 5). The monthly conditions in summer months from 1781 to 1789 are reconstructed in Fig. 6.

著者

上治 寅次郎

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.10, pp.481-497, 1937-10-15 (Released:2010-10-13)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

2 2

著者

桜井 兼市

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.100, no.2, pp.234-239, 1991-04-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

11

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Some solid particle in a snow crystal is active as ice nuclei on which snow are generated in the atmosphere. From the analysis of center nuclei in the snow crystal by use of the electron microscope, it was found that they consist of the soil particles such as kaolinite, montmorillonite and so on. Moreover, the origin of these particles was the arid area of the North China. Nucleating ability of the particle was investigated by the count of ice crystals formed in a cold box at given temperature. Number of ice crystal formed per Er particles collected on a filter paper was 0.3 at-150 °C and 4 at-20 °C.

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.9, pp.631-633, 1906

著者

境田 清隆 江越 新 倉持 真之

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.120, no.2, pp.382-391, 2011-04-25 (Released:2011-06-30)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

6 9

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The mitigation of the urban heat island phenomenon by local circulations of land and sea breezes has recently become a subject of major interest. This study aims to clarify the effects of sea breezes on the urban heat island phenomenon in Sendai, Northeast Japan, paying attention to the vertical mixing effects of tall buildings. In Sendai city, where the urban heat island phenomenon has developed along with sea breeze circulation, spatially dense observations of temperature were carried out with instrument screens at twenty-five elementary schools in and around the urban area from 2000 to 2004. When a sea breeze begins to blow, the air temperature in the coastal region peaks and does not rise during daytime. By comparing the warming quantity during the day when sea breezes do not blow, the cooling effects of the sea breeze are evaluated quantitatively. It was found that cooling effects are remarkable in May and June, and disappear in September. Cooling effects in the urban center do not differ from those in the suburban area, in spite of dense buildings and large number of roughness parameters. Because of the mixing function, the large number of roughness parameters is considered to be useful to pull the cool air mass of sea breezes down to the ground. Vertical observations of wind and air temperature at the Miyagi Prefectural headquarters, which is located in the central business district (CBD), were carried out from July 2007 to July 2008. When sea breezes begins to blow, downward air currents were observed at the windward walls of buildings, and the cooling effects of sea breezes were identified gradually from the tops of tall buildings to the ground. The horizontal distributions of air temperature during the day with sea breezes produce relatively cool areas near the coast and in the urban center. The cooling effects of sea breezes appear to be more remarkably in the urban center than in the residential area where there are no tall buildings.

著者

内田 和子

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.104, no.4, pp.525-543, 1995-08-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1

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Japanese flood control was rapidly developed in Modern Ages when regular flood protection works began onnationwide scale. It is flood prevention cooperatives that promoted those public works by bearing a part of the expenses in Modern ages.Flood prevention cooperatives are classified into 3 types according to functions. They are the one that takes a share in the expenses of flood protection works and irrigation-drainage works (type I), the one that practices flood defense activities (type II), and the one that petitions to realize and promote river improvement works and acts a part of the works as an agent of prefecture (type III). The author conducted research on cooperative dues that support activities of cooperatives. The results are as follows.Amount of share in the expenses taken by flood prevention cooperatives much differs in compliance with their functions. In type I cooperative dues were very high, in type II they were less and in type la they were much less. In all types cooperative dues were imposed by standards that based on the degree of flood damages. Especially in type I, much amount of cooperative dues were levied according to many grades, but type II and type III had a few grades. Their objects of imposition were land and houses, and in urban areas they included fabrics such as railroads.Flood prevention cooperatives dissolve when they accomplished their purposes in each function. But the cooperatives of type II shift to public flood defense corporations that consist of municipalities and act by budgets of municipalities.Flood prevention cooperatives fully understood natural features of geomorphology, hydrology and so on, and social features of land use, land ownership, and so on of their areas. On the basis of these recognition they contrived their unique imposition system in consideration of benefit by public flood prevention works. In consequence they promoted public flood prevention works by taking a share in expenses.

著者

都司 嘉宣

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.106, no.4, pp.486-502, 1997-08-25

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

2 7

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A field survey of the damage of the Amami-Oshima-Kinkai earthquake (<I>M</I><SUB>w</SUB> 7.1) and its tsunami of October 18, 1995 was conducted for four days from the next day of the main shock. A large aftershock (<I>M</I><SUB>w</SUB> 6.8) occurred in the next day and was also accompanied with a small tsunami. We conducted interviews of the inhabitants, and measured heights of the both tsunamis. The maximum height of the tsunami of the main shock was 3.0 m at Urahara Port on the south coast of Kikai-jima. Earthquake damage mainly occurred on Kikai-jima, where stone walls were fallen down at 91 places, the water supply facility of the island was disordered, and several concrete slabs slid down at Wan Port. Several fishing boats were wrecked due to the both tsunamis at ports on Kikai-jima and Amami-Oshima. Imamura-Hatori's magnitudes of the main shock and the large aftershock are <I>m</I>=1.0 and <I>m</I>=0.0, respectively. Abe's magnitude of the tsunamis the main shock is estimated to be <I>M</I><SUB>t</SUB>=7.6 and is large for the earthquake magnitude. A gigantic earthquake (<I>M</I>8.0) with a larger tsunami occurred on June 15, 1911 in the sea region close to the present event, and its folktale is handed down by the inhabitants of Kikai-jima.