著者

赤坂 郁美 安藤 晴夫 横山 仁 大久保 さゆり 高橋 一之 泉 岳樹 三上 岳彦

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.120, no.2, pp.309-316, 2011-04-25 (Released:2011-06-30)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

5 7

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To investigate the spatial and temporal variability of the urban heat island, a high-spatial density meteorological observation system was set up in the Tokyo ward area by Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection (TMRIEP) and Tokyo Metropolitan University from July 2002 to March 2005. The observation system was named Meteorological Environmental Temperature and Rainfall Observation System (METROS) and consisted of two observation networks named METROS20 and METROS100; METROS20 was made to observe meteorological factors (wind direction and speed, pressure, rainfall etc.) on the roofs of 20 buildings; METROS100 was made to observe temperature and humidity in instruments screens of 106 elementary schools. Since April 2005, observations of temperature and humidity were continued with the instruments screens of elementary schools by TMRIEP. This observation network was maintained until March 2010. Based on their observations, temporal and spatial characteristics of thermal environment of Tokyo have been investigated such as temperature range, especially in summer. For example, warmer areas differ between daytime and nighttime as shown by spatial patterns in rate of time exceeding 30 degrees Celsius and number of sultry nights: the warmer area is located from central part to northern part of the Tokyo ward area during daytime and from central part to coastal area during nighttime.

著者

坂井 尚登 三浦 一彦 中西 清

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.103, no.1, pp.64-67, 1994-02-25 (Released:2010-10-13)

参考文献数

6

著者

尾方 隆幸

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.124, no.1, pp.v, 2015-02-25 (Released:2015-03-11)

参考文献数

1

著者

藁谷 哲也

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.126, no.4, pp.455-471, 2017-08-20 (Released:2017-09-27)

参考文献数

88

被引用文献数

4

---

It is difficult to estimate weathering rates of rocks based on actual landforms. However, using stone-built architectures, artifacts, and traces of human activity on rock surfaces, weathering rates of rocks under weathering-limited conditions can be obtained easily because stone-built heritages, in general, have a geometrical shape and zero-datum levels. In addition, it is possible to estimate weathering rates of a millennium-scale and changes of rates up to a millennium scale. Many studies on weathering rates of rocks use stone-built heritages. This study reviews recent geomorphological studies that estimate weathering rates, and summarizes their trends. Most of the studies analyze gravestones and churches built since the 19th and 11th centuries, respectively. Such stone-built heritages are more commonly located in humid temperate areas. Weathering rates are estimated mainly from surface recession or surface loss of gravestones and church-building stones. The major three building stones—carbonate rocks (rate: 2-90 mm/ka), sandstone (8-100 mm/ka), and granite (5-65 mm/ka)—have different ranges of weathering rates. Among these stones, the rates for carbonate rocks are sensitive to climatic conditions and atmospheric sulfur dioxide concentrations. The results of the studies reveal that weathering rates show an obvious dependence on aspects. North-facing surfaces tend to have lower rates than surfaces facing other cardinal directions because each surface has different temperature and moisture conditions due to insolation. Moreover, the studies reveal that temporal changes in weathering rates rarely fit a simple linear model. Changes in atmospheric acidity, landform development, and vegetation cover rapidly affect the intensity of weathering processes and cause fluctuations in weathering rates.

著者

石戸 経士

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.114, no.6, pp.885-900, 2005-12-25

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

6 3

---

Characterizing the transport properties of reservoir-forming rocks is one of the most important tasks in reservoir engineering. We review the relationships among permeability, porosity, electrical formation factor, and electrokinetic coupling coefficient under saturated and unsaturated conditions on the basis of the capillary tube model of porous medium, by which one can relate the microscopic physics of the transport properties to the macroscopic behaviors described by Darcy's and Ohm's laws and the cross-coupling effects. These relationships together with the recent models of clay rich sandstones provide a useful guideline for interpreting core, logging, and geophysical survey data. Among various rock properties, permeability in particular needs in situ measurements such as pressure transient tests, because <I>in situ</I>i values are usually at least a few orders of magnitude larger than those measured for intact core samples due to the presence of discontinuities such as fractures in reservoirs. Concerning this topic, the concept of fractured rocks, <I>i.e.</I>, the double porosity medium and how to characterize fractured reservoirs are described.<BR>Even if the results of extensive field-wide pressure transient tests are available, in addition to drilling and various exploration data, numerical models of reservoirs are never precise, due to the problem of non-uniqueness. However, once exploitation begins in earnest, additional data become available such as temporal trends in downhole flowing pressure and enthalpy (in case of geothermal reservoirs), which may be used in history-matching studies. Because uncertainty in predictions of numerical reservoir models is directly related to the amount of field data available against which the models can be tested, it is clear that the addition of repeat geophysical survey data to the list of pertinent field measurements is likely to improve the reliability of these forecasts. Recently developed computational tools such as the EKP-postprocessor, which can calculate changes in self-potential distribution through electrokinetic coupling caused by changing underground conditions computed by reservoir simulation, enable us to use geophysical monitoring data in history-matching studies.

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.120, no.2, pp.Cover02_1-Cover02_2, 2011

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2010年は太平洋高気圧におおわれて8月を中心に暑さが厳しく,6月以降,東京でも最高気温が35℃を超える猛暑日が13日間,明け方の気温が25℃以下に下がらない熱帯夜の日数が56日間という記録的な高温状態が継続した.<br> 表紙写真は,都心部で最高気温が36.5℃を記録した8月15日の正午頃に,都心湾岸部の上空約5000フィート(1525m)からヘリコプターに搭載したサーモグラフィーで捉えた地表面の熱画像(放射輝度温度分布)である.なお,放射率は一律(ε=1.0)に設定し,表面材質の違いによる補正は行っていない.<br> 皇居(A)や浜離宮庭園(E)など,緑豊かなエリアが比較的低温を示すほか,南北に流れる隅田川(F)の水面が28℃以下と低くなっており,東京湾からの涼しい海風を通す「風の道」としても有効に働いていることがわかる.また,東京駅周辺(B)や汐留の高層ビル群(C)付近も比較的低温になっている.<br> 一方,湾岸の埋め立て地域や隅田川東岸に広がる密集した中低層商工業地帯の表面温度は40℃を超えている.築地の東京都中央卸売市場(D)の表面温度が高いのは,建物の屋根面の材質が影響していると考えられる.<br>(文:三上岳彦 熱画像:スカイマップ株式会社)

著者

庄子 仁 Jin Young K. Obzhirov Anatoly SALOMATIN Alexander BARANOV Boris GLADYSH Vyacheslav 八久保 晶弘 南 尚嗣 山下 総 高橋 信夫

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.1, pp.175-193, 2009-03-25

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

5 10

---

Methane hydrates exist beneath the sea bottom near cold seeps NE off the Sakhalin in the Sea of Okhotsk. Multidisciplinary field operations were performed at a study area (approximately 16 × 20 km²) to investigate seepage characteristics and understand gas hydrate formation mechanisms. A continuous profiling survey was conducted to obtain a distribution map of seepage structures on the floor by using a deep-tow, side-scan-sonar equipment. The distribution map reveals that the dense area of seepage structures coincides with a sea-floor area of deformed sediments caused possibly by repeated sediment slumping and debris flows in the past. We speculate that this deformation may have created shallow faults that are suitable to conduits for the migration and discharge of gas and fluid.<br> Three seepage structures were selected to study about their fluid-seep conditions around the sea floor level. Hieroglyph seepage structure is located at the northern end of the dense area of the structures. Kitami and Chaos structures are located about 2 and 7 km respectively apart from the Hieroglyph structure within the dense area. Large plumes on echograms and higher methane contents in the water column confirm gas seepage activities at the three structures. There observed at least two and four plumes at the Hieroglyph and Chaos structures, respectively. Each gas chimney image in seismic reflection profiles was traced to connect each BSR and seepage structure. Both pull-up and disturbed structures of BSR around the gas chimney images were interpreted as to be indications of significant heat flows caused by ascending fluid at both Kitami and Chaos structures. On the other hand, almost no pull-up/disturbance of BSR was observed at the Hieroglyph structure, suggesting little water seepage.<br> The seep activity may vary with time off the Sakhalin. The Hieroglyph structure is located at the edge of a dense area of the seepage structures. It might serve as an indicator for the long-term activity of the fluid seepage system off the Sakhalin.

著者

平田 大二 山下 浩之 坂本 泉 小田原 啓 滝野 義幸 鬼頭 毅 藤巻 三樹雄 萬年 一剛 新井田 秀一 笠間 友博 齊藤 靖二

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.119, no.5, pp.911-916, 2010-10-25 (Released:2011-01-21)

参考文献数

12

---

The bottom topography of lake Ashi-no-ko, in the Hakone volcano caldera, was examined using the SeaBat8101 narrow multi-beam sonar system. The purpose of micro-topographical observations of the lake bottom is to understand the tectonic relations between the historical formation-process of the caldera and the strike-slip motion in the Tanna-Hirayama active fault system. At the southeastern part of the lake, west of the Dougashima, undulations at the bottom such as swells, hollows, and stairs extending in the northwest-southeast direction, were observed. These bottom-forms show a northern extension of the Hakonemachi active fault, running along the east side of lake Ashi-no-ko. They may correspond to one of the north spray faults of the Kita-Izu active fault system, which is the source of the A.D.1930 Kita-Izu earthquake, and to motions of the western margin of the Manazuru micro-plate, in relation to caldera formation as a strike-slip basin.

著者

小林 貞一

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, no.4, pp.264-271, 1979-08-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

26

著者

福井 一喜

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.126, no.5, pp.595-615, 2017-10-25 (Released:2017-11-10)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

4

---

The transformation of Kusatsu Onsen spa resort in Gunma prefecture, at the margins of the Tokyo metropolitan area, is elucidated. The use of the Internet by the accommodation industry is analyzed based on the dependence of the area on travel agencies in both information distribution and supply and demand phases. These specifically identify the possibilities and limits of region-led tourism development. The results are as follows. Many accommodations at Kusatsu Onsen independently use travel agencies in the information distribution phase. On the other hand, in the supply and demand phase, both dependence on and independence from travel agencies are confirmed. Through the use of the Internet in the accommodations, the possibility of promoting region-led tourism development at Kusatsu Onsen is increasing as a whole in the information distribution phase. This possibility in the supply and demand phase is due more than ever to the management conditions and management abilities of the each accommodation. Using the Internet as an opportunity, each accommodation tries to overcome the disadvantages of its management conditions and create tourism services. Individual tourists with diverse and advanced tourism demand gather at spa resorts at the margins of the Tokyo metropolitan area. The area responds to tourism demand in the Tokyo metropolitan area, given changing relations of dependence between travel agencies and the areas they serve against the backdrop of the development of personal travel and information socialization. On the other hand, local organizations are attempting to form the functions of travel agencies; however, they are not succeeding. Accommodation owners call for organizations to act as the cores of local networks to promote the management and marketing activities of each accommodation. As described above, at Kusatsu Onsen, a situation is created for continuously providing non-daily life services to the tourism market in the Tokyo metropolitan area, and local accommodations and organizations produce tourism resources independently. In the information distribution phase, the accommodations and local organizations form an environment where each can effectively communicate its own attractions, and the possibility of region-led tourism development is widely acknowledged. On the other hand, in the supply and demand phase, such a possibility can be somewhat recognized. Some accommodations have a trend of great dependence rather than a tendency of becoming independent of travel agencies, and it is also difficult for local organizations to play the roles of a travel agency. These factors suggest the limits of region-led tourism development.

著者

小島 茂明 渡部 裕美 藤倉 克則

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.118, no.6, pp.1174-1185, 2009-12-25 (Released:2010-03-23)

参考文献数

64

被引用文献数

2 1

---

In deep-sea reducing environments, such as hydrothermal vent fields and cold seep areas, biological communities with huge biomass are often observed. Such communities associated with bacterial chemosynthesis, which are composed of species endemic to these environments, are founded with hydrothermal activities and succeed with changes of activities. Over a longer timescale, genetic deviations among local populations and speciation occur during the course of a series of activities and finally new faunal groups diverged. We attempt to estimate the ages of various hydrothermal phenomena on various timescales from 10 to 107 years on the basis of the evolutionary ecology of animals endemic to hydrothermal vents as part of the “Taiga project”. In this paper, we introduce communities in hydrothermal vent fields and describe the principals of methodologies for age estimation, which we are now planning, and the expected results.

著者

榎本 武揚

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.33-39_1, 1902

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.3, pp.188a-189, 1900

著者

鈴木 ドロータ 高木 秀雄 河本 和朗 中村 祐治 中村 れいら

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.124, no.4, pp.587-605, 2015

被引用文献数

1

---

本州弧に対する伊豆–ボニン弧への中新世の衝突の影響を受けて,中央構造線の東西走向が,紀伊半島東部伊勢地域で東方に向かって東北東–西南西へと曲がりはじめるものとされている。しかしながら,伊勢地域では第四系堆積物が広く覆っており,都市化も進んでいることから,中央構造線の地表トレースの正確な位置は不明瞭である。中央構造線の位置の正確な把握は,たとえば地盤の違いを反映した地震動予測に資することや,中部日本における中央構造線の折れ曲がりのより正確な説明を与える上でも重要である。本論は伊勢地域(玉城町・伊勢市)に存在する(1)美和ロック玉城工場,(2)伊勢市役所,(3)伊勢観光文化会館のボーリングコアの岩石学的検討を行うとともに,伊勢市内のその他の建設基盤調査資料や,玉城町大池の断層岩類,領家帯に分布すると考えられる宮川沿いの中新統礫岩,伊勢市内に存在する三波川結晶片岩の露頭など,限られた露頭の地質調査結果から,中央構造線の位置をより正確に求めることができた。今回の調査で,三波川変成岩が一部に露出している伊勢神宮外宮に存在する中央構造線が正宮付近に想定され,ジオツーリズムとリンクしたその教育的活用が望まれる。

著者

大八木 規夫 井口 隆

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.94, no.6, pp.436-445, 1985-12-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

被引用文献数

6 9

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The main portion of Iwo-jima island consists of lava flows and pyroclastic rocks of trachy andesite, erupted and deposited in shallow sea, except the upper part of Suribachiyama, in 2600-2800 y.B.P. The island have been uplifting from about 800 y.B.P., followed by active faulting and change in coast lines.

著者

高場 智博 吉田 英嗣 須貝 俊彦

出版者

公益社団法人 東京地学協会

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.127, no.1, pp.73-87, 2018-02-25 (Released:2018-04-14)

参考文献数

54

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This study classifies composite small-scale fans along the eastern foot of Mt. Ikeda into five categories, and estimates their formation ages to discuss factors controlling fan development. Besides, it describes microtopography of fan surfaces and surface geology (sedimentary units), focusing on one of the typical terraced small-scale fans to discuss small-fan forming processes. Methods are interpretation of aerial photographs for terraces division, field observations with microtopography measurements, and radiocarbon dating for overlying sediments of terrace deposits. The results show that the five terrace surfaces are mainly formed by a few debris flow deposits, and the estimated formation ages obtained with radiocarbon dating fall into the general classification of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the early Holocene. However, the difference between each formation periods is 1,000-3,000 years because estimated formation ages are about 20,000 years (I surface) and about 17,000 years ago (I surface) in the LGM, about 9,000 years (III surface), and about 8,000 years ago (IV surface) in the early Holocene. Geomorphic development of the study area might be difficult to explain using a simple formation model of river terraces with time scales of 104-105 years, expressed by dynamic river fluctuations under the full influence of global climatic changes. This speculation is highly suggestive for further investigations on the timing of debris flow sedimentations forming alluvial fans in this area.

著者

宇都宮 陽二朗

出版者

学術雑誌目次速報データベース由来

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.101, no.2, pp.117-126, 1992

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

3

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Numajiri Bokusen invented an epochal terrestrial globe made from wood, bamboo nd Japanese paper in 1800 and published details of it in 1855. The globe was similar to a coarse Japanese oilpaper umbrella, and in fact was called the "umberlla-like globe" later. Previously, the author has described the form of this globe.<BR>The present paper describes the geometrical features of Bokusen's globe, especially, the shapes of shorelines and national boundaries. The world map on the 1855 globe had obviously been revised since that appearing on the globe invented in 1800, based on the latest information on the shorelines available at the time.<BR>Since the Japan Archipelago was set in the center of the world, the axis of the globe was declined at 36 degrees. Therefore, the ground level sinusoidally rounds the globe according to its declination.<BR>Lines of latitude were shown every 10 degrees. The interval of the lines of longitude was also 10 degrees. While the value of latitude was written, that of longitude was not shown anywhere on the globe. Between the lines of longitude, marks were inserted every one degree along the equator, resembling the symbol used for railways in recent maps.<BR>Despite the lack of a base for the median line of the globe, the base was expected to pass through Ferro Island in the Canary Islands. Thus, it is assumed that values were intended to be written every 10 degrees according to the distance from the Island. The location of the Japan Archipelago at the center, and the declination of the earth's axis seem to have been important political matters influenced by attitudes such as reverence for the Emperor and exclusion of foreigners during the late Edo period in Japan.<BR>On this globe, the center of the Japan Archipelago was intended to be just under the zenith, and set at 130°(actual value 132° in recent maps) E and 36 N. This location was selected as the place nearest to Miyako (Kyoto), which is placed at 135°46'E and 35°00'N. On the other hand, Edo is at 139°40'E and 35°42'N (almost equal to 36 degrees) based on values in recent maps. Therefore, the base of latitude at the center of the 1855 map seems to have been unchanged since that on the 1800 globe. If Bokusen used the value of Miyako, the inclination of the earth's axis was set at 35 degrees.<BR>On the other hand, the base of longitude was altered to a new location near Miyako. Ne-vertheless, Bokusen could not help including some of the base of the median line of the world maps established in the western Europe. Thus, the center was not set in Miyako, but was moved to the west.<BR>Some compass lines drawn from the center were made on assumptions, and some remarks about astronomical phenomena such as sunrise and sunset at the winter/summer solstices and the vernal/autumnal equinoxes were written on these lines and assumed lines.<BR>Most of the shapes of the shorelines closely resembled those on recent maps. Although the Australian continent was correctly shaped, the Antarctic continent was not shown. In the Arctic region, the shape of the northern coast of the Eurasian continent was relatively correct compared with that of the North American continent. Especially, the areas in the vicinity of Hudson's Bay and the District of Franklin were obscure, and their shapes were expressed using broken lines. This seems to reflect Bokusen's scientific standpoint, which excluded any uncertainty.<BR>Between 80°N and 80°S, the coast lines including Korea and the California Peninsula and other continents were correctly shown. On the other hand, the shapes of national boundaries of inland areas were drawn as rough lines framed by colors including blue, red, violet, yellow and black. Some of the shapes appear to be scribbled. Therefore, the decisions regarding boundaries seem to have been less confident.

著者

山野 明男

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.112, no.1, pp.114-130, 2003-02-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

23

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This research examines the development process of farming conditions of settlers in Hachirogata reclaimed land. The settlers numbered 589 in all. A total of 551 farm at present and 38 have abandoned farming.The development process of agriculture on Hachirogata reclaimed land can be divided into 3 periods : the first period -commencement of farming, the second-change in farming, and the third -settlement of farming. The development process of agriculture on Hachirogata reclaimed land (Ogata village) is shown in Fig. 7.I analyze why the 551 settlers separated into two farming groups. The results are as follows. 1) One group, 249 mainly from Akita prefecture, controls the production of rice. 2) The native places of the settlers play an important part in their division into two groups. 3) The settlers brought their native village culture into their settlement of reclaimed lands.

著者

諏訪 彰

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.4, pp.247-255, 1980-08-25 (Released:2010-10-13)

著者

藤森 孝俊 蒔苗 耕司 山口 勝 川口 隆 太田 陽子

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.99, no.2, pp.166-181, 1990-04-25 (Released:2009-11-12)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1

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The 1872 Hamada earthquake (M=7.1±0.2) is one of the major historical earthquakes which accompanied a coseismic uplift and subsidence in the coastal area. This paper intends to examine an implication of the Hamada earthquake for geomorphological development of the Hamada area, based on the investigation of marine terraces, emerged sea level indicators such as sea caves, benches, fossil beds and beach deposits, and fault topography.Two steps of Pleistocene marine terraces are found in the coastal area. Terrace I, c. 40-60 m high, is underlain by weathered beach gravel covered by dune sand which is interbedded by at least four horizons of paleosol. It is considered, that a major interglacial period resulting in strong weathering of Terrace I deposits occurred after the formation of this terrace. Thus, Terrace I can be correlated to the penultimate interglacial, and Terrace II, c. 15-25 m high, underlain by rather fresh gravel bed, to the last interglacial. Accepting this correlation, the uplift rate of the study area must be small, c. 0.1-0.2 m/ka, and is no significant difference in the uplift rate over the study area. Height of emerged sea level indicators associated with the Hamada earthquake is 0.9-1.7 m above the present mean sea level. At least one sea level indicator higher than the emerged sea level at the time of the 1872 Hamada earthquake was found at several locations through the study area including the coast where coseismic subsidence occurred in 1872. Northeast-southwest trending lineaments predominate in the study area and a fault exposure is observed on one of the lineaments suggesting that they are fault origin. Areas of coseismic uplift and subsidence can be seens by turns along these faults.Characteristics of the 1872 Hamada earthquake are summarised as follows, based on the above mentioned geomorphological observation : 1) Coseismic deformation as associated with the Hamada earthquake has not accumulated through the late Quaternary, and this earthquake must be a very rare event with coastal deformation during the Holocene. 2) Distribution pattern of coseismic deformation, that is, the occurrence of small blocks with coseismic uplift and subsidence by turns can be interpreted as an effect of strike-slip movement on the faults.