著者

中島 定彦

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.36-47, 2014

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This paper reviews the last 50 years of experimental and theoretical research on Pavlovian conditioning in animals. It is the history of the movement from simple "spit-and-twitch" psychology to information processing views of associative learning. In 1962, Egger and Miller reported a pivotal study suggesting that information value is important in establishing an effective conditioned stimulus. In the late 1960s, Wagner, Rescorla, and Kamin published historic research papers demonstrating the importance of information value (i.e., predictability of the forthcoming significant event) by showing new phenomena in Pavlovian conditioning: relative cue validity, contingency effect, and associative blocking. The Rescorla–Wagner model came on stage in 1972 to explain these phenomena and successfully predicted new phenomena, although this model had some shortcomings. Subsequent theories of Pavlovian conditioning have challenged to deal with these shortcomings, and the recent theoretical development is linked to computational modeling in a variety of ways.

著者

一川 誠 西村 好古

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.1, pp.136, 2006-09-30 (Released:2016-12-01)

著者

淺田 早苗

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.283-284, 2010-03-31 (Released:2016-12-01)

著者

淺田 早苗

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.283-284, 2010

著者

村上 郁也

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.2, pp.196-198, 2015-03-30 (Released:2015-05-14)

参考文献数

1

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This short note is a report on the recent foundation of “the Science of Mental Time”: a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas, started in 2013. This interdisciplinary research team consists of 5-year Programmed Researches titled “Present”, “Past”, “Future”, “Pathological Conditions”, “Linguistics and Philosophy”, and “Comparative Ethology”, as well as many 2-year Proposed Researches. The main goals of this research team is to disentangle intricate questions about time representations in the mind, to propose suggestions for future approaches in applied psychology, and to clarify phylogeny and ontogeny of mental time. For these purposes, investigators from diverse disciplines are vigorously working together through semiannual meetings, occasional symposia, and collaborative research projects.

著者

久野 覚

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.102-106, 1999-09-30 (Released:2016-11-17)

著者

岩田 惠理

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.92-95, 2014-09-30 (Released:2014-11-26)

参考文献数

6

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Fish is the vertebrate that first appeared on the earth. While it has been found that many fish species are highly social, their brain has less complex organization than mammals. Thus, studying social behavior in fish has a great advantage in understanding of emotion, which is common to all the vertebrates. Among all, Anemonefishes live symbiotically with sea anemones and form a social unit that consists of a breeding pair and several sexually immature individuals. The hierarchy of the social rank is strictly maintained in a group. Agonistic behaviors are observed frequently among the members of a group, which are essential for maintenance of the social structure, as well as for their sex determination. The differences in agonistic behavior according to social status were also detected directed at conspecific intruders. The aggressive behaviors were specifically directed at intruders of the same sexual status, not at those of the opposite sex. These results suggest that sexually mature resident anemonefish perceive intruders of the same sexual status as competitors for reproductive status.

著者

寺本 渉

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.80-89, 2020-09-30 (Released:2020-11-18)

参考文献数

49

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Falls are a significant concern for older adults because they can sometimes drive the development of dementia. With age, sensory noise increases at the input level, while the precision, frequency, and diversity of physical movements decrease at the output level. These changes could prevent the brain from appropriately reweighting several sensory signals for body perception and action and from recalibrating representations related to the body and body movements, resulting in increased risk of falling. In fact, our data demonstrate that the sense of body ownership of the foot (but not the hand), peripersonal space representations, and motor imagery of gait are differently established between older adults with a higher risk of falling and those with a lower risk. Physical exercise is not only useful for the prevention of muscle weakness, the enhancement of the cardiovascular systems, and an increase in brain blood flow, but also contributes to the statistical reduction of sensory noise because several sensory feedback signals are available, enabling appropriate recalibration. However, physical exercise is sometimes unsafe for older adults who already have physical weakness. Fall prevention programs implemented through a virtual reality system would provide them with another exercise tool to effectively stimulate the sensory-motor circuits in the brain and recalibrate their multisensory integration process and body-related representations in a safe, diversified, and individually tuned environment.

著者

吉本 浩二

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.53-59, 2020-09-30 (Released:2020-11-18)

参考文献数

1

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Having joined a panel discussion about visual disability and the psychonomic science, I considered how I could contribute from a standpoint that I myself am visually impaired. I have serious low vision. My vision is less than counting finger. My eyes are retinitis pigmentosa, which is a progressive disease. I’ve been losing my eyesight since primary school. In this article, I discuss how the psychonomic science research may relate to visual disability issues from my personal experience of progressive eye disease to the blind.

著者

河邉 隆寛 三浦 佳世

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.2, pp.211-214, 2006-03-31 (Released:2016-11-25)

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Artists can get space and time into a static pictorial scene. Although the pictorial scene is in many parts inconsistent with the physical properties of real scene, we doubtlessly feel the pictorial scene as having a reality. On the other hand, interestingly, we know the pictorial scene is not real. How can we overcome this coexistence of incompatible realities, physical and psychological realities? Here we review the studies investigating the memory displacement of objects with the motion lines that are one of techniques to depict the motion on a still image, and discuss that the efficacy of visual stimulation by the pictorial technique determines the dominance between physical and psychological realities: when the latter is dominated over the former, we get caught up in the picture.

著者

大芦 治

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.19-25, 1992-08-31 (Released:2016-11-12)

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This experiment was designed to examine the reformulated theory of learned helplessness (Abramson, Seligman, & Teasdale, 1978) and the diathesis-stress model of depression (Metalsky, Abramson, Seligman, Semmel, & Peterson, 1982). Thirty depressed and 30 non-depressed students were divided into three groups (contingent, noncontingent, control). In the contingent group, subjects received controllable aversive noise. In the noncontingent group, subjects received uncontrollable aversive noise. In the control group, subjects did not receive any pre-treatment. Then three groups were exposed to seventy escape trials. The results partially supported the reformulated learned helplessness model. As the theory predicts, the pretreatment significantly impaired the performance of both depressed and nondepressed. On the other hand, contrary to the theory's prediction, depressed subjects did not show any significant impairment in their performance as compared with nondepressed subjects in the contingent and noncontingent group. And in the control group depressed subjects performed better than nondepressed subjects. These findings are inconsistent with diathesis-stress model which claims that only depressed subjects show helplessness when exposed to uncontrollable events.

著者

岡本 安晴

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.44-55, 2011-09-30 (Released:2016-12-01)

被引用文献数

1

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Bayesian analysis is applied to experimental data to effectively exploit information by the up-down method. Comparing Bayesian analysis to the standard one, which estimates the point of subjective equality (PSE) by averaging part of the comparison stimuli, confirms the two methods do not differ in terms of the PSE estimation. However, the standard analysis estimates only the PSE, whereas Bayesian analysis can also estimate a just noticeable difference (JND). Estimates of the PSE and JND determine a psychometric function. These results reveal that the Bayesian analysis is useful and superior to the standard analysis.

著者

奈良 雅俊

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.2, pp.202-206, 2013-03-30 (Released:2016-12-01)

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The Belmont Report stated the ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research. It has been pointed out that Japanese psychologists introduced the IRB review system without thoroughly understanding the principles. In applying new research instruments, they will face ethical issues related to the privacy and dignity of the subject. They will be asked to deal with the problem of incidental findings that arise from the use of fMRI and the human genome sequencer. They are expected to make a framework for the protection of subjects by understanding the principles of the Belmont Report.

著者

竹中 一平 河原 純一郎 熊田 孝恒

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.42-56, 2012-09-30 (Released:2016-12-01)

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In cognitive psychology, increasing task load impairs effortful processing such as selective attention and working memory operations (accessing/updating). However, it is unclear whether stress, which is assumed to be a factor that consumes cognitive resources, has a similar effect as task load on selective attention and working memory. Herein a literature review reveals that the apparently mixed findings with regard to working memory can be interpreted based on task load; the effect of stress emerges only with high task loads. In contrast, psycho-social stress tends to impair selective attention, but physical stress may improve it. Moreover, some recent studies have found that psycho-social stress interacts with perceptual load, suggesting that load and stress manipulations consume common cognitive resources.

著者

小早川 睦貴 鶴谷 奈津子 河村 満

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.64-69, 2014-09-30 (Released:2014-11-26)

参考文献数

34

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Emotional and social cognitive function have been reported to be impaired in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent studies have revealed that social cognition tasks, such as facial expression recognition, mind-reading, and decision-making, are impaired in PD. PD patients show deficits in recognizing negative facial emotions, such as fear and disgust. Theory of mind ability measured by the “reading mind in the eyes” test is impaired in PD patients, and that this finding was is attributable to the visual processing of faces or the verbal comprehension of emotional adjectives. They also show disadvantageous decision-making, which is related to decreased emotional responses, as measured by skin conductance responses. Caution should be exercised because the social cognitive dysfunction is mainly non-verbal and seems to affect at a level beneath patient's awareness.

著者

桐田 隆博

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.1-17, 2018-12-26 (Released:2019-01-25)

参考文献数

50

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We used a visual search paradigm to compare and evaluate the preferential detection of angry and happy faces, employing both schematic and real faces. In Experiment 1, we studied visual search using schematic faces to compare the detection of angry and happy faces. In Experiments 2 and 3, we assessed the influence of homogeneous (Experiment 2) and heterogeneous (Experiment 3) distractors on the detection of real angry and happy faces showing no exposed teeth. As homogeneous and heterogeneous distractors, we used facial expressions of the same or different persons as the target, respectively. Throughout Experiments 1–3, angry faces with happy face distractors were detected faster than vice versa. When neutral faces were used as distractors, the three Experiments showed different results. While anger detection was superior in Experiment 1, no detection preference was found for real angry or happy faces in Experiment 2. Furthermore, a happiness detection preference was observed in Experiment 3. These results suggest that the anger detection superiority observed with real faces can be explained by the efficient rejection of happy face distractors.

著者

浜口 恵治

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.103-108, 1997-03-31 (Released:2016-11-16)

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The anisotropy of angle illusion is already established. If the Muller-Lyer illusion is caused by angle illusion, it should be possible to observe the anisotropy of the Muller-Lyer illusion. The apparent length of the shaft lines of the Muller-Lyer figures (obliques-in, H-shape, and obliques-out figures) and the control figure, were estimated by twenty-two university students, when the orientation of each figure was varied in eight steps: 0°, 22.5°, 45°, 67.5°, 90°, 112.5°, 135°, 157.5° counterclockwise from the horizontal. The anisotropy of the apparent length of the shaft line of each figure was observed, and these regression curves became quadratic functions. But the anisotropy of the Muller-Lyer illusion was not observed. It was concluded that the relationship between angle illusion theory and the Muller-Lyer illusion was doubtful.

著者

金谷 翔子 石渡 貴大 横澤 一彦

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.11-18, 2011-09-30 (Released:2016-12-01)

被引用文献数

3

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A tactile stimulus generates different sensations, depending on the delivery source. The rubber hand illusion (RHI), a phenomenon where a touch to one's hand is perceived to come from a fake hand, reflects the role of a multisensory interaction in a coherent body representation. Although this phenomenon has been mostly studied with an experimenter providing tactile stimuli, here we investigate whether a tactile stimulus must be externally produced for RHI to occur. By introducing the condition where a participant touches an artificial hand and his/her own hand simultaneously, the results demonstrate that illusion still occurs, but the perceived amplitude is smaller than that in the ordinal externally produced touch condition. Our results suggest that the externally produced tactile sense is not required for RHI. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the cause of the decreased illusion with the self-produced tactile stimulation.

著者

熊田 孝恒 口ノ町 康夫 斎田 真也

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.75-85, 1996-03-31 (Released:2016-11-15)

被引用文献数

3

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the properties of functional visual fields in visual search processing. Subject's task was to search a target among distractors while EOG was recorded. The target was defined by the difference of the orientation of line segments. The eccentricity of the target was an independent variable and RT and the number of saccades during the stimulus presentation were dependent variables. Although the mean RT and the number of saccades increased as a function of the eccentricity, the increment of RT was not linear. The area in which subjects could find a target within one saccade corresponded the changing point of increment of the RT function. The area was thought as the preattentive sampling areas for the goal of a saccade. The RT increased as a function of eccentricity even when no saccade was observed. The results were discussed in terms of the recent theory of visual search and visual attention.

著者

大串 健吾

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.2, pp.206, 2000-03-31 (Released:2016-11-17)