著者

金田 みずき 苧阪 直行

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.20-29, 2004-09-30 (Released:2016-11-22)

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This study investigated the role of the central executive in the use of long-term memory, and in particular examined semantically encoding verbal stimuli using long-term information. A dual-task method was adopted. The primary task was an immediate serial recall which used two types of verbal stimuli, nonwords and words. It has been reported that the recall of words is better than the recall of nonwords because nonwords contain a phonological code without any semantic information, whereas words involve both types of information. The main analysis compared the performance of the recall of nonwords and words when secondary tasks were performed simultaneously. The secondary tasks were articulatory suppression and verification of simple arithmetic that imposed a burden on the phonological loop and central executive, respectively. The recall performance of the nonwords was disrupted by the same amount by each of the secondary tasks. However, the recall performance of the words was effected more when an arithmetic task was performed. These results confirmed the assumption that the central executive plays an important role in semantically encoding verbal information.

著者

遠座 奈々子 中島 定彦

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.243-252, 2018

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<p>Exposure is a well-known efficient therapeutic technique for anxiety disorders or irrational fear. The present article reviews the behavioral mechanisms of fear reduction in exposure-based therapies including simple exposure and systematic desensitization. The traditional and current theories of associative learning of Pavlovian conditioning, extinction, and response reemergence are applicable to acquisition, treatment, and relapse of fear. Despite recent transactions between basic animal research and human clinical studies on simple exposure therapy, little attention is paid to the counterconditioning process in systematic desensitization. By focusing on theoretical and experimental studies with animals and their implications for clinical settings, we propose further collaboration between basic and clinical studies.</p>

著者

黒木 大一朗

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.2, pp.250-257, 2020-03-31 (Released:2020-06-09)

参考文献数

26

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Recently Web-based/online psychological studies have been reported, in which web browsers familiarized by participants such as Microsoft Edge, Apple Safari, and Google Chrome are used for presenting stimuli and recording responses. The present article summarizes advantages and disadvantages of conducting Web-based experiments, and provide brief explanations of the knowledge required to create the programs. Technically speaking, it is better to know HTML, CSS, JavaScript (frameworks), and web servers. Web-based studies will be conducted more broadly in psychology because researchers can recruit more efficiently large and diverse samples from crowdsourcing marketplaces than from traditional participant pools.

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.188-215, 2017-03-31 (Released:2017-06-07)

著者

望月 登志子

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.2, pp.53-70, 1989-03-31 (Released:2016-11-11)

被引用文献数

1

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In order to clarify the characteristics of perception of visual space in the early or congenitally blind who have just gained sight after surgery, a series of experiments covering a period of over 10 years were conducted. Subject KT in this paper, who lost her sight binocularly due to congenital cataract, received the operation on her left eye at the age of 15. The following results were obtained: (1) The perceived size of an object placed at various distances on a table decreases when the physical distance exceeds 20cm approximately. The ratio of perceived sizes to physical distances demonstrates that the size constancy is not so high as that of the normally sighted adult. (2) Color perception was slightly easier than that of shape, but it became difficult when the observation distance (D) extended 60cm and when the size of color paper was small. (3) Identification of the shape of a figure was difficult when the figure was presented at D>35cm. At a near distance she could scan the shape as a whole, but at a far distance, KT had to employ the strategy of partial scanning.

著者

桐田 隆博

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.207-212, 2005-03-31 (Released:2016-11-22)

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The social functions of laughter have been often mentioned but rarely studied in the field of psychology. This paper briefly shows the results of two studies in which we addressed the question as to when and why people laugh, and inferred some functions of laughter in conversation. In the first study, using diary method, we investigated some aspects of laughter in daily life. It was found that the diarists laughted most in social interactions, especially in conversation. Furthemore the results showed that although they were not often conscious about the reasons why they laughted, the recorded numbers of laugh episodes were positively correlated to the "other-directedness" and "acting" factors of the subjects. In the second study, we examined the laughter in an interview setting, especially focusing on the phenomenon that people phrase raughingly, i.e., laugh-speak. The conversations of the interviewer and the subjects were videotaped, and they were precisely transcribed using conversation analysis notations. On the basis of these transcripts, laughing events were identified and analyzed. The results indicated that the mean rates of laugh-speak to total laughs in the subjects should reach 50%. Some functions of laugh-speak, such as qualifier, were inferred from the contexts of conversation.

著者

立花 恵理 山本 彩 御領 謙

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.2, pp.227, 2012-03-31 (Released:2016-12-01)

著者

岡部 望 吉村 浩一

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.83-88, 2007

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For decades, the first author has engaged in making commercial films including animations and has obtained several rules of thumb concerning how to animate the characters smoothly and effectively. In Section One, it is pointed out that CRT and liquid crystal screens may produce different appearance for same source images. In Section Two, the function of animation's Obake, an ambiguous figure briefly inserted between two postures of an animation character, is examined. Japanese animations, especially TV anime, often contain one and two koma shoots. The rule and the reason for the proper use of the combination are introduced in Section Three. In Section Four, the problem of strobing, jerkiness in what should be a smooth movement of an image on a display, is pointed out. In Section Five, the authors emphasize the importance of taking the nature of audiences' minds into account when making animations. In Section Six, it is pointed out that the precise lip-synchronization would be unnecessary for the effective appearance in Japanese animations.

著者

菅原 通代 片平 健太郎

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.1, pp.48-55, 2019-09-30 (Released:2019-12-10)

参考文献数

18

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Reinforcement learning models, which update the value related to a specific behaviour according to a reward prediction error, have been used to model the choice behaviour in organisms. Recently, the magnitude of the learning rate has been reported to be biased depending on the sign of the reward prediction error. A previous study concluded that these asymmetric learning rates reflect positivity and confirmation biases. However, another study reported that the tendency to repeat the same choice (perseverance) leads to pseudo asymmetric learning rates. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify whether asymmetric learning rates are the result of cognitive bias or perseverance by reanalysing the open data that the previous study obtained from two different types of learning tasks. To accomplish this, we evaluated multiple reinforcement learning models, including asymmetric learning rate models, perseverance models and hybrid models. The results showed that the choice data associated with positivity bias were also explained by the perseverance model with symmetric learning rates. Meanwhile, the data associated with confirmation bias were not explained by the perseverance model. These results suggest the possibility that either cognitive bias or perseverance could explain asymmetric learning rates depending on the contextual information of learning task.

著者

井関 龍太

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.180-187, 2019-03-31 (Released:2019-05-18)

参考文献数

19

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Although sample-size planning is important for research integrity and useful for designing experiments, it appears to be not yet fully spread in cognitive psychology. The present study examined descriptions for sample-size planning in papers that published in Psychonomic Bulletin & Review and Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Although some researches determined their sample size without referring to statistical power analysis, they derived the size based on prior research. Not a few researches reported results of power analysis without describing exact values of power and effect sizes and types of targeted effects. To communicate findings more correctly, it should be included descriptions specifying targeted sample sizes and their basis that enables readers to calculate the values irrespective of statistical methods or not. Finally, I discussed the risk of over-emphasizing prior power analysis in peer review.

著者

長谷川 寿一

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.46-48, 1996-09-30 (Released:2016-11-16)

著者

大森 貴秀 原田 隆史 坂上 貴之 白鳥 和人

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.2, pp.204, 2012-03-31 (Released:2016-12-01)

著者

吉本 早苗 竹内 龍人

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.19-27, 2014-09-30 (Released:2014-11-26)

参考文献数

38

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It is known that the perceived direction of a directionally ambiguous test stimulus is influenced by the moving direction of a preceding priming stimulus. To examine the spatial property of motion priming, we manipulated the spatial distance between the priming and test stimuli. Subjects judged the perceived direction of 180-deg phaseshifted sine-wave gratings (test stimulus) displayed immediately after the offset of a priming stimulus. We found that a brief priming stimulus induced negative motion priming when it was spatially distant from the test stimulus. We also found that positive motion priming was observed when both priming stimulus and test stimulus were presented at the peripheral retina. Negative motion priming was observed regardless of the position of the stimuli when the duration of the priming stimulus was longer. We conclude that the effect of spatial distance on the visual motion priming could be explained by the activation of a center-surround antagonistic motion detecting mechanism when a brief priming stimulus was used.

著者

大山 正

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.2, pp.147-157, 2002-03-31 (Released:2016-11-18)

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First, eight quantitative experiments conducted by the present author and his collaborators on Gestalt factors are reviewed. These are concerned with perceptual grouping in simultaneous, successive and moving patterns, as well as perceptual transparency, pattern masking, apparent motion, and span of attention (Figures 1〜9). For example, factor of proximity is compared with factor of similarities in color, lightness, size and form, varying separation between stimulus objects in bi-stable situations (Figures1 and 6) The matched separations are used as the measures of similarities and compared between different stimulus dimensions. Factors of common fate and symmetry are also examined, using moving dots (Figure5). Secondly, the functions and functioning levels of these Gestalt factors and the law of minimal changes are discussed in relation to perceptual information-processing.

著者

佐藤 方哉

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.2, pp.191-192, 2006-03-31 (Released:2016-11-25)

著者

松井 孝雄 水野 りか

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.2, pp.198-201, 2013-03-30 (Released:2016-12-01)

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In undergraduate psychology education, the course credit system is a useful way of improving student activities and offering subject pool. In this paper, we report the course credit system in Chubu University and evaluate it in terms of educational effect and student satisfaction.

著者

山口 由衣 椎名 健

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.2, pp.226, 2004-03-31 (Released:2016-11-18)

著者

小川 時洋

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.31-35, 2002-09-30 (Released:2016-11-18)

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This study investigated the nature of visual orienting triggered by gaze perception using the spatial cuing procedure in research of spatial attention. A schematic face looking left or right was used as cuing stimuli to induce visual orienting. Pupils of the face were removed except at cuing. Participants were asked to locate the target appeared left or right of the face. Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between a cue and the target was also manipulated. For the relatively short SOAs (100 ms, 300 ms), the response time to the target was faster when the direction of the gaze was consistent with that of the target than when it was not. For the long SOAs (700 ms, 1000 ms), on the other hand, a small but significant amount of inhibition of return (i. e., a slowing response toward the gaze-congruent target) was observed. Some theoretical implications for the nature of gaze perception and spatial attention were discussed.

著者

中 響子 米満 文哉 山田 祐樹

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.50-55, 2017

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<p>Facial attractiveness is influenced by various personal and environmental factors. The present study investigated whether the gender environment surrounding observers affected facial attractiveness judgments. Students at single-gender (58 females) and mixed-gender (59 males and 46 females) universities participated in the experiment. Each of 15 male or female faces was morphed, respectively, with a female or male averaged face derived from the other 14 female and male faces, resulting in feminized and masculinized faces. Observers were simultaneously presented with one masculinized and one feminized morphed face and asked to judge which was more attractive. The results showed that students at a women's university judged feminized male faces as significantly more attractive than did students in a coeducational university. The present findings suggest that adaptation to female faces in a single-gender environment increases the processing fluency of female faces, therefore inducing higher preference.</p>

著者

池田 新介

出版者

日本基礎心理学会

雑誌

基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.156-159, 2009-09-30 (Released:2016-12-01)

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Based on Ikeda et al. (2009), I discuss whether interpersonal differences in body mass are related to those in time discounting and its anomalies reported in behavioral economics. The effects of time discounting on body mass index (BMI) and the probabilities of being obese, severely obese, and underweight are detected by incorporating three properties regarding time discounting: (1) impatience, measured by the level of the respondents' discount rates; (2) hyperbolic discounting, where discount rates for the discounting of immediate future choices are higher than those for distant future choices; and (3) sign effects, wherein future negative payoffs are discounted at a lower rate than are future positive payoffs. The results imply that body mass is determined as an outcome of intertemporal decision makings, so that it can be affected by controlling in the intertemporal structure of medical care costs and the price of a calorie.