著者

神山 和好

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.2, pp.2_75-2_87, 2009 (Released:2010-02-15)

参考文献数

24

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According to contextualism, the content of the predicate ‘know’ changes with the context of utterance, in other words, the truth conditions of knowledge attributions depend on the attributor's context. Invariantists object it and argue that the assertability conditions of knowledge attributions, but not the truth conditions, depend on the attributor's context. Keith DeRose has recently proposed a new argument against such an invariantist response. His argument uses the knowledge account of assertion and the context sensitivity of assertion. I argue that DeRose's argument fails to rule out invariantism so that invariantism is still an important option for us.

著者

榊原 英輔

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.1, pp.1_1-1_14, 2010 (Released:2010-09-26)

参考文献数

12

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D.Davidson argued that shared conventions learned in advance are not essential for the success of communication. In this paper, holding the validity of his contention in suspense, I argue that linguistic conventions play essential roles when communication fails. In everyday communication, when discrepancies are detected between what the speaker intended to inform the hearer and what the hearer actually understood, it becomes necessary to determine whether the speaker or the hearer caused the communication failure. For in everyday communication, the hearer often changes her position based on her misunderstanding about the intention of the speaker, and it is sometimes too late when the hearer realizes the speaker's true intention. In such cases, it is necessary to determine who is responsible for the hearer's loss. What the speaker said, which is determined by linguistic conventions, arbitrates the conflict between them. From the fact that shared conventions mainly relate to the evaluation aspect of communication, it follows that the speaker and the hearer need not learn shared linguistic conventions in advance of the conversation, and have only to learn them later, when failures are detected among past communication.

著者

荒磯 敏文

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.1, pp.1_65-1_81, 2009 (Released:2009-09-30)

参考文献数

16

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In this paper, I try to characterize reference and introduction as two distinct modes of making de re statements. Roughly speaking, introduction differs from reference in that an introducing utterance makes its hearer to get to know some new particular. In cases of discourse anaphora whose antecedents are indefinite descriptions, pronouns seem to have a characteristic feature, which I shall call “inheritance requirement,” that they must be interpreted as bearing, if any, the same particulars introduced by their antecedents. And I give a brief remark on how this feature relates to two semantics purposed to handle discourse anaphora, namely Discourse Representation Theory and E-type Pronoun Theory.

著者

森元 良太

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.1, pp.1_83-1_96, 2009 (Released:2009-09-30)

参考文献数

22

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Probability concepts are an integral part of modern evolutionary theory. This raises a philosophical question. Which interpretation of probability is appropriate for evolutionary theory? Alex Rosenberg argues from the Laplacian worldview that the probabilities used in evolutionary theory shouldn't be interpreted realistically because they only reflect our ignorance of details. This paper gives a critical appraisal of his arguments. I show that the probabilities reflect not merely our ignorance but some aspects of reality. I also show that in evolutionary theory we may update the probabilities rationally depending on what we know. Then I suggest an alternative interpretation, which is the Bayesian interpretation.

著者

塩野 直之

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.2_1-2_16, 2008 (Released:2009-08-31)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1

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In “Free Agency,” Gary Watson distinguished two aspects of wanting something, namely, to evaluate it as good, and to be motivated to pursue it. In the same paper, he also paid attention to the distinction between satisfying a desire and getting rid of a desire. In the introductory part of this essay, I will present a characterization of the phenomenon of weakness of will that depends on the distinction between evaluation and motivation. In the main part, I will examine the role that the distinction between satisfying a desire and getting rid of it can play in circumstances where an agent exercises techniques of self-control in order to avoid succumbing to weak-willed action. The aim of this essay is to show that the evaluational judgment of an agent can be efficacious in important ways in leading the agent to action.

著者

浅野 光紀

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.2_17-2_29, 2008 (Released:2009-08-31)

参考文献数

14

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Socratic Skepticism of akrasia denies the existence of free and intentional action contrary to one's best judgment. The rationalistic assumption behind this idea is that we can reinterpret the central cases of akrasia as preceded by the preference reversal, or the change of best judgment which is caused by the temporal or physical proximity of the rewards, i.e., the immediate pleasure. I will show that the skeptic substitute for akrasia has exactly the same structure as what Pears calls “self-deceptive akrasia” and examine the scope of this approach to cover all the cases of akrasia, with a view to confirming the ontological possibility of genuine cases.

著者

柏端 達也

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.2_45-2_58, 2008 (Released:2009-08-31)

参考文献数

23

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We, as deliberating agents, are temporal beings and can face the general problem of maintaining diachronic rationality. However, this problem has various aspects, and “akrasia” can be understood as one of them. In this paper, I define akrasia as acting against one's higher-order judgment, which includes the consideration of future alternatives. Indeed, there are objections to this type of definition of akrasia that involves higher-order attitudes. Some philosophers have concluded that akrasia is not necessarily hierarchical. However, contrary to this belief, I defend the hierarchical character of the concept of akrasia by appealing to a constructivistic and functionalistic characterization of a higher-order definitive evaluation or judgment. Moreover, I distinguish akrasia from other types of phenomena that share common elements with it, although they are not hierarchical. The view that the higher-orderness (i.e. the hierarchy) of attitudes is essential to the concept of akrasia is, if my argument is correct, more tenable than some philosophers have considered it to be.

著者

山田 友幸

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.2_59-2_73, 2008 (Released:2009-08-31)

参考文献数

19

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Inspired by the recent development of dynamic epistemic logics, an investigation into logical dynamics of speech acts has been launched and a few logics have already been developed. We will review closely logics that deal with acts of commanding and promising, and show how they can capture the conventional effects of these illocutionary acts. We will also take a quick look at other logics that deal with perlocutionary acts of preference upgrading, and illocutionary acts of asserting, conceding, and withdrawing, and then conclude with a brief discussion of remaining problems and prospects for further research.

著者

村瀬 智之

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.2_75-2_87, 2008 (Released:2009-08-31)

参考文献数

10

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In this paper, I claim “Knowing-how is a species of abilities.” This means “Ascription of the determinate knowing-how entails ascription of the determinate abilities.” For the purpose of defending this claim, I show that the case of “pianist without arms” is not counterexample of it. In addition to that, I show benefit of counterfactual analysis by pointing some criterion of determination, ascription of knowing-how. Counterfactual analysis can provide the ways which explain some ordinary intuition about knowing-how ascription.

著者

山本 麻衣子

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.1, pp.1_45-1_57, 2008 (Released:2009-07-31)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

1

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It is known that Aristotle tackled the problems concerning akrasia. But how he solved them has not been made clear. I propose an interpretation of his idea.    Aristotle presents two types of arguments. One is the 'grammatical' argument, where he shows that in some sense of 'know', acting against one's knowledge is possible. The other is the 'factual' argument, where he shows that an akrates does not need to have inconsistent judgments.    Some scholars say that Aristotle does not refute Socrates' thesis that akrasia is impossible. But I argue that they are wrong, and that Aristotle succeeds in solving the problems concerning akrasia.

著者

古田 智久

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.1, pp.1_95-1_119, 2008 (Released:2009-07-31)

参考文献数

8

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In this review, I review both volumes II and III of Takashi Iida's Book: Gengo-Tetsugaku Taizen, and examine two arguments proposed in vol. II. One is concerning criticism against conventionalist's explanation of truths of logic which was approached by Quine. I think that truths of logic should be comprehended in Quine's holistic view of knowledge. The other is concerning criticism against Quine's holism which was suggested by C. Wright. I hold that the statement W:θ |- L I → P which Wright proposed can be also abandoned together with theory θ to which W relates if the θ is abandoned.

著者

四津 雅英

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.1, pp.67-79, 2007-07-30 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

17

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It is common in any natural language for more than one thing to have phonologically or orthographically the same proper name. There are two different views on this. According to one, in such a case there are distinct names which have the same pronunciation or spelling. According to the other, in such a case there is only one name and its referent can vary from context to context. It seems that when you discuss the latter view (the ambiguity view of proper names), you need to take the ontological problems of words into account.

著者

高村 夏輝

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.1, pp.81-93, 2007-07-30 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

17

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Representative theory of perception has used the analogy of watching television screens to explain the perception of material objects. To this analogy, there has been a wellknown objection. Contemporary representative theorists, called "New representationalism", claim to have a way out of the objection, and I shall argue that their argument is well-grounded. Seeing things through television screens can be direct perception of those things. Unfortunately, however, this argument has its own drawback, and one of the essential ideas of representative theory would have to be compromised, i.e. that the subject cannot be aware of sensedata.

著者

前田 高弘

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.2, pp.41-56, 2007-12-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1

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In this paper, I investigate the role of properties for perceptual experience via a critical examination of the view that perceptual experience has properties as its primary objects and also has those properties as the determiner of its phenomenal character. The view in question can take two forms according to whether properties are construed as universals or as tropes. So I divide the view into two types and show that each of them has its own problems. In conclusion I propose an alternative view concerning the role of properties for perceptual experience.

著者

藤川 直也

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.2, pp.57-70, 2007-12-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

10

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Evans' theory of proper names has paradoxical consequence; some of those who can perfectly use a proper name to refer to its referent cannot properly understand statements containing that name. In this paper, I try to avoid this counter-intuitive consequence by taking into account to what Evans fails to appreciate, i.e., contributions of social character of proper names to entertaining thought about their referents - we can use a proper name as a tool for discriminating an object. I also illustrate a type of thought component, 'proper name concept', as I call it, that Evans didn't consider of. The proper name concept is objectfile that contains 'descriptions' or 'information' of referent and is connected to the referent by social convention rather than description.

著者

福井 謙一

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.2, pp.71-84, 2006-12-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

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As was noted by Frege, the criteria of identity for abstract objects of certain sorts can be formulated in the following form: f(x) = f(y) iffφ(x, y). I argue that the criterion of identity for persons can be formulated in the same form, and that reference to persons hinges on a conceptual operation analogous to the characterization of a function f by the formulation of such a criterion. This account suggests that a certain puzzle about personal identity over time has no determinate answer, owing to the semantic indeterminacy in the singular terms in terms of which the puzzle is posed. I present a semantic solution to the puzzle along these lines, within the framework of supervaluation semantics.

著者

小草 泰

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.2, pp.85-100, 2006-12-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

7

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This paper deals with Evans' view on demonstrative thoughts, i.e., thoughts typically expressed using demonstratives such as 'this' or 'that.' As is well known, Evans defends against (so-called) the Direct Reference Theory the claim that singular terms have Fregean Senses, while contending that demonstrative thoughts (expressed using these terms) are object-dependent. Criticisms have been given to this two-sided contention of Evans', but they have not paid due attention to his subtle and detailed theory of demonstrative identification. In this paper I examine, through scrutinizing this theory of demonstrative identification, whether Evans' defense of his two-sided contention above is successful or not. I will conclude by arguing that it is not successful at least in establishing the object-dependency of demonstrative thoughts.

著者

松本 俊吉

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.1, pp.1-13, 2007-07-30 (Released:2009-05-29)

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In order to contextualize the subjects the contributors discussed in the workshop by giving them some backgrounds, first (§1) I will relate how the relationship between biology and physics has been dealt with in the philosophy of biology so far, intending to make a connection with Mr. Morimoto's argument. Then (§2) I will provide some historical background on how such concepts considerably, if not exclusively, distinctive of biology as 'function', 'purpose', or 'design' have been the targets for philosophical considerations so far, building a connection to Mr. Otsuka's argument. Finally (§3) I will present my little analysis of the problem of the scientific status of some 'historical sciences' Mr. Minaka is concerned with from a somewhat different angle from his.

著者

水本 正晴

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.1, pp.79-95, 2006-06-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

16

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In this review I comment on the papers in Shiriizu Kokoro No Tetsuhaku, or Philosophy of Mind Series (2004), edited by Y. Nobuhara. This series consists of three volumes, Human Part (vol. 1), Robot Part (vol. 2), and Translation Part (vol. 3). I shall comment on each paper in the first two volumes, since the last one consists of translations of classic papers of philosophy of mind in English-speaking countries.

著者

田中 裕

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.2, pp.17-31, 2006-12-25 (Released:2009-05-29)

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Whereas Einstein's theory claims that non-Euclidean geometry should hold in the presence of a strong gravitational field, "the bending of a light path" is meaningful only when we presuppose the classical Euclidean space. This situation shows that there is a kind of measurement problem of general relativity. The present author discusses this problem and underscores the point that the revolutionary character of general relativity consists in its prediction of some phenomena which can be observed but cannot be explained without ad hoc hypothesis in terms of classical standpoints concerning space-time. Furthermore, the present author analyses the concept of 4-dimensional neighborhood of relativity physics. We must drastically change the classical concept of neighborhood of space and time. The objectively valid definition of the neighbourhood of an event is the 4-dimensional space-time region of |ds|<ε, and neither of |dt|<ε nor of |dl|<ε. The so-called light cone (|ds|=0) acquires an intuitive meaning of the realm of presentational immediacy as a three dimensional space with a temporal depth.