著者

佐藤 博明 嶋野 岳人 石橋 秀巳

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.2, pp.257-263, 2015-06-30 (Released:2017-03-20)

著者

浜口 博之 Mahinda KASEREKA Mifundu WAFULA

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.1, pp.191-193, 2003-03-18 (Released:2017-03-20)

参考文献数

4

著者

中田 節也 鎌田 浩毅

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山.第2集 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.4, pp.273-289, 1988

被引用文献数

8

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Volcanism and deposition of volcaniclastic materials within a graben in the Shimabara area, western Kyushu, started in early Pliocene and have continued up to the present. The volcanic products comprise alkalic to high-alkali tholeiitic basalts in addition to calc-alkalic andesites. The basalts are of a member of magmas erupted extensively in NW Kyushu from late Miocene to Recent. Their incompatible-element patterns in spider gram, in which the abundances of Rb, Ba, K, Nb, Zr and Y are normalized to those of MORB, are uniform independently of their eruption-ages, and show positive Ba and Nb anomalies strongly indicative of the marked affinity with ocean-island basalts. These patterns are clearly different from those of island-arc basalts which have negative Nb anomaly, as represented by the Quaternary high-alumina basalts in central Kyushu, and from those of back-arc basin basalts usually showing the same anomaly. It is concluded that basaltic magmas in NW Kyushu were derived from partial melt of fertile mantle with high Nb/Zr. Most of the andesites in the Shimabara area have phenocryst assemblages showing co-existence of magmas with different compositions. This fact and the spidergram pattern without Nb anomaly of the andesites lead us to a magmatic model; the andesite magma originated from mixing of positive-Nb-anomaly basaltic melt with negative-Nb-anomaly acidic partial melt of lower-crust materials which were presumably heated by the former melt. The graben in the Shimabara area seems to have developed in southern periphery of the region under which fertile mantle materials have been rising up from the depth and the subducted oceanic slab has not reached, like the "hot region".

著者

綿貫 陽子 鎌田 浩毅 味喜 大介 石原 和弘

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.6, pp.513-518, 2003

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

1

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During the Taisho Eruption (1914-1915) of Sakurajima Volcano, the Secondary Lava Flows drained out from the front of the primary lava flows after a certain pause from their settlement. We investigate distribution, timing and conditions of the effusion of the Secondary Lava Flows which have not been clarified yet. We define the features of the Secondary Lava Flows by means of geomorphological interpretation using aerial photographs and field survey. More than 200 landscape photographs, which were taken at the time of the Taisho Eruption, indicate that the earliest Secondary Lava Flows effused on 14 February 1914; this date was several months earlier than those previously considered. The effusing of the Secondary Lava Flows did not occur as a single event but as several events in different areas. Based on volumetric estimation of the individual Secondary Lava Flows, the volume of the Secondary Lava Flows tend to have increased as time passed after the eruption. The Secondary Lava Flows effused from the underlying tip of river valleys.

著者

鎌田 浩毅 三村 弘二

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山.第2集 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.4, pp.281-292, 1981

被引用文献数

2

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Kuju Volcano (1, 786m high) consists of dacitic lava domes and the associated non-welded pyroclastic flow deposits, Handa pyroclastic flow deposits, covering 60 km² area (Fig.2). The original vents of the pyroclastic flow deposits, whose age is estimated to be 0.04 Ma, have not been located. The volume is about 2km³. They contain pumice and accessory lithic fragments and very seldom show welding. At the upper and the basal parts of one flow unit, imbrications of pumice and lithic fragments are well developed with 10°-20°dip against the flow unit boundary (Figs. 4, 5). This dip (Table 1) is apparently not as steep as that of the other pyroclastic flow deposits. Imbrications are clearly observed at 6-12km from the center of the lava domes, while the distribution of the pyroclastic flow deposits covers 4-13km from the center (Fig. 7). The pyroclastic flows ran down 1000m in a vertical distance. The method of determining the flow direction by imbrication is very simple as shown in Fig. 6. Imbrication is most visible from the direction (a) perpendicular to the flow direction on the surface of each outcrop. The flow direction (f) is determined by the bisector (f') of the error angle 2θ formed by the two directions (b, c), between which imbrication is not observed. Data are classified into 3 ranks by the error angle θ as shown in Table 1. The flow directions at 52 outcrops (Table 2) are shown by classified arrows in Fig. 7. The estimated flow-direction patterns are largely divided into the north-flank flows and the south-flank flows (Fig. 7). The north-flank pyroclastic flow deposits flowed along the 2 km-wide major valley on ca 2°slope shown in K-L profile in Figs. 8, 10. Then it diverged to the west at the outlet of the valley, and finally collected in a small basin in the west. Such flow directions suggest that the flow was not derived from the adjacent domes D, E, F in Fig. 7. On the south flank, a fan-shaped pattern of the flow direction is generally observed. But the flows toward Aso volcano are sharply separated into two flows at the boundary between Kuju and Aso ("col" in Figs 7, 9). This is because the flow had not enough power to rush up the very gentle slope of Aso volcano. The evidence shows that the southward flow gradually bent 120°, and it rapidly went down eastward on the south flank. At Takenohata (n. in Fig. 7) this eastward flow crossed the southward flow. At this cross point, lower outcrops show eastward flow (A-B profile in Fig. 8), and higher ones show southward flow (C-D profile) as shown in Fig. 11. This means that after the eastward flow filled the old valley extending in east-west direction, the later pyroclastics flowed southward over the older deposits forming a fan-shaped deposit. Data clearly suggest that the vent for the pyroclastics is located within the circle around A, B, C lava domes, and not in the other domes. The flow directions indicated by imbrications agree with the distribution of the pyroclastic flow deposits. Pyroclastic flows follow the previous topographic relief such as valley, fan, and col. Kuju Volcano may not have emitted the flooded sheet-flows in all directions, but have emitted the tongue-shaped flows intermittently to different directions.

著者

前嶋 美紀 早川 由紀夫 田中 千尋 村井 佳彦

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.5, pp.411-416, 2005

参考文献数

4

被引用文献数

2

著者

宮城 磯治 圦本 尚義

出版者

The Volcanological Society of Japan

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.5, pp.349-355, 1995-10-31 (Released:2017-03-20)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

4

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日本を含む島弧の火山では,しばしば爆発的な噴火が見られる.マグマ中の揮発性成分(主に水)の飽和・発泡・膨張にともなうマグマの急激な放出が,それらの要因である.火山噴火の理解の為には,マグマ含水量,マグマヘの水の溶解度,そして噴火時の脱水過程を理解する必要がある.しかし,噴出時の脱水のため,噴出前の含水量を火山岩から読みとることはきわめて困難である.これまでのところ,斑晶中のガラス包有物の含水量を分析することが,マグマ含水量を見積もるための最も有効な手段であると考えられる.ただし,斑晶中のガラス包有物の大きさは通常直径100μm以下であるため,微小領域の正確な含水量測定法が必要である.そこで本研究では,二次イオン質量分析計を用いた含水量分析の手法を開発した.これまでの研究により,ガラスの組成が異なると水素の二次イオン生成率も変化することが知られており,この手法の問題点であった.しかし本研究では,ガラスのシリカ濃度を用いてその生成率が補正できることを示し,この問題点を克服した.これにより玄武岩質〜流紋岩質ガラスの微小部分(半径約5μm)の含水量を正確(約±0.5wt.%)に分析する手法が確立された.この手法の応用として姶良カルデラの約2万2千年前の噴出物から取り出した斑晶メルト包有物の分析を行ったところ,5~7wt.%の含水量が示された.これはAramaki(1971)の水熱合成実験により得られている水分圧と水の溶解度から推定される含水量と良く一致する.

著者

山科 健一郎

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.5, pp.385-401, 1998-10-30 (Released:2017-03-20)

参考文献数

69

被引用文献数

2

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Various suggestive documents and associated sketehes are collected for understanding the pre-eruptive and the earliest stages of the 1914 great eruption of Sakurajima volcano, southwestern Japan, in Taisho era. Based on these records, the premonitory process to the eruption was reviewed especially with respect to the occurrence of many earthquakes which resulted in repeated rock falls with dust clouds, unusual upwelling of water and hot spring, and emission of volcanic smoke in the morning of January 12. Although there are many descriptions on the beginning of the remarkable eruption, they are sometimes inconsistent with each other. In the present paper, it is proposed that the valcano started to erupt around 09 : 58 on January 12 (Japanese Standard Time) at 200 m in height in the western slope of the mountain. In several minutes, a line of craterlets was formed between 200-500 m in height in the WNW-ESE direction. The development of a subsurface fissure in this direction resulted in another outbreak in the southeastern slope probably around 10 : 05. For the better understanding of this important eruptive event, discoveries of additional references are still desired.

著者

長宗 留男 横山 博文 福留 篤男

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.1-8, 1992-04-01 (Released:2017-03-20)

参考文献数

16

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Earthquake swarms which have frequently occurred off the east coast of the Izu Peninsula since 1978 are investigated, and the relationships between the swarms and the submarine volcanic eruption at Teisi Knoll in 1989 are discussed. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Shapes of epicentral areas of the earthquake swarms can be classified into the following two types, Type I and Type II. The former is an ellipse elongated NE-SW; the latler, an eilipse elongated approximately NW-SE. The swarms in the early years are of Type I, and those in the later stage (in particular, since 1984), for the most part, are of Type II.2) The largest earthquakes in the respective swarms for Type I are located along a straight line in the NE-SW direction, and those for Type II, along a curve line in the E-W to NW-SE directions. These two lines are probably indicative of active tectonic lines. 3) The epicentral areas for Type I and Type II, migrate periodically with a recurrece time of 6-7 years along the tectonic line in the NE-SW direction, and with a recurrence time of about 3.7 years along the tectonic line in the E-W to NW-SE directions, respectively. 4) Teisi Knoll where the submarine volcanic eruption took place on July 13, 1989, is situated in the northwestern part of the tectonic line trending E-W to NW-SE. The eruption was triggerd by the largest shock in the swarm which occurred around the northwestern end of the line.

著者

井村 隆介

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.5, pp.419-421, 1998-10-30 (Released:2017-03-20)

参考文献数

5

被引用文献数

1

著者

小屋口 剛博

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, pp.S151-S166, 2005

被引用文献数

1

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About thirty years ago Walker (1973) proposed a diagram to classify explosive volcanic eruptions producing pyroclastic falls on the basis of extensive field data. This diagram has provided us a framework to quantitatively describe explosive eruptions in terms of the characteristics of fall deposits and has also motivated us to develop theoretical models of explosive eruptions. Some of the universal relationships observed in this diagram, such as the positive correlation between the degree of tephra dispersal and the degree of magma fragmentation from sub-plinian to ultra-plinian eruptions may be useful as criteria to verify existing theoretical models. Recent progress in theoretical models of eruption columns, conduit flow, bubble nucleation and growth and magma fragmentation is reviewed from the viewpoint how these models are verified by field data of pyroclastic fall deposits.

著者

鈴木 雄治郎

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.2, pp.385-397, 2016-06-30 (Released:2016-09-12)

参考文献数

60

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The dimensions of volcanic plumes (i.e., heights and spreading area) are the key observable data to estimate the intensity of eruptions, and they are commonly used as an initial input for the calculation of tephra dispersal models. The relationship between these observed data and the eruption conditions such as mass eruption rate in the various atmospheric conditions has been investigated by analytical methods, simple numerical models, and large numerical simulations. In this paper, we have overviewed the recent progress of these numerical models. The latest three-dimensional fluid-dynamics model of eruption clouds has been tested from a viewpoint of comparison with the observed data of the Pinatubo 1991 eruption, the Shinmoe-dake 2011 eruption, and the Kelud 2014 eruption. To develop an operational model of eruption clouds, the effective values of the empirical constants used in the simple numerical models are estimated on the basis of the simulation results of the three-dimensional model. We propose the diagrams to quickly estimate the plume height when the eruption and atmospheric conditions (e.g., mass eruption rate and wind velocity) are given.

著者

中田 節也 田中 雅人

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.113-121, 1991

被引用文献数

4

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Unzen Volcano, Kyushu, Japan, has grown since about 0.5 Ma in a graben where N-S tensile stress is dominant. It contains three volcanic cones with individual life times of 10⁵y. Historical eruptions occurred at intervals of several hundred years. The products with the total volume of 103 km³ are composed mainly of thick lava flows/domes of hornblende biotite dacite and their collapsed deposits. Seismological data indicated relatively low-density materials at 8 to 18 km depth under the youngest volcanic cone, although there is no direct evidence showing a large magma chamber. A focal solution for an earthquake suggested that a vertical, open crack formed in an EW direction at about 10 km depth, implying magma intrusion. These facts give an idea that multiple, small, vertically standing magma plates (lenticular batches) oriented in an EW direction have existed beneath Unzen Volcano like dike swarm. The Unzen volcanic rocks show the evidence for mixing of felsic and mafic magmas just before or during eruption. The phenocryst assemblages estimated for mixing-endmember magmas were not uniform among lavas. The bulk compositions of rocks do not show a simple trend of mixing between two endmembers. It is likely that lavas of Unzen Volcano erupted from separate magma batches in that felsic magmas overlay high-alumina basaltic magmas. The felsic magmas may have been produced both by partial melting of crustal materials and by fractional crystallization of the mafic magmas. As a mass of magma in a small, separate lenticular batch can cool easily in the uppermost crust, the life time of each magma batch may have been as short as several hundred years. Probably, any large, shallow magma chamber has not formed beneath Unzen Volcano. However, magmas rising from the upper mantle may have been tapped successively in a large, flat chamber between the upper and lower crusts, where they evolved into high-alumina basaltic magma through fractional crystallization, mixing, and contamination processes.

著者

下司 信夫 嶋野 岳人 長井 雅史 中田 節也

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.5, pp.419-434, 2002

参考文献数

36

被引用文献数

6

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Erupted magma of the 2000 eruption of the Miyakejima volcano changed from basaltic andesite to basalt during the caldera formation, from aphyric basaltic andesite with SiO₂=54 wt.% to plagioclase-phyric basalt with SiO₂=51.5 wt.%. Whole-rock compositions of the basaltic andesite of the June and July eruptions are plotted on the extension of the temporal variation of the previous eruptive materials, suggesting that the andesitic magma erupted in June and July eruptions were driven from the magma system worked for the last 500 years. Petrological character of the basalt in the eruptive materials of August, by contrast, is different from the previous lavas of the Miyakejima volcano. This shows that a new basaltic magma ascended to the shallow magma system after the caldera collapse. Identical ratio of the incompatible elements among the eruptive materials of the 2000 eruption and the recent eruptions suggests that they were driven from a common parental magma.

著者

中田 節也

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山.第2集 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.2, pp.95-110, 1986

被引用文献数

6

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Eruptions of lava domes and thick lava-flows of hornblende andesites characterize the Daisen volcanic belt in Kyushu, whereas eruptions of voluminous pyroclastics and thin lava-flows of pyroxene andesites do the Kirishima volcanic belt. The hornblende andesites contain more abundant phenocrysts and have higher Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratios than the pyroxene andesites. Sixty-two samples of rocks from the two volcanic belts were analyzed with X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The hornblende andesites are lower in Fe/Mg, K/Ba and Rb/K ratios, poorer in Zr, Y, Rb and Cu contents, and richer in Nb, Sr and Ba contents than the pyroxene andesites. Along the Daisen volcanic belt, K/Rb and Ba/K ratios, and Sr and Ba contents in rocks increase eastwards. On the other hand, Fe/Mg ratio and Ti, K, P, Nb, Zr, Y, Sr, Rb, Ga and Ba contents in rocks increase northwards along the Kirishima volcanic belt. Although fractionation of hornblende and magnetite from hornblende andesite magma gives a possible explanation to the difference in major-oxide, Y and V compositions, the difference in other trace-element compositions between the hornblende and the pyroxene andesites may reflect differences in source materials. Chemical variations along the Kirishima volcanic belt may have originated either from northward increase in the degree of fractionation at higher pressures or from northward decrease in the degree of partial melting of source materials.

著者

佐々木 龍男 勝井 義雄 熊野 純男

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山. 第2集 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.2, pp.113-116, 1981-07-01

被引用文献数

1

著者

山本 圭吾 園田 忠臣 高山 鐵朗 市川 信夫 大倉 敬宏 吉川 慎 井上 寛之 松島 健 内田 和也 中元 真美

出版者

The Volcanological Society of Japan

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.137-151, 2013-03-29 (Released:2017-03-20)

参考文献数

14

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桜島火山の活動に伴う最近の桜島および姶良カルデラ周辺域における地盤上下変動が,2007年10月-12月,2009年11月,2010年4月および11月と行われた精密水準測量の繰返し観測によって明らかとなった.姶良カルデラ周辺の地盤は,1996年から2010年までの期間において,それ以前の1991年から1996年までの期間に得られていた結果と同様に,カルデラ内部を中心として隆起したことが確認された.球状圧力源(茂木)モデルに基づく解析を行った結果,1996年-2010年の期間において,姶良カルデラ中央部地下の深さ8.8km-10.8kmに増圧源の存在が推定された.この期間,姶良カルデラ地下に推定されるマグマ溜りにおいてマグマの貯留が進行したものと考えられる.2007年-2009年の期間においては,桜島北部地下の深さ4.3kmに増圧源の存在が推定された.このことは,姶良カルデラの深さ10kmから桜島の浅部方向へのマグマの移動が生じた可能性を示唆するが,そのマグマの移動量は小さい.姶良カルデラ地下におけるマグマの貯留は,桜島火山の山頂噴火活動が静穏化した1991年頃から継続している.2009年以降,昭和火口における噴火活動が活発化する傾向にあるが,観測された地盤隆起の継続は,噴火活動が活発化しつつある2010年11月の時点においても姶良カルデラ地下においてマグマの供給量が放出量を上まっていることを示唆している.計算された増圧源において見積もられた容積増加量および観測降下火山灰量に基づき見積もられたマグマの放出量を考慮すると,1991年から2010年までの期間において姶良カルデラの地下に約1.2×108m3のマグマが新たに蓄積されたことが推定される.また,マグマの蓄積に伴う桜島北部付近の2010年11月の時点における地盤隆起量は,1970年代および1980年代の活発な山頂噴火活動が開始した1973年頃の状態を回復し更に隆起が継続した状態となっている.これらの結果は,桜島火山の次の大規模噴火活動についての潜在的なポテンシャルを示唆するものと考えられる.

著者

風間 卓仁

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.3, pp.189-212, 2019-09-30 (Released:2019-10-15)

参考文献数

107

著者

及川 輝樹 八木原 寛 高 美喜男 平野 舟一郎 中野 俊 中尾 茂 小林 哲夫

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.4, pp.563-567, 2013-12-27 (Released:2017-03-20)

著者

和田 恵治 佐野 恭平

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.2, pp.151-158, 2015-06-30 (Released:2017-03-20)

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The Shirataki obsidian-rhyolite field (Shirataki Geopark, Hokkaido) contains many outcrops of densely compact obsidian layers of excellent quality. The Shirataki obsidian lavas (SiO2=76.7-77.4 wt.%) were erupted at ca. 2.2 Ma and formed a monogenetic volcano comprising 10 obsidian-rhyolite lava units. The thickness of the units ranges from 50 to > 150m, and each unit comprises a surface clastic zone, an upper dense obsidian zone, an upper banded obsidian zone, a central thick rhyolite zone, a lower banded obsidian zone, a lower dense obsidian zone, and a lower clastic zone. The dense obsidian is > 98% glass with microlites of mainly magnetite and plagioclase, and rare plagioclase phenocrysts. Obsidian and rhyolite within single lava flows have similar bulk-rock compositions and number density of microlites, although the rhyolite contains glass with perlitic cracks and a large amount of crystalline material (spherulites and lithophysae), while the dense obsidian contains 0.4-0.8 wt.% H2O. These geological and petrological features indicate that the formation of obsidian and rhyolite layers in the lava units was controlled mainly by the timing of the vesiculation and degassing of magmas, in addition to the cooling effect.