著者

上澤 真平

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.6, pp.171-191, 2008-12-29

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On May 24^<th> 1926, the eruption of Tokachidake volcano, in central Hokkaido, efficiently melted the snow pack on the hill slope, triggering the Taisho lahar which killed 144 people in the towns of Kamifurano and Biei. A geological survey and paleomagnetic and granumetric studies were conducted on the northwestern slope of Tokachidake volcano to reconstruct the sequence of the 1926 eruption and decipher the triggering mechanism for the Taisho lahar. The Taisho lahar deposits in the proximal area of the volcano are divided into five distinct units (unit L1, L2, and A through C, from oldest to youngest). Unit L1 is an older lahar deposit that underlies the 1926 deposits. The 1926 sequence consists of debris avalanche deposits (unit A and C), a laminated sandy debris flow deposit (unit B), and a lahar deposit including scoria clasts (unit L2). Each unit contains hydrothermally altered rocks and clay material with more than 5 wt.% fragments smaller than 2mm in diameter. The progressive thermal demagnetization experiments show that the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) of all samples in unit A, B and C have a stable single or multi-component magnetization. The emplacement temperatures are estimated to be normal temperatures to 620℃ for unit A, 300 to 450℃ for unit B, and normal temperature to 500℃ for unit C. On the basis of geological and paleomagnetic data and old documents, a sequence for the eruption and the mechanism of formation and emplacement of the Taisho lahar can be reconstructed. The first eruption at 12: 11 May 24th triggered a small lahar (unit L2). Collapse of central crater at 16:17 May 24th 1926 then resulted in a debris avalanche containing highly altered hydrothermal rocks with hot temperatures ranging from 300 to 620℃ (unit A). The debris avalanche flowed down the slope of the volcano, bulldozing and trapping snow. Immediately following the collapse, a hot (approximately 400℃) hydrothermal surge (unit B) melted snow and transformed into a lahar causing significant damage and deaths in the towns downstream. Just after the generation of the lahar, another collapse occurred at the crater causing another debris avalanche (unit C).

著者

田中 康裕

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.2, pp.109-110, 1999-04-30

著者

大野 希一 国方 まり 鈴木 正章 西村 裕一 長井 大輔 遠藤 邦彦 千葉 達朗 諸星 真帆

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.5, pp.619-643, 2002-11-29

被引用文献数

4

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The volcanic activities of the Usu 2000 eruption were monitored and reported by many scientists and the mass media. Summarizing these observation results, most of relatively large explosion events occurred during March 31 to April 7, 2000. Around the Nishiyama and Kompira crater groups, the pyroclastic deposits with multi units can be divided into 19 layers on the basis of their visible color, grain size and sedimentary structure; from Layer A to Layer S in ascending order. The eruptive dates of each layer inferred from the wind directions, the eruptive sequence, and the distribution of deposits are summarized as follows; the Layer A, characterized as the light gray color ash fall deposit including in some pumice layers, was generated by March 31 phreatomagmatic explosions occurred at Nishiyama crater group. The Layer B, composed poorly sorted breccia and ash layer with gray color, was generated on March 31 p.m. at Nishiyama craters. The Layer C to the Layer G, dark brown-gray aggregate ash, were derived from the volcanic eruptions occurred on April 1 to 2 in Nishiyama and Kompira crater group. The Layer H to Layer M and Layer O, mainly consist with gray and reddish brown aggregate ash including in lithic fragments, were generated during April 3 and 4 in Kompira crater group. The Layer N, which distributes around N19 crater, generated on April 4. The Layer P, massive ash with gray color, was generated on April 6 in Kompira crater group. After April 7, the Layer S, characterized as light brown aggregate ash, has been generated from the recent minor activities around limited craters. The amount of Layer A fallen in the range from the source to Toyako Onsencho Town is estimated at 1.2×10^8 kg, and total amount of Layer A including in the distal area is 2.4×10^8 kg. On the other hand, amount of other deposits generated during April 1 to 6 (e.g. Layer B, N, and Q) is an order of 10^6-10^7 kg. Total amount of the pyroclastic deposits erupted from the Usu 2000 eruption is more than 6.4×10^8 kg.

著者

水田 敏夫 小畑 正明 江上 桂子

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山. 第2集 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.249-262, 1990-07-02

被引用文献数

3

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Morphology, abundance and vertical distribution of vesicles were studied in a thick (40-60 m) andesitic lava flow, that lies in the underground of Kumamoto City. The vesicles are frozen bubbles that were fomed in the molten lavas at the time of its eruption. The lava can be divided into three zones: (1) an upper vesicular zone (2) a middle non-vesicular and compact zone and (3) a lower, thinner vesicular zone. The vesicles in the upper zone are elongated vertically, probably due to bouyancy-driven ascent of the bubbles, and those in the lower zone are flattened and elongated horizontally, that may be ascribed to a viscous shear flow at the bottom of the lava flow. Size distribution of the vesicles typically display nearly the log-normal distribution. Abundance, the mean size and the number density of the vesicles are greater in the upper zone than in the lower zone. Such vesicle distribution pattern is consistent to the hypothesis that the lava originally contained abundant bubbles when it was poured on the ground and then the bubbles started to ascent in the lava. Vesicles in the lower zone were the bubbles trapped by the advancing cooling front from the bottom surface of the lava. Bubbles that have escaped from the cold trap below have been accumulated in the upper zone and have been frozen in the lava upon cooling from the top surface. Mass balance calculation, however, indicates that much of the bubbles that were originally present in the lava, have been escaped through the lava surface. A dynamic cooling model was, therefore, proposed, that is to say, in the presence of surface flow in the lave during its cooling, impermeable lava crusts may not be maimtained so that gas bubbles may leak out of the lava into the air.

著者

山元 孝広

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.4, pp.257-271, 2006-08-31

被引用文献数

3

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The Sashikiji 2 (S_2) Member in the products of Izu-Oshima volcano was formed by an explosive eruption accompanied with caldera depression. This member is characterized by breccia called as a "low-temperature pyroclastic flow deposit". In this paper, the S_2 breccia is re-examined based on stratigraphy, grain fabrics, grain-size distributions and modal compositions. The S_2 Member is divided into six units from S_2-a to S_2-f in ascending order. The S_2-a unit consists of scoria, bomb and aa lava flows from flank fissures. The S_2-b unit is made up of well-bedded ash and fine-lapilli from the summit. The S_2-c unit is composed of matrix-supported breccia, locally filling valley bottoms and containing abundant deformed soil fragments and woods. The S_2-d unit consists of reverse to normal grading, clast-supported breccia with ash matrix, covering topographic relief in the whole island. The S_2-e unit is composed of dune- to parallel-bedded lapilli and ash in the proximal facies. The S_2-f unit is clast-supported breccia with and without ash matrix. New ^<14>C ages of wood fragments in the S_2 Member have been determined as about Cal AD 340. Although the S_2-c and -d units are previously interpreted to the low-temperature pyroclastic flow deposit, these units are quite different in sedimentological features as follows. The grain fabric measurements have revealed that the S_2-d unit has a-type imbrication showing the longest axis of grains parallel to the flow direction. On the other hand, the S_2-c has random fabric of grains. The grain size distribution of the S_2-d unit shows a bimodal nature having subpopulations at phi -1.0 to 1.0 and coarser than phi -2.5. The bimodal nature and a-type imbrication suggest that the two transport processes overlap; the load of a turbulent suspension is not all in true suspension as the coarser population may travel in a cast-dispersion mass flow. The S_2-c unit shows a polymodal grain size distribution with multi subpopulations from coarse to fine. The poor sorting, massive appearance, valley-confined distribution, and random grain fabric of the S_2-c unit are characteristic of deposition from a cohesive flow without formation of traction-related bedforms or sorting of different grain sizes by turbulence. The modal composition measurements have indicated that the S_2-c and -d units lack essential scoriceous or glassy fragments. This evidence indicates that both units are derived from steam explosions due to outburst of highly-pressurized geothermal fluid within the edifice. The S_2-c unit was plausibly generated by remobilization of phreatic debris around the summit caused by ejection of condensed water from a plume or heavy rainfall. The S_2-d unit was a pyroclastic density current deposit resulted from collapse of a highly-discharged phreatic plume. Estimated velocities of the current are 150 to 30m/s based on suspended grain sizes.

著者

高橋 正樹

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.4, pp.191-206, 1994-09-20

参考文献数

66

被引用文献数

6

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Late Quaternary polygenetic volcanoes in Japanese islands can be classified into two types based on the distance of vent migration : the stable and unstable vent types. The eruptive center of unstable vent type has migrated longer distance (exceeding 1.5 km within 10,000 years) than that of the stable one. The stable vent type constructs a symmetrical cone, contrarily the unstable vent type shows an elongated cluster of small stratovolcanoes. The unstable vent type is generally present in the regional or local extensional stress field, because independent open fractures are easily developed under the extensional stress regime ; the occurence of each type also depends on the crustal strain rate and/or strength of the basement. The eruption rate of stable vent type is larger than that of the unstable one ; it is probably because the high efficiency of magma transport to the surface can be realized by the stable vent.

著者

宇井 忠英 柴橋 敬一

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山. 第2集 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.2, pp.51-64, 1975-08-01

被引用文献数

1 3

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Volcanic activity at the snow-capped summit of Mt. Chokai was first noticed by the captain of scheduled airline on March 1, 1974. The activity began with swarm of volcanic earthquakes, succeeded by fumarolic activity and finally explosion took place and a few craters were formed at eastern (late February-early March) and western (late April) foot of 1801 lava dome (Shinzan). The ejecta were exclusively fine-grained air-fall ash and accidental blocks. The blocks, formed the mud flow mixed with melted snow, rushed down the slope of volcanic edifice. Essential materials, such as bombs, air-fall scoria, or lava flows were not erupted. Rapid melting of snow was supposed to have been triggered by the formation of fumaroles caused by ascent of hot magma and associated juvenile gas. Thermal energy consumed for melting and evaporating snow is calculated as 3×10^<21> ergs. Total volume of mud-flow deposit is around 3×10^4 cubic meters, and that of air-fall ash is an order of 10^5 cubic meters. The entire area which showed thermal activity is approximately 700×200 meters, elongated in east-west direction. Distribution of earthquake foci was also trending east-west just passing the prehistoric summit and parasitic vents. Direction of vent alignments is the same for the most volcanoes in northeastern Japan, and is supposed to reflect regional stress field.

著者

田沢 堅太郎

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.4, pp.419-430, 1991-12-25

被引用文献数

1

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Studies on coastal deposits and geomorphology of Oshima island have revealed some uplifts and subsidences associated with the volcanic activity of Oshima volcano. Uplifts and subsidences of the island are inferred by subtracting the sea levels at the time from the heights of the past sea surface recorded on coastal deposits. Two series of large-scale eruptions starting at the ages of O_<41> (7,780±160 yB.P.) and S_2 (1,360±40 yB.P.) have similar characteristics as follows. (1) At the ages of O_<42> (8,200-7,800 yE.P.) and O_1(1,500-1,400 yE.P.) just before the two series of large-scale eruptions, lagoons were formed along the west coast of Oshima island, suggesting the subsidence of the island. (2) At the beginning in each series, a large-scale steam explosion occurred at the summit crater to generate a debris flow. (3) In each series, the volume of the eruptive materials rapidly increased at the beginnings and gradually decreased after those times. (4) Volcanic activities were explosive at the beginnings in the series and gradually changed to effusive. (5) Oshima island was remarkably and rapidly uplifted at the beginnings of the two series of the large-scale eruptions and was gradually subsided. (6) In the stage of uplifling of the island, the scale of eruptions had been enlarging, and in that of subsiding, the scale of eruptions had been getting smaller.

著者

田沢 堅太郎

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山. 第2集 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.1-15, 1984-04-01

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Izu-Oshima volcano consists mostly of subaerially deposited volcanic products. On the sea cliff, however, the water-laid deposits are intercalated in the O_<42> (about 7, 500 yB.P.) and O_1 (about 1, 500 yB.P.) members of the Older Oshima Group. Layers of coastal gravels are observed in the Y_5-Y_1 (A.D. 1338-the present) members of the Younger Oshima Group near the present coast. These layers show imbricate structure indicating landward flow. They are interpreted as wind-transported from nearby coastal beach. These nearshore deposits were presumably resulted from the variation of the sea level in height. In the O_1 age, lagoons were formed along the coast. In the S_2 age (about A.D. 550), remarkable emergence of the shoreline occurred. After that, the island has kept subsiding gradually.

著者

横山 泉

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.91-102, 2013-03-29

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桜島火山には多くの寄生火口が地質及び地形の面から認められている.また,その噴火史において寄生火口の噴火がしばしば記録されている.寄生火口の分布パターンを調べるのに,色んな方法が提案されてきたが,ここでは,火山中心から半径方向の密度分布(km^2当たり)を調べた.一般論として,火山の下に点力源を仮定して,地表面で直応力の分布と水平差応力の分布を考え,岩石の強度を考慮すると,寄生火口の生ずる地点の見当がつく.それは,地表で力源を伏角51°で見る山腹の地点で,火山中心に対して対称な2点である.多くの火山では,対で生ずることは少ない.桜島火山の寄生火口の火道が主火道から分岐する深さを求めると,深さが3kmと10kmの2群となる.これらの深さと既に推定されているマグマ溜まりとの関連について触れた.桜島火山の歴史時代の(1471年以降の3)回の大噴火は総て,山頂に対称的に対をなして形成された.このことは力学的には正常であるが,事例としては例外である.ただ,分岐の深さが10kmの場合(1779〜80年噴火),山頂に対して対称位置に寄生火口が生じていない.この例外的な事例は,桜島地下で,浅部と深部で地殻構造が異なることに起因するのかも知れない.更に,寄生火口が再噴火しない機構について仮説を述べた.次の桜島火山の噴火地点は何処であろうか.山頂火口か,それでなければ,寄生噴火である.その場所は統計的に,山体の中心軸から約2.5km或は8.5kmの円環上で,かって噴火したことのない地点が考えられる.寄生火口の火道が主火道から分岐する機構が未解明である限り,これ以上のことは言えない.

著者

松本 〓夫 林 正雄 石橋 澄

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山. 第2集 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.3, pp.207-208, 1976-12-15

著者

鹿野 和彦 大口 健志 林 信太郎 宇都 浩三 檀原 徹

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.5, pp.373-396, 2002

参考文献数

82

被引用文献数

3

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An alkali-rhyolite tuff-ring is newly identified in the western end of the Oga Peninsula and named as Toga volcano in this paper. The existence of this maar-type volcano at the Toga Bay has been suspected for a long time because of the elliptical embayment reminiscent of a maar and the distribution of the Toga Pumice localized along the bay coast. The Toga Pumice is cornposed mainly of pumice and non- to poorly-vesicular glass shards, but many pumices of lapilli size are rounded and fines are poor giving a sandy epiclastic appearance to the deposit. In our latest survey along the bay coast, the Toga Pumice is found to be in direct contact with the basement rocks. The contact steeply inclines at 40-50° and envelopes an elliptical area 2.0 km×2.4 km covering the bay and bay coast to form a funnel-shape structure. The basement rocks at the contact are brecciated to a depth of several tens of centimeters, or collapsed into fragments to be contained in the Toga Pumice. The beds inside the inferred crater incline toward the center of the crater at 10-30° or much smaller angles, presumably reflecting a shallow concave structure infilling the more steeply sided crater. The deposit is thinly to thickly bedded to be parallel- to wavy- or cross-stratified, inversely to normally graded with many furrows, rip-up clasts and load casts, and is sorted as well as fines-depleted pyroclastic flow deposits and/or pyroclastic surge deposits. These features are characterisitic to turbidites and indicate the place of emplacement was filled with water. Constituent glass shards are, however, commonly platy or blocky and likely to be phreatomagmatic in origin, and pumice lapilli are interpreted to have been originally angular but rounded by repeated entrainment and abrasion in multiple phreatomagmatic eruptions and succeeding emplacement in the crater lake. A pyroclastic surge deposit (Oga Pumice Tuff) correlative in composition and age to the Toga Pumice occurs at Anden and Wakimoto, 11 km and 15 km east of Toga, respectively. The juvenile pumice lapilli are angular to subrounded, in contrast with the pumice lapilli of the Toga Pumice.

著者

横山 勝三

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.4, pp.209-216, 2000-08-28

被引用文献数

1

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The Ito ignimbrite, the product of a big eruption at Aira caldera about 24,500 y B. P., is distributed very extensively around the caldera in south Kyushu. The region within about 70 km from the center of the caldera was the previously known extent of distribution of the ignimbrite. Recent field research revealed, however, Iocal but extensively-scattered distribution of the ignimbrite in many places beyond the previously known extent of distribution northwest to northeast of the caldera. The farthest site of distribution of the ignimbrite is located about 90 km north of the caldera, indicating that the Ito pyroclastic flow originally spread at least 20 km farther than the previously known extent. The ignimbrite in the remote region is characteristically fine-grained compared with the one near the source. Both pumice and lithic fragments in the ignimbrite decrease, as a whole, in size with distance from source. However, the size of lithic fragments increases in the mountainous area beyond 70 km from source. This is because lithic fragments were incorporated into the pyroclastic flow from local land surface probably due to increased turbulence of pyroclastic flow during the passage on the irregular basal relief. The most remote ignimbrite, at a site 90 km from source, attains to about 35 m in thickness and contains abundant lithics of 5-15 cm in diameter, suggesting that the Ito pyroclastic flow spread farther beyond.

著者

小坂 丈予 平林 順一

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山. 第2集 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.2, pp.108-109, 1980-07-01

著者

小坂 丈予 湊 一郎 森 彰 大平 洋子

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山. 第2集 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.39-40, 1974-07-01

著者

津久井 雅志 中野 俊 齋藤 公一滝

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.2, pp.79-91, 2008-04-30

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Based on geological and archaeological data as well as historic documents, we review eruptions and earthquakes which have occurred during the 9th century in central and east Japan. The results reconfirm vigorous activities on Izu Arc, Izu-Oshima(〜838AD < N_3, N_2, N_1 < 886AD), Niijima(〜857AD and 886AD), Kozushima(838AD), Miyakejima(832AD and 850AD), and at Fuji volcano(800AD, 838AD < < 864AD, 864AD) during the 9th century. Beside these events, a big eruption of Niigata Yakeyama volcano had likely occurred in 887AD. Chokai volcano also erupted in 871AD, and 810-823AD. Collapse of Yatsugatake volcano took place in 887, probably invoked by a strong shock in 887. In addition, earthquakes with a magnitude from 7 to 8 had taken place along the Itoigawa-Shizuoka active fault system (in 841 or 762AD), Nagano fault system(887AD), Echigo plains(863AD), Shonai plains(850AD), Akita plains(830AD) and Nankai trough(887AD). As a result, we can point out a linkage of big eruptions and seismic activities in the 9th century over 800km long crossing Japan Arc. Geologically this seems to be a surface expression of East-West compression along eastern margin of Amurian Plate over 800km which was driven by the eastward motion of the plate. It is noteworthy to mention that the very similar volcanic and seismic activities have been occurring in the last 50 years to those happened in the ninth century, in their source areas and manners.

著者

野上 健治 吉田 稔 小坂 丈予

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.3, pp.71-77, 1993-08-15

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

6

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薩摩硫黄島東温泉沿岸では温泉水と海水とが様々な比率で混合した結果,極微細なSiO_2-Al_2O_3-Fe_2O_3-H_2O系の低結晶質沈殿物が生成しており,海面が様々な色調を呈している.これらの変色海水について,母液及び沈殿物のSi-Fe-Al_3成分の化学組成及び生成条件,特にpHとの関係について検討を行った.その結果,沈殿物の化学組成は温泉水と海水との混合溶液のpHに強く依存し,pHが2前後では沈殿物中のFeの割合は低いが,pHが3〜5の範囲ではFeの割合が相対的に高くなる.更にpHが上昇するとAlの割合が相対的に高くなる.また変色海水の色調はpHが2前後の時は透明から乳白色であるが,pHが3〜5の時には黄褐色である.更にpHが上昇すると色調は再び白色系になり,沈殿物中のFeの割合によって色調が変化する.これらに対して,各採取地点における沈殿物と母液との混合物の化学組成は東温泉から湧出している温泉水のそれと殆ど同じであり,見かけ上沈殿の生成過程においてSi,Fe,Alの3成分は分別していない.

著者

井口 正人

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.2, pp.49-67, 1994-05-20

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

10

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代表的な安山岩質火山である桜島の高周波B型地震,低周波B型地震および爆発地震を,波動の特性,震源位置およびモーメント加速度・テンソルについてA型地震と比較検討することにより,火山性地震の発生機構を論じ,それを火山特有の構造である火道と関連させて考察した.高周波B型地震,低周波B型地震および爆発地震は,火口直下の半径約200mの円筒状の領域に分布し,上下方向のダイポール成分が卓越する体積膨張型の力源をもつことから,マグマに満たされた火道内において発生していると推定され,その原因として,火道に沿ったガス相の膨張が考えられる.A型地震は,これら3種類の地震の震源域の周囲に分布し,ダブル・カップル成分が大きいことから,火道周辺の岩石のせん断破壊によって発生すると推定される.高周波B型地震,低周波B型地震および爆発地震のスペクトルの相違は,震源過程の違いによるものと考えられる.これらの地震発生に伴う地盤変動,表面現象および地震発生の時系列から考えると,震源過程の相違は火道上部の閉塞状態やマグマの物性の違いに起因していると推定される.

著者

小山 真人 早川 由紀夫 新井 房夫

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.3, pp.191-209, 1995-07-31

被引用文献数

4

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We reveal the eruptive history of the Higashi Izu monogenetic volcano field by tephrochronology and loess-chronometry and describe mainly volcanoes older than 32,000 years ago. The eruption of the volcano field started at about 150,000 years ago. Twelve tephra from volcanoes outside the Izu Peninsula were used as key beds. We found four eruptive fissures ; Takatsukayama-Sukumoyama, Kadono-Umenokidaira, Koike-Oike, and Numanokawa fissures, along each of which two to five monogenetic volcanoes erupted simultaneously. Interbedding of a distal wide spread tephra between eruptive deposits proper to the volcano field (the KIP-4 pumice between the Takatsukayama-Sukumoyama tephra, and the Hakone Da-4 pumice between the Kadono-Umenokidaira tephra) means that an eruption of a volcano outside the Izu Peninsula occurred simultaneously with the eruption of the volcano field. Vent locations of the volcano field were limited to the northern half of the present distribution during 80,000-150,000 years ago and were expanded in the later stage. Average frequency of eruption in the volcano field is calculated to be one/7,900 years for the period of 40,000-150,000 years ago, and one/2,500 years for the past 40,000 years. Average discharge rate of magma is calculated to be 0.64 kg/s before 40,000 years ago, and 2.5 kg/s for the past 40,000 years. Thus, both the average frequency of eruption and the magma discharge rate are higher for the past 40,000 years than those in the earlier stage. Many of the eruptions of andesite magma occurred later than 14,500 years ago, and the ones of dacite-rhyolite magma occurred only for the past 3,200 years. The cumulative pattern of the discharge mass of magma from the whole volcano field against time shows no clear predictability.

著者

吉永 秀一郎

出版者

特定非営利活動法人日本火山学会

雑誌

火山 (ISSN:04534360)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.3, pp.153-166, 1995-07-31

被引用文献数

11

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Successive terrestrial coverbeds called "volcanic ash soils" are widely distributed in Japan. In this paper, the origin of parent material of volcanic ash soils is discussed from the stratigraphy and the mineralogy of volcanic ash soils to clarify the accumulation of volcanic ash soils. In the Hakkoda Mountains and in the southern part of Tokachi Plain, thickness of tephra interbeds recognized within peaty soils are almost the same as those within the volcanic ash soils. No more distinct tephra interbed is observed in the volcanic ash soils with the exception of the marker tephra interbeds. This fact indicates that the accumulation of the volcanic ash soils have occurring through the periods without tephra deposition. Moreover, the existence of soil developed on the latest Hokkaido-Komagatake tephra of 1929, also suggests that the accumulation of volcanic ash soils is almost independent of the tephra deposition. Mineralogical composition of the fraction coarser than 0.02 mm in the volcanic ash soils are mainly derived from the underlying tephra interbeds. On the other hand, the finer fraction contains amorphous clay minerals and non-volcanogeneous materials such as quartz and illite. The former is weathering products of tephra and the latter would be derived from eolian dust. In particular, several studies on oxygen isotope composition have revealed that the origin of fine quartz is the eolian dust. Accumulation rate of fine materials in the volcanic ash soils ranges from 10^<-1> to 10^0 mg cm^<-2> y^<-1>. It agrees well with those of paleosols intercalated into sand dunes along the coast of the Japan Sea, of pelagic sediment of the Japan Sea, and of eolian dust fall calculated from atmospheric dust density. From the evidence mentioned above, parent material of volcanic ash soils is originated from the reworked materials of tephra with the fine materials of the eolian dust.