著者

須田 力 穆 子彦 室木 洋一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.4, pp.359-370, 1992

---

The purpose of this study was to investigate physical activity levels of Chinese students in comparison with Japanese students. First, a questionnaire on exercise habits was distributed among the students of 4 universities in China and 6 national unversities in Japan. Answers were obtained from 1,262 Chinese students (771 males and 491 females) and 1,409 Japanese students (1,282 males and 127 females). Second, eighteen healthy male students (9 Chinese and 9 Japanese) who did not participate in athletic clubs were selected as subjects for the measurement of daily activity levels. The heart rate of the subjects were recorded daily during the daytime by using Heart Rate Memory (TKK Instrument Co.). Measurements were taken both in China and Japan to determine the heart rate levels of each subjects and these were compared to the %V^^.O_2 max of different workload levels determined by a Monark ergometer. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The Chinese students tended to engage in exercise more than Japanese students in that (1) fewer complained about lack of exercise, and (2) a higher percentage of the population exercised habitually. Nevertheless, they did not have sufficient oppotunities for sports activity judging from the facts that (1) they had shorter exercise period (2) a lower rate of the population participated in athletic clubs and (3) fewer had experiented sufficient amount of exercise. 2. Although, in general; the Chinese subjects revealed higher rates of activity level exceeding 7O %V^^.O_2 max than the Japanese subjects, the durations of their exercise periods did not allow them to attain an essential time to improve aerobic power, except for one subject; while none of the Japnnese subjects fulfilled these conditions.

著者

安藤 義宣 天野 智恵美 山崎 久雄 大宮 快雄 室木 洋一 安栄 鉄男

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, 1964

著者

葛西 忠 大宮 快雄 室木 洋一 松坂 弘康 富田 友治 奥村 博 倉島 武徳 布上 恭子 藤井 英嘉

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.5, 1969

著者

天野 智恵美 佐渡 清隆 戸田 昭冶 高橋 秋男 安栄 鉄男 谷沢 平八郎 渡辺 真也 菊野 正隆 山崎 久雄 奈良岡 健三 有岡 勇 宮崎 兼光 室木 洋一 大宮 快雄 安藤 義宣

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.1, 1963

著者

天野 智恵美 山崎 久雄 奈良岡 健三 有岡 勇 宮崎 兼光 大宮 快雄 室木 洋一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.7, pp.25-26, 1957

著者

須田 力 室木 洋一 中川 功哉 安藤 義宣 西薗 秀嗣 吉田 敏雄

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.4, pp.255-265, 1988

---

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the maintenance of fitness with aging. The subjects were 59 men of 49-55 years of age, who entered to Hokkaido University and once had been examined for their fitness between the years of 1950-1952. They were reexamined to determine the maintenance of fitness with age in 1983. After 31-33 years, declination of the mean values in fitness shows from 50.9 to 42.1cm in vertical jump, from 154 to 143kg in back strength, from 4.35 to 3.73L in vital capacity and from 8.4 to 3.2 times in pull-ups. Grip strength was increased from 44.0 to 47.1kg. The correlation coefficients of the values between the time they were freshmen and the present time, were relatively higher in vertical jump (r=0.61, p<0.01), moderatory higher in back strength (r=0.50, p<0.01), grip strength (r=0.48, p<0.05) and vital capacity (r=0.46, p<0.05), but lower in pull-ups (r = 0.17, not significant). Back strenght and grip strength were maintained better in a group who had been engaged in daily physical activity than those who had been inactive. But the differences in the rate of decline were not significant in vertical jump; pull-ups and vital capacity. It was noticed that 14 (23.7%) of the 59 subjects indicated that walking was felt to be the most effective factor to maintain fitness.

著者

斉藤 満

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.2, pp.59-70, 1997-07-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

1 1

---

The recent development of microneurographic techniques for obtaining direct intraneural recordings of human muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) has revealed much new information about sympathetic control mechanisms during exercise over the last decade. From numerous investigations, the major findings are how the pattern and magnitude of the MSNA response to exercise is influenced by many factors such as exercise type (static and dynamic exercise, active muscle mass and combination exercise), intensity, duration, muscle fiber type, fatigue and exercise training. Furthermore, environmental conditions, i.e., postural change, hypoxia, thermal and cold stress, genders and age are also factors modulating the MSNA response during exercise. The most important mechanism of stimulating MSNA during exercise is metaboreflex from the active muscles, while the reflex can be modulated by central and peripheral factors. Especially, afferent neural input from the mechanoreceptors in the skeletal muscle, arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors, and peripheral chemoreceptors could play an important role in precise control of MSNA during different exercise situations. On the basis of the current state of information, accumulated knowledge of this area of research may be critical for understanding the contribution of MSNA for control of exercise circulation as well as counteracting muscle fatigue or improvement of exercise performance.

著者

小右原 美保

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.4, pp.301-311, 1991

---

The purpose of the present paper is to examine the literary image of athleticism. In this paper, "Tom Brown's schooldays" by Thomas Hughes published in 1857 is analyzed. This work may be regarded as educational literature written with didactic intent. This intent of the novelist must be considered in relation to the structure of his novel. By concentrating on the concepts of "manliness" in this work, the main findings are summarized as follows: (1) The author preach to boys readers: to be free from class consciousness,quit themselves like men,learn to box, and find the true friendship in their schoollife. (2) These points are carefully constructed as his narrative plan; Manly exercises and achievements are emphasized in Part One, and manly characters: truthfulness, responsibility,consideration for others; are emphasized in Part Two, by novelist's choice of incidents. (3) Both concepts of "manliness" are attained by Tom through his public schoollife and games serve the important function of developping his character. (4) Behind the teaching moral manliness lay the stress of self-control against sexuality and bodily sensations, which reflects the victorian morality.

著者

安孫子 友行 鈴木 清 近藤 充夫 杉原 隆

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.5, 1970

著者

湯 海鵬 笹原 英夫 紀 仲秋

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.5, pp.380-388, 1997

---

This study was designed to analyze a world class and a Japanese middle-distance runners in women's 800 m finals of the international athletic games based on kinematic data, and to get insight into the basic middle-distance running technique. The performances of Qu yunxia, the world record holder of female 1,500 m and Kumiko Okamoto, the Japan record holder of female 800 m were video-taped with a video camera operating at 60 Hz with exposure time of 1/500 and 1/1000 s. Selected kinematic variables of the center of gravity (C.G), the segment endpoints and rotational energy of the lower limbs were investigated. Some differences of performance were found between Qu and Kumiko in running form. The C.G of Kumiko's up-down motion on vertical direction was about 14% larger; her deceleration in horizontal direction was 48% larger and her up-down motion of C.G of the feet was about 26% than Qu. The larger action of the foot breaking contact with the ground of Kumiko caused a greater loss of horizontal velocity of C.G. The larger flexion of the knee-joint of Kumiko consumes the greater rotational energy than Qu during the recovery phase.

著者

鈴木 楓太

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, pp.253-272, 2020

被引用文献数

1

---

This paper clarifies some of the representations of female athletes at the dawn of women's sports in Japan through an analysis of contemporary discourses regarding Kinue Hitomi, the first Japanese female Olympian. Previous studies have focused on Hitomi's image as a deviator from the normative female image, differing from the representation of other "sports girls" associated with the image of ryosaikenbo ("good wife, wise mother"). However, the present paper focuses on Hitomi's representation as the embodiment of the normative female image. What can be read from the aspect of "femininity" in the context of Hitomi, who was not included in the image of ryosaikenbo?<br> The "prone episode" at the 1928 Summer Olympic Games is an anecdote that allegedly represents her "femininity": Shortly after the runners finished in the women's 800 meters, only Hitomi fell prone modestly while the other foreign runners lay on their back. This paper focuses on the episode and explores the significance given to it.<br> Hitomi was represented positively as embodying mainly 2 types of female image: the healthy robust woman and the feminine graceful woman. The first image contrasted with the traditional one of the Japanese woman as a small, weak individual and was considered symbolic of the nationalism associated with Japanese modernization. <br> When people viewed Hitomi in terms of the second image, they were clearly opposed to the concept that she was masculine, thus differing from the image of other "sports girls" who were casually associated with the ryosaikenbo concept in terms of their daily lives and careers.<br> Hitomi's achievement at the 1928 Summer Olympics had been widely admired for enhancing the national prestige of Japan. However, although her physique was praised at the time, its perceived meaning saw a transition from the "strong body" as a metaphor of modern Japan to the lady-like image represented by the prone episode. Through this process, multiple meanings assigned at first was transformed into a simple anecdote to illustrate that Japanese women are superior to Western women in terms of their "femininity". It is ironic that Hitomi, whose gender had always been questioned because of her eminent athletic talent, came to be regarded as a typical Japanese "feminine" woman as a result of the prone episode, which had completely no relation to the arena of sport. Furthermore, after the war, as this contradiction between the feminine and the athletic physique faded, the prone episode turned into a casual representation of "femininity", like the earlier representation of "sports girls".

著者

成田 秀美 鈴木 健一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.2, pp.773-780, 2016 (Released:2016-12-14)

参考文献数

17

---

Focusing on the effects of exercise (external focus) is considered more effective for improving motor performance than focusing on one's own physical movements (internal focus). Furthermore, it has been confirmed that imaging the movement being performed is effective for mental training. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in performance ability among experienced athletes on the basis of their focus orientation and motor imagery of movements, with the aim of using the findings as basic data for sports coaching. The subjects comprised 16 males who had experience playing basketball. Each subject performed 30 free throws. In addition, a questionnaire survey was conducted regarding their focus orientation and motor imagery of movements (movement imagery questionnaire-revised Japanese version). The subjects were divided into a successful group, who achieved above the mean successful free-throw score, and an unsuccessful group, who achieved below the mean score. The results indicated that many subjects in the successful group used external focus, which demonstrated a correlation with the imaging ability of observed movements. These findings suggest that when coaching experienced athletes who are performing poorly, one may consider encouraging them to focus on the effects of each movement and motor imagery of observed movements to improve their performance.

著者

大峰 光博

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, pp.539-546, 2018-12-10 (Released:2018-12-20)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

1 1

---

The purpose of this study was to present a new perspective on the problem of attempting to lose a game on purpose through a consideration of whether doing so threatens the existence of sport. We began by hypothesizing the concept of “failed athletic contests”, which has been discussed in the field of sport philosophy, as jeopardizing the existence of this activity. We then examined the concept of “losing games on purpose” with reference to the “failed athletic contests” theory of Kawatani (2013). We examined 2 broad categories of “losing games on purpose”: one where defeat is clearly the goal, and the other where players deceive referees and spectators by behaving as though they want to win, while in fact actually trying to lose. Kawatani claims that games where an ethos (internal purpose) is not achieved, even though the contest is based on athletes playing according to the rules, constitute “failed athletic contests”. He found that player commitment to winning is necessary as a condition in achieving the ethos of the game, suggesting that “losing games on purpose”in either category constitutes a “failed athletic contest” in that athletes are not committed to victory and the ethos is not established. On the other hand, it was also clarified that there is a dilemma for players in athletic meets when a commitment to winning is called for, but when this is occasionally in conflict with the ethos of individual games. For the second category, it was also revealed that referees and spectators were not aware of the nature of such a defeat when it was concealed. This suggests that the second category of “losing games on purpose” is more problematic than the first.

著者

林 洋輔

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.14035, (Released:2015-04-10)

参考文献数

56

被引用文献数

3 1

---

In the present study, an attempt was made to clarify the whole structure and originality of Taiiku-gaku (Science of PE, Health and Sport Sciences), centering on the ‘tree of sciences’ theory of René Descartes (1596-1650). In the study of physical education philosophy, some attempts have been made to reveal the whole structure and originality of Taiiku-gaku. It seems more appropriate to discuss and address this issue by defining certain principles at the outset. For this purpose, it would informative to examine this issue from the philosophical perspective of Descartes’ ‘tree of sciences’ philosophy. In the history of discussion to clarify the whole structure and originality of Taiiku-gaku among researchers, three essential characteristics become evident: (1) Science should be aimed at being practical and useful, (2) it should contribute to our well-being, and (3) it should aid the search for wisdom. Up to now, it appears that Taiiku-gaku as a science has advanced in line with these characteristics. However, Descartes revealed his vision of the purpose of science through the “tree of sciences” in his Principia Philosophiae (Principles of Philosophy). He analogized the whole structure of science (philosophy) to a tree with its roots, trunk, branches and fruit. The present paper therefore utilizes this concept of Descartes to answer the question. In conclusion, the whole structure of Taiiku-gaku could be understood as being analogous to a tree, and the originality of Taiiku-gaku does not depend on humans themselves or human movement as a fundamental research object. The originality of Taiiku-gaku can be analogized with the achievement of Generosity, which is the goal of the “tree of sciences”. Thus, on the basis of output diversity analogous to fruit taken from branches of the tree, the originality can be characterized as a science that tries to achieve the highest performance of human movement imaginable. More enlightened discussion can ensue by reconsidering the concept of taiiku (which is different from Physical Education) and the identity of Taiiku-gaku researchers.

著者

比留間 浩介 尾縣 貢

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.1101140174, (Released:2011-01-15)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

2 4

---

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of physical fitness in baseball pitchers and infielders focusing on variations in power output ability and stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) ability in field tests. Twenty-five male university pitchers and 22 university infielders participated. They performed five kinds of jumping (Standing triple jump (STJ), Standing double leg triple jump (SDTJ), Standing long jump (SLJ), Counter movement jump (CMJ), 5 rebound jumps (RJ)), and five kinds of medicine ball throw (Overhead throw (OT), Back throw (BT), Push of upper limb (Push), Shoulder horizontal adduction (SHA) and Twist of trunk throw (Twist)). Push, SHA and Twist were performed purely concentrically (concentric throw: CT) and with SSC movement (rebound throw: RT). These powers were assessed using the Throw index (Tauchi et al., 2006), and pre-stretch augmentations (Walshe et al., 1996) were calculated. It was found that: 1) OT, BT and SDTJ in pitchers were significantly higher than in infielders, and that there were significant correlations between pitched ball speed and OT, BT, and SDTJ. 2) Push RT-index and Push CT-index in infielders were significant higher than in pitchers, and significant correlations were found between thrown ball speed, batted ball speed and Push RT-index and Push CT-index in infielders. 3) SHA augmentation in infielders was significantly higher than in pitchers, and there was a significant correlation between thrown ball speed and SHA augmentation in infielders. 4) Twist of trunk power did not differ between pitchers and fielders. These results indicate that baseball pitchers and infielders obtain different physical fitness characteristics through the differences in their movement forms and required abilities.

著者

中嶋 哲也

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.20155, (Released:2021-07-10)

著者

丸山 祐丞 近田 彰治 矢内 利政

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.2, pp.641-651, 2012 (Released:2012-12-05)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

4 3

---

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the position of the center of buoyancy (CB) relative to the center of mass (CM) lay more caudally when the abdominal breathing technique is used, as compared with the chest breathing technique. Ten healthy men who practiced the abdominal and chest breathing techniques participated. The position of the CB, CM, and the distance between them (CB-CM distance) were determined as time-series data during inhalation with each breathing technique, and the changes in the positions and distance due to inhalation were compared between the two techniques. The results showed that both the CB and CM translated due to the inhalation and that the amount and direction of the translations differed between the two techniques (p<0.01). The increase in the CB-CM distance was significantly smaller (p<0.01) with abdominal breathing (1.11 cm) than with chest breathing (1.21 cm). For both breathing techniques, the CB was located more cranially to the CM, regardless of the amount of inhalation. These data demonstrate clearly that the position of the CB relative to the CM lies more caudally with the abdominal breathing technique than with chest breathing, thus supporting our hypothesis. These results indicate that breathing technique influences the magnitude of the moment of buoyant force around the CM and the swimmer's ability to float horizontally on the water surface.

著者

阿江 数通 小池 関也 川村 卓

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.2, pp.635-649, 2015 (Released:2015-12-18)

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

8 2

---

The purpose of this study was to clarify the kinetic features of the trunk under different hitting-point height conditions (high, middle, and low) in baseball tee-batting. Twenty-three collegiate male baseball players (age: 19.8±1.3 yr, height: 1.74±0.04 m, whole-body mass: 74.1±6.2 kg, athletic career: 12.0±2.1 yr) participated. Three-dimensional coordinate data were captured using a VICON-MX system (12 cameras, 250 Hz), and kinetic data for the individual hands were collected using an instrumented bat equipped with 28 strain gauges (1000 Hz). Three kinds of tee-batting heights were set for each participant based on the upper and lower limits of the strike zone according to the baseball rule. The torso was modeled with the rigid upper and lower trunk segments connected by a torso joint with three axes: the ante/retro flexion, right/left lateral flexion, and right/left rotation axes. Kinetic variables, e.g. joint force and torque, mechanical power, and mechanical work, were obtained by inverse dynamic calculation. These data were expressed for a right-handed batter and normalized by the time of the forward swing from the swing start to the ball impact as 0-100%, and the time was divided into down-swing and level-swing phases in order to evaluate the mechanical work. From the last half of down-swing phase until ball impact, the retroflexion torque under the low condition was significantly larger than those under other conditions. The left rotation torque and positive torque power showed particularly large values in the level-swing phase regardless of the hitting-point height. The mechanical energy flow generated by the torso joint torque showed inflow from the lower trunk to the upper trunk, and outflow from the upper trunk to the individual upper arms regardless of the height condition over the forward swing. In addition, there were significant positive correlations between the positive mechanical work done by the joint torque about the right/left rotation axis and the maximum bat-head speed during the level-swing phase under the middle and low conditions. These results indicate that 1) the ante/retro flexion axis torque is needed to maintain the configuration of the upper trunk against the large centrifugal force exerted along the bat around the moment of ball impact, 2) the right/left rotation axis torque contributes to the generation of the large mechanical energy, the transfer of energy to the upper limbs, and the generation of the bat-head speed regardless of the height condition.

著者

近藤 智靖 高橋 健夫 岡出 美則

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.5, pp.533-543, 2005-09-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

---

Die "Laborschule" als ein Gesamtschulmodell in Bielefeld wurde 1974 gegrundet. Der Reformpadagoge Hartmut von Hentig leitete diese Schule und legte den Schwerpunkt auf eine "Erziehung zur Politik" und eine "Erziehung zur Verantwortung". Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, wurde die Laborschule zu einer "Curriculum-Werkstatt" weiterentwickelt. Weiterhin wurde groβer Wert auf die Idee von "Schule als Erfahrungsraum" und das gemeinsame Lernen von Schulern unterschiedlicher sozialer Herkunft gelegt. Von Hentig kritisierte die uberkommenen Bildungsprivi-legien und forderte eine gemeinsame und allgemeine Bildung fur alle Schuler. Hinter dieser Idee stand die Bildungsreform der 1960er und 70er Jahre in Deutschland. Der ursprungliche, von Reformpadagogen unterstutzte Gedanke dieser Reform war, dass die traditionellen sozialen Schichten sich verandern und alle Burger gleiche Bildungschancen haben sollten. Dieses Konzept hatte auch Einfluss auf den Bereich Sport in der Laborschule. Im Sportunterricht wurde darauf geachtet, dass die Schuler durch korperliche Erfahrung ihren eigenen Korper oder den anderer erfahren und an-nehmen. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, wurden nicht nur traditionelle Sportarten, sondern auch an-dere korperliche Aktivitaten in den Unterricht aufgenommen. Dadurch entstanden die Orientierung auf nicht-traditionelle Sportarten und die Korperorientierung im Sportunterricht. In dieser Arbeit geht es um das Verhaltnis von Bildungsreform, Laborschule und dem Bereich Sport in der Laborschule. Es wird analysiert, wie die reformorientierte Idee der Laborschule den Bereich Sport beeinflusste.

著者

小谷 究

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.497-511, 2014

---

&nbsp;&nbsp;This study focused on the defensive strategies employed in Japanese competitive basketball in the 1920s and 1930s with the intention of clarifying the process through which the &ldquo;five-man two-line defense&rdquo;, a type of man-to-man defense, became a mainstream tactic after first examining the factors behind the decline in the number of teams employing the &ldquo;3-2 zone defense&rdquo;, a defensive strategy first introduced by Waseda University.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;The study results can be summarized as follows.<br> 1.&nbsp;&nbsp;The 3-2 zone defense was introduced in Japan in 1924 and proved highly effective at the time; however it gradually fell from favor. The reasons for its decline included the use of high post play, an offensive strategy that proved effective against a 3-2 zone defense, an increase in the size of the court, and the fact that there were fewer leaders who could teach team members the difficult-to-learn 3-2 zone defense.<br> 2.&nbsp;&nbsp;Teams employing a five-man two-line defense man-to-man variation as a substitute for the 3-2 zone defense began to emerge in Japan from around 1926. However, this latter tactic had drawbacks due to the role of each position. For this reason, many teams adopted a five-man two-line defense zone defense formation, which is essentially the same as the nearest man-to-man defense, as it was able to eliminate the drawbacks of the five-man two-line defense man-to-man variation. The five-man two-line defense zone defense formation was a defensive strategy that was not significantly affected by high post play or the expanded court size, and that could be learned easily even when few leaders were available to provide complex tactical directions. As a result, the five-man two-line defense zone defense formation overcame the factors that rendered the 3-2 zone defense ineffective, and was widely adopted by domestic teams.<br>