著者

布施 未恵子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.105-121, 2013-12-20 (Released:2014-02-28)

参考文献数

79

被引用文献数

2 3

---

Most primates forage on insects to varying degrees. Research focusing on insect foraging behavior has been much less than that of feeding on plant foods. However, detailed studies on insect feeding behavior by primates are required to understand the effects of the relationship on the forest ecosystem. Such studies have revealed that various kinds of primates feed on insects, but the number of studies which have considered side effects of primate-insect relationships have been few. Such triadic relationships include 1) primate-insect-plant, and 2) primateinsect-parasite. Studies based on such viewpoints would lead to new perspective on the role of primate insectivory in forest ecosystems.

著者

本郷 峻

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.73-74, 2020 (Released:2020-12-23)

著者

佐藤 宏樹

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.3-20, 2017-06-20 (Released:2017-07-27)

参考文献数

141

---

Traditionally, the activity patterns of primates have been classified as nocturnal and diurnal, with the former recognized as the ancestral trait. Since cathemerality, i.e., active both day and night, was discovered in Eulemur (Lemuridae) in the 1960s, the evolutionary origin and mechanism of cathemerality have been explored as a key to understanding diurnalization in primates. To understand cathemerality in lemurs, this article reviews current knowledge and outlines future issues. Although several theories have hypothesized that cathemerality is an evolutionary disequilibrium condition, as a consequence of recent, incomplete diurnalization, the current analyses of phylogenetic history and eye morphology conclude that it is an adaptive strategy that originated in the common ancestor of Lemuridae around 46-20 MYA. In Madagascar, the days are generally long during the rainy season and short during the dry season. Cathemeral lemurs often increase their diurnal activities in the rainy season and nocturnal activities in the dry season. Chronobiological approaches that have explored the proximate mechanisms have clarified that the light-dark cycle controls the daily activity rhythms and the day-length cause seasonal shift of activity patterns as zeitgebers. In addition, moonlight has a masking effect that facilitates nocturnal activities. Ecological/ethological approaches have examined four hypotheses, as ultimate mechanisms: avoidance of predation risk, relief of interspecific competition, thermoregulation, and extension of feeding activities. However, there is evidence supporting and countering all four hypotheses. Therefore, cathemerality cannot be defined as an adaptive consequence of any single factor. Consequently, cathemerality is recognized as a flexible strategy for dealing with several factors in the harsh, unpredictable Madagascar environment. In the future, researchers need to examine flexible activities in response to other factors, such as habitat disturbance caused by humans, to explain complex mechanisms caused by compound factors, and to compare the activities of diurnal lemurs using ecological and physiological approaches.

著者

日暮 泰男

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.27, 2013-06-20 (Released:2013-08-07)

著者

高畑 由起夫

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.3, pp.181-189, 1994

被引用文献数

3

---

In this article, I review and discuss the present problems of Japanese primatology by looking back at the trends of the 1980s. The main themes are (1) the significance of the research on great apes, (2) the theories concerning the social structure of primates, (3) cooperation among the field sites of the great apes, and (4) recruitment of “good students”.

著者

木下 こづえ

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.1, pp.5-15, 2018-06-20 (Released:2018-08-22)

参考文献数

96

被引用文献数

4

---

The animal is connected to the external environment (e.g., social environment, habitat environment) via their brain, and the hormone plays an important role as its transmitter substance. In other words, when the external environment changes, hormones are secreted to adjust the internal environment in response. Therefore, hormone analysis is a useful tool that enables researchers to know animal's physiological state under various environments.Since the measurement of hormone concentration can be carried out at a relatively low cost and does not require advanced technique, it is applied to a wide research field. For example, many relations between behaviors and hormones were clarified, such as behaviors in estrus and rut, infant rearing, attacking behaviors, intra/inter-species communications, and response to the change of habitat environment. Recently noninvasive samples are often used for the hormone analysis in both captive and wild animals (e.g., urine, feces, and hair). However, when excrement is used as a sample, it should be noted that there is a species specificity in the excretion route of hormones and the time taken for excretion. Also, depending on hormones, it is necessary to thoroughly examine the sampling frequency according to the change of hormonal concentration. As Beach (1948) summarized, no behavior depends only on one type of hormone, and conversely, no hormone has only one kind of physiological function. Not one but multiple mechanisms are involved in the hormonal control of behavior. Therefore, focusing on multiple hormones and evaluating results from various aspects are also important keys to capturing their invisible physiological state accurately.

著者

赤見 理恵

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.76-77, 2020 (Released:2020-12-23)

著者

本郷 峻

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.36.012, (Released:2020-11-26)

著者

野田 令子 斎藤 成也

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.2, pp.157-167, 2000 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

15

---

There are three common alleles (A, B, and O) at the human ABO blood group locus which codes glycosyltransferase. The polymorphisms of the ABO blood group are also observed in wide variety of primates. The difference of the glycosyltransferase activity between human A and B enzymes is due to the two amino acid differences. The same amino acid differences are observed for A and B alleles in non-human primates. We determined 19 sequences of chimpanzee, 8 sequences of bonobo, and 2 sequences of Japanese macaque ABO blood group gene for exon 3 and intron 6 (ca 1.7kb). We also determined 3 sequences of Japanese macaque ABO for exon 7 (ca. 0.5kb). We compared those data with published sequences of other hominoids and Old World monkeys. It was suggested that the type changes between A and B occurred independently in the both lineages of the hominoids and Old world monkeys. The alleles A and B appeared to be polymorphic in the ancestral species of macaques, while the different B type allele evolved independently in baboon lineage.

著者

中川 尚史

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.1, pp.24-27, 2009

被引用文献数

1

著者

佐倉 統

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.1, pp.33-42, 1987 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

73

被引用文献数

5

---

Theoretical framework of sociobiology can be regarded as Lakatosian “advanced research program, ” which has high probability of problem solution and a flexible metaphysical structure. Some theories, however, should be expanded to apply to primate behavior, because a lot of primate behavior does not seem to have direct genetical bases. Learning ability of primates is higher than that of non-primates and some of higher primates even show cultural behavior. So that, it is necessary to clear up the relation between phenotype and behavior to establish primate sociobiology. For this purpose, a new concept on their relation, the “phenotype/sub-phenotype network” model, is presented here. If a behavioral parameter is genetically determined phenotype, behavior(s) which are influenced with this parameter can be called “sub-phenotype(s).” I also discuss some theories on cultural transmission and evolution, and confirm that the framework of sociobiology is useful to reveal this problem. These theories and models will provide fruitful perspectives on human origin and evolution, applied to primate pre-cultural behavior. Finally I discuss some problems and perspectives on primate sociobiology. On the development of primate sociobiology, it seems to be emergent and important to apply multiple variate genetic theory that has been developed by R. Lande.

著者

室山 泰之

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.165-178, 1998 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

55

---

This paper reviews recent studies of reciprocal altruistic behaviours in non-human primates. Although altruistic behaviours such as alliances in agonistic interactions and social grooming are explained by the theories of kin selection or reciprocal altruism, evidence of reciprocity is scarce. Recent development of methods, however, may allow us to investigate reciprocity in quantitative and systematic ways. Model-based comparison of matrices of social interactions in a group are a powerful tool to investigate reciprocity at group level. Sequential analyses of social interactions reveal how monkeys do decision-making during the interactions with different partners in terms of reciprocity. Some computer simulations may give us an insight into false reciprocity in the case that human observers may assume the existence of reciprocity. It is also discussed whether reciprocal altruism could develop into true altruism which is reported exclusively in humans.

著者

川本 芳 白井 啓 荒木 伸一 前野 恭子

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.53-60, 1999 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

11 11

---

An adult male captured at Nakatsu village, Wakayama Prefecture, was identified as an interspecific hybrid between the Japanese and Taiwan macaques. Electrophoretic analysis of diagnostic blood proteins (adenosine deaminase, ADA; NADH-dependent diaphorase, DIA; transferrin TF) strongly supported the occurrence of hybridization between native Japanese macaques and artificially introduced Taiwan macaques in the prefecture. The male had a Taiwanese-like mitochondrial DNA. This suggested that the hybrid resulted from a mating between an immigrant male of Japanese macaque and a group-member, female Taiwanese macaque in the northern area of the Arida River.

著者

濱田 穣

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.3, pp.179-180, 2009-03-31 (Released:2010-06-17)

著者

新宅 勇太

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.2, pp.173-174, 2018-12-20 (Released:2019-01-10)

参考文献数

2

著者

山梨 裕美

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.1, pp.23-32, 2019-06-20 (Released:2019-07-12)

参考文献数

71

---

Both general and academic attention toward animal welfare has been increasing and the importance of scientific investigation into welfare states of captive animals is being recognized. One of the big questions in scientific studies of animal welfare is how we can assess animal welfare in an objective manner, and this is an intensively debated topic. In this paper, I reviewed the studies on captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in order to discuss the methodologies used to assess welfare states and introduce studies that have investigated how social environments affect chimpanzee welfare by combining behavioral and hair cortisol (HC) measurements. Recently, cortisol accumulated in the hair of animals has been considered as an indicator of the long-term hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. From a welfare perspective, long-term stress is more problematic than acute stress as it is challenging for animals to experience distress over a long period and long-term activation of the HPA axis can result in overall health deterioration. A series of studies on captive chimpanzees show that HC is useful for monitoring the long-term stress levels in captive chimpanzees. Furthermore, using the novel measure of long-term stress, I found that the stress level of male chimpanzees is affected by social variables and that male chimpanzees use social play as a means to reduce social tension. Although scientific investigation of animal welfare is still not a prevalent practice in Japan, it is a promising area of study both for improving animal welfare and deepening our understanding about animals.

著者

岡 秀郎 岡田 守彦 木村 賛 葉山 杉夫

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.2, pp.207-220, 1996 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

16

---

サル類の樹上運動への最高の適応としての腕渡り動作を取り上げ,喉頭腔を特殊化しなかったヒトの動作時の喉頭動態について,新たに開発された高解像度内視鏡ビデオシステムを用い,直接,喉頭の動態を観察すると共に,動作ならびに筋の作用機序の面から喉頭括約作用の動作への関与について検討した。腕渡り動作時,被験者の経験している運動形態の差異により,喉頭動態ならびに上肢・上肢帯筋群の活動様式に差異が認められた。喉頭動態に関しては,二次元平面運動(柔道・剣道)経験者では喉頭閉鎖が観察されたが,三次元空間運動(体操)経験者では喉頭は終始開放されていた。筋活動様式に関しては,二次元平面運動経験者の場合,右手懸垂スイング時に上腕骨の内転動作に参画していると考えられる,三角筋前部,大胸筋胸肋部に顕著な放電の出現・増大が観察され,これらの放電の増大時に喉頭括約が認められた。二次元平面運動経験者の場合,内転動作時に運動支援として胸郭の固定が必要となり,胸腔内圧をあげるための喉頭括約作用が要求されるようになったものと考えられる。一方,三次元空間運動経験者の場合,同時期,三角筋前部,大胸筋胸肋部の顕著な放電の出現は観察されず,喉頭括約は認められなかった。また,二次元平面運動経験者でも右手懸垂スイング時,三角筋前部の放電は減少傾向を示し,大胸筋胸肋部に顕著な放電の減少が認められた場合,喉頭括約は認められなかった。これらのことから,肩関節への負荷状態により,運動支援としての胸郭の固定が必要となり,胸腔内圧をあげるための喉頭括約作用が要求されるようになったものと考えられ,ヒトの動作と喉頭括約作用との関係について,肩関節への負荷量の状態に起因する運動支援としての前庭ヒダ・声帯ヒダの関与の存在を強く示唆するものであった。

著者

清水 慶子

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.3, pp.367-383, 2009-03-31 (Released:2010-06-17)

参考文献数

121

被引用文献数

2 1

---

Noninvasive methods for the measurement of estrone conjugates (E1C), pregnanediol-3-glucronide (PdG), testosterone (T), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), monkey chorionic gonadotropin (mCG) and cortisol in excreta of non-human primates were described. In the series of studies, results suggest that 1) urinary and fecal steroid metabolites accurately reflected the same ovarian or testicular events as observed in plasma steroid profiles in captive Japanese macaques, time lags associated with fecal measurements were one day after appearance in urine; 2) these noninvasive methods were applicable to wild and free-ranging animals for determining reproductive status; 3) hormonal changes during menstrual cycles and pregnancy could be analyzed by measurement of FSH, CG and steroid metabolites in the excreta in captive great apes and macaques; and 4) hormone-behavior relationships of macaques in their natural habitats and social setting could be analyzed. In these studies, we confirmed an association between maternal rejection and excreted estrogen, but not excreted progesterone, for Japanese macaques. We also reported that significantly higher levels of fecal cortisol were observed in high-ranking male Japanese macaques. 5) A reliable non- instrumented enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of early pregnancy in macaques was established.These results suggest that the noninvasive methods for monitoring characteristics of excreted hormones provide a stress-free approach to the accurate evaluation of reproductive status in primates. These methods provide the opportunities for the study of hormone-behavior interactions in not only captive but also wild and free-ranging animal species.

著者

小山 直樹 高畑 由起夫

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.3, pp.289-299, 2009-03-31 (Released:2010-06-17)

参考文献数

50

被引用文献数

2

著者

藤田 和生

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.61-62, 1993 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

5