著者

茂原 信生

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.2, pp.165-178, 1996 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1 2

---

The direction of the orbits in mammals, especially in primates, was examined to explain orbital convergence in primates. The orbital axes of old world monkeys are between 40°∼50°, while those of new world monkeys exceed 50°. The orbital axes tend. to be even larger in callithricids. In Prosimians, the axis angle ranges from 60°∼100°, and is clearly larger than those of the anthropoids. The orbital axis angle of carnivores is between those of prosimians and anthropoids. However, their orbital planes have not turned to the front, because the olfactory sense is also important for them. Ungulates have large orbital axis angles over 100°. It is clear that arboreality is possible even if the orbit has not turned to the front as it is in anthropoids, because tree shrews or squirrels do not have orbits rotated to the front as in anthropoids. Carnivores, although they are terrestrial mammals, have orbital axis angle as small as in primates. As a result, the frontal rotation of the orbit was not caused simply by the adaptation to arboreal life, supporting the visual predation hypothesis advocated by Cartmill (1972).

著者

三谷 雅純

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.37.037, (Released:2021-11-02)

参考文献数

11

著者

杉山 幸丸

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.3, pp.215-223, 1995 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

41

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Tool-using behaviors of animals have been compared with those of early-man and examined the factors which differentiated the human culture from that of animals. Many tool-using behaviors of animals which are mainly found among birds and primates, particularly in chimpanzees, are flexible to environmental change and have local differences. The reason why they are remarkable only among some separated animal taxa are to be examined through their environment, life form, feeding repertoire and technique. Chimpanzees use and make many different kinds of tools, occasionally do more than one kind of tool for a single purpose and are expected to use a tool for making another tool which needs high intelligence and capability. Examination of local differences of tool-using repertoire of chimpanzees and their environment made clear that they maintain techniques through social tradition, which can be called “culture”. However, its elaboration to man-like culture needs further development of the motor function coordinating both hands and communication method by language.

著者

小島 龍平 日暮 泰男 後藤 遼佑 伊藤 純治 菊池 泰弘 藤野 健

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.31.020, (Released:2015-12-20)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

2 1

著者

岩本 光雄

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.2, pp.119-126, 1987 (Released:2009-09-07)

被引用文献数

2 3

著者

南 徹弘

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.69-76, 1998 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

20

著者

中川 尚史 中道 正之 山田 一憲

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.111-125, 2011 (Released:2012-01-19)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

6 7

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Questionnaire on infrequently-observed behaviors (IOBs) in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) were given to primatologists. This survey aimed to provide basic information on the degree of rarity of each behavior. The questionnaire consisted of questions for respondents themselves, (e.g., name, research carrier, daily observation time), focal group (name of group and local population, captive, provisioned free-ranging, crop-raiding or purely wild), and IOBs. Experience of direct observation of 36 candidates of IOBs was also requested to answer by yes, no, or impossible to answer because of ambiguous memory or unawareness of its behavior. In total, 39 answer sheets were obtained from 32 respondents. The top 10 IOBs and the number of those answering "yes" in parenthesis are as follows: mating interruption by juveniles (1), simultaneously nursing different-aged offspring (1), tool-use (1), single mount ejaculation (2), transporting the older offspring (2), nursing the older offspring (2), simultaneously transporting different-aged offspring (3), pulling the hair of female chin as a courtship behavior by male (4), twin birth (4), and (diurnal) birth (6). Some of IOBs, such as mating interruption by juveniles, seem to be due to ambiguous memory or unawareness of its behavior. Apparent inter-population differences in the percentage of respondents answering "yes" to the all the respondents giving definite answers were found in some behaviors, such as embrace-rocking behaviors, mating behaviors in birth season, stone-handling, and feeding on vertebrates. Some of them, like the latter two, seem to have something to do with provisioning. With the modification of three categories by Nakamichi et al. (2009), we proposed the following five categories of IOBs: I) behaviors which are difficult to be observed despite its common occurrence; II) behaviors which rarely occur in every population: III) behaviors which rarely occur in some populations, but frequently occur in the others; IV) behaviors which are difficult to identify and memorize despite its common occurrence; V) behaviors which rarely occur during the most of the time but temporally occur.

著者

ハフマン マイケルA

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.2, pp.179-187, 1993 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

45

被引用文献数

5 5

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It has been proposed that chimpanzees use a number of toxic plant species for their medicinal value. Based on behavior, plant pharmacology, and ethnomedical information, hypotheses concerning the medicinal use of some of these plants by chimpanzees include the following: control of parasites, treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, regulation of fertility, and possible anti-bacterial or anti-hepatotoxic activity. With regards to bitter pith chewing and whole leaf swallowing behaviors, 20 medicinal plant species have been observed to be used not only by chimpanzees, but also by bonobos and lowland gorillas at 7 sites (Mahale, Gombe, Kibale, Kahuzi-Biega, Wamba, Tai, Bossou) across Africa. A detailed description is given of the research program currently being carried out by the author and colleagues of the international research team, The C. H. I. M. P. P. Group, and in particular, of the ongoing multi-disciplinary research into the chimpanzee use of Vernonia amygdalina (Del.) in the Mahale Mountains National Park Tanzania. The hypothesis that this species has medicinal value for chimpanzees comes from detailed observations by the author of ailing individuals' use of the plant. Quantitative analysis and assays of the biological activity of V. amygdalina have revealed the presence of two major classes of bioactive compounds. The most abundant of these constituents, the sesquiterpene lactone vernodalin, and the steroid glucoside vernoioside B1 (and its aglycones) have been demonstrated to possess antibiotic, anti-tumor, anti-amoebic, anti-malarial, anti-leishmanial, and anti-schistosomal properties. At Mahale, the particular parts of an additional 12 plant species ingested by chimpanzees are recognized for their traditional use against parasite or gastrointestinal related diseases in humans. Their physiological activities are now being investigated in the laboratory.

著者

櫻木 敬子

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.1, pp.63-64, 2019-06-20 (Released:2019-07-12)

著者

本間 敏彦 坂井 建雄

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.1, pp.25-31, 1992 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

2

---

Anatomy of the intrinsic and extrinsic hand muscles concerning the thumb movement were studied in 6 primate species including tree shrews, slow lorises, a squirrel monkey, crab-eating monkeys, an orangutan and man. Four thenar muscles which represent the intrinsic muscles are found in all the species examined except for the tree shrews which lack M. opponens pollicis. This muscle effects an opposable movement of the thumb against the other fingers in the prosimians and the higher primates. The opposable movement which enables grasping of tools is most effective in the man. Among the four extrinsic muscles, M. extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) and M. flexor pollicis longus (FPL) are unique in the man. In the other species examined, the former is totally absent and the latter may be represented by a tendon coming from M. flexor digitorum profundus. EPB and FPL work together to flex specifically the phalangeal joint of the thumb without bending the other joints. Thereby FPL flexes the distal phalanx and the EPB stabilizes the proximal phalanx. In the other primates, flexion of the joint is inevitably accompanied by bending of the distal phalangeal joints of the other fingers, as seen in the human toes.

著者

英国危険病原体諮問委員会 中村 志帆 光永 総子 中村 伸

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.377-394, 1999 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

14

著者

中道 正之

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.34.031, (Released:2018-12-28)

著者

松本 卓也 遠山 真理

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.34.021, (Released:2018-12-28)

参考文献数

14

著者

渡辺 邦夫 三戸 幸久 和田 一雄 東 滋

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.1, pp.30-35, 1990 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

4 1

著者

岩本 光雄

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.1, pp.76-88, 1986 (Released:2009-09-07)

著者

寺本 研 森 森裕介 長野 邦寿 早坂 郁夫 沓掛 展之 池田 功毅 長谷川 寿一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.33-43, 2007 (Released:2009-01-01)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

6 6

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Chimpanzees are a naturally highly sociable species. Therefore, it is desirable to keep captive individuals in a social group. Although the dyadic introduction method has been commonly used to form social groups, it has not always been successful. In the present study, we tested a new method to create three all-male groups, two of which consisted of .ve individuals, and one of nine individuals. This method requires three stages. First, male dyads were put into neighboring cages in which the individuals could see each other. Tentative social rank was determined by observing the males' behaviors in these dyadic encounters. Next, they were moved to an unfamiliar environment and housed individually. Several days later, they were introduced one by one to an outside enclosure. Three allmale groups have been maintained so far, suggesting that group formation was successful. The occurrence of severe injury was considerably lower than that seen commonly in multi-male multi-female groups. Moreover, signi.cant effects of the group formation on male behavior (e.g., increased number of active social behaviors and decreased abnormal behaviors) were observed. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our new method of forming all-male chimpanzee groups.

著者

大井 徹 河村 正二 竹ノ下 祐二 浅田 正彦 山田 文雄

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.137-171, 2013-12-20 (Released:2014-02-28)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

1

著者

竹ノ下 祐二

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.71-72, 2004 (Released:2005-05-27)

参考文献数

3

著者

中務 真人 國松 豊

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.3, pp.313-327, 2009-03-31 (Released:2010-06-17)

参考文献数

87

被引用文献数

1 2

---

Recent discoveries of new hominoid species from the Late Miocene of Africa provide us various insights for the study of hominoid evolution and human origins. One of them, Nakalipithecus is a large-bodied hominoid from 9.8 my-old Nakali, Kenya. It has a close relationship with the slightly younger Ouranopithecus known from Greece and Turkey and is very likely the sister taxon to the extant African apes and humans among the currently known hominoids. More importantly, Nakalipithecus is accompanied with several other catarrhine taxa, including another large-bodied hominoid, small-bodied non-cercopithecoid catarrhines, and cercopithecid and victoriapithecid monkeys. In this article, we review the phylogeny of Late Miocene hominoids, morphological evidences to connect Nakalipithecus with Ouranopithecus, and paleoenvironments of Nakali and biogeography of Late Miocene hominoids. Also, we propose a scenario of competition in cercopithecoids and non-cercopithecoid catarrhines in the Late Miocene of Africa and its influence on hominoid evolution.

著者

松本 晶子

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.2, pp.165-166, 2004 (Released:2005-05-31)