著者

Shozo KOJIMA

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

Primate Research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.44-65, 1988 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

3 2

---

Audition, speech perception and phonation of the chimpanzee were studied to understand the course of evolution of human speech. (1) The chimpanzee showed W-shaped auditory sensitivity which is similar to that of monkeys and different from that of humans. The origin of the 4kHz dip was discussed. (2) The discrimination of vowels and consonants was studied using a reaction time task. The chimpanzee required long latenties in discriminating [i] from [u] and [e] from [o]. The relationship between the auditory sensitivity and the perception of vowels was discussed. The chimpanzee was reported to make use of the pitch and the 3rd and the 4th formants to normalize vowels. The chimpanzee showed categorical perception of the voicing and the place-of-articulation features of stop consonants. (3) The chimpanzee did not utter [i] and [e]. The small pharynx was suggested to be responsible for this repertoir of vowl-like sounds. The relationship between perception and production of vowels was discussed and it was suggested that the evolution of audition was matched to that of phonation. The difference in the vocal development between chimpanzees and humans was also discussed. (4) Auditory cortical neuronal responses of the Japanese monkey to conspecific coo sounds were reported. The neural lateralization of vocal reception in primates was discussed.

著者

早川 祥子 Hernandez Alexander D. 鈴木 真理子 菅谷 和沙 香田 啓貴 長谷川 英男 遠藤 秀紀

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 = Primate research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.1, pp.3-10, 2011-06-20

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

2

---

屋久島にて見つかったおよそ26歳という,非常に老齢であるニホンザル(メス)の死体の剖検結果を報告する。年齢の推定は死体の歯のエナメル質をヘマトキシリンで染色する方法によって行った。これは餌付けの経験のない野生ニホンザルとしては例外的に高齢であると考えてよい。外傷は見当たらず,病理解剖における主な病変は肺出血であり,対象個体が肺炎に罹患していたことが示唆された。さらに特筆すべきことは,このサルの体内から大量の寄生虫感染が見つかったことである。感染していたのは線虫4種,総数1524個体(<i>Streptopharagus pigmentatus</i> 1270, <i>Gongylonema pulchrum</i> 208, <i>Oesophagostomum aculeatum</i> 36, <i>Trichuris</i> sp. 10)であった。対象個体は老齢のため免疫力が低下しており,寄生虫の感染および蓄積を防ぐことができず,さらには肺炎にも感染して死を迎えたものと考えられる。

著者

古川 研

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.1, pp.36-39, 1986 (Released:2009-09-07)

著者

平田 聡

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.2, pp.55-66, 2009-12-20 (Released:2010-06-17)

参考文献数

43

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Cooperation plays an important role in daily social interactions in humans. Wild chimpanzees have been reported to act cooperatively during hunting, but whether or not they are really engaging in cooperation is under debate. Investigation of cooperation in captive chimpanzees dates back to Kohler&rsquos observation, but experimental examination of cooperative ability in chimpanzees has been limited. The present paper describes recent advances in the study of cooperation and other related behaviors in chimpanzees, focusing on two kinds of experiments. In one of the experiments, two individuals had to move a set of heavy stones in order to obtain food under them. Two chimpanzees never succeeded in the task, but a pair of a chimpanzee and a human succeeded, and the chimpanzee began to solicit the human partner when he was not responding. In the other experiment, two individuals had to pull both ends of a string simultaneously to obtain food. The two chimpanzees did not succeed initially, but they gradually began to adjust their behavior to succeed in the task, by watching the partner and waiting for her. These studies indicate that the chimpanzees are able to comprehend some aspect of cooperation, but they never showed ostensive communicative behavior to achieve cooperation with the partner. Taken together other related studies, competitive social skill hypothesis and emotional reactivity hypothesis may have a key in understanding evolution of cooperation. However, these hypotheses seem to be insufficient in explaining the whole picture, and future research in needed especially by focusing on the nature of mother-infant relationships.

著者

北村 光二

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.2, pp.109-120, 2008-12-20 (Released:2009-08-11)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1 1

---

This paper aims to consider why the sphere of social phenomena is significant in the study of primates, including humans, and what aspects of the phenomena we should focus on in order to understand its significance. Although the process of making relations with others may easily become undecided, it may not be retained. We humans cope with such undecidability by paying attention to the motivation of activity easily shared by participants, or adequate readiness for regulating each other's interaction. This does not mean that the social sphere is independent of other spheres, but these characters are common to the activities of making relations with the natural environment for surviving. The social sphere should be placed in the larger range of phenomena produced by the activities of making relations with the outer world in general. An individual animal tries to decide his act of making relation with an object depending on the meaning of the object, while he tries to identify the meaning depending on his act of making relation with the object. Here, the undecidable circle is formed. The same situation is found in the case of making relations with others. That is to say, one tries to decide his act to the other depending on the other's act while the latter decides his act depending on the former's act, so that the undecidable circle is also formed here. The undecidability in the process of making relations with objects is usually perfectly hidden. However, the other's selection in the process of making relation with the object is always apparent in the social sphere. The other not only makes the undecidability apparent by making a different selection from my own, but also teaches a new way of coping with it by sharing the motivation with him or regulating the process of interaction with him.

著者

北村 光二

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 = Primate research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.2, pp.109-120, 2008-12-20

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1 1

---

This paper aims to consider why the sphere of social phenomena is significant in the study of primates, including humans, and what aspects of the phenomena we should focus on in order to understand its significance. Although the process of making relations with others may easily become undecided, it may not be retained. We humans cope with such undecidability by paying attention to the motivation of activity easily shared by participants, or adequate readiness for regulating each other's interaction. This does not mean that the social sphere is independent of other spheres, but these characters are common to the activities of making relations with the natural environment for surviving. The social sphere should be placed in the larger range of phenomena produced by the activities of making relations with the outer world in general. An individual animal tries to decide his act of making relation with an object depending on the meaning of the object, while he tries to identify the meaning depending on his act of making relation with the object. Here, the undecidable circle is formed. The same situation is found in the case of making relations with others. That is to say, one tries to decide his act to the other depending on the other's act while the latter decides his act depending on the former's act, so that the undecidable circle is also formed here. The undecidability in the process of making relations with objects is usually perfectly hidden. However, the other's selection in the process of making relation with the object is always apparent in the social sphere. The other not only makes the undecidability apparent by making a different selection from my own, but also teaches a new way of coping with it by sharing the motivation with him or regulating the process of interaction with him.

著者

中道 正之

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.297-303, 1999 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

6

著者

小田 亮

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.65-71, 1997 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

34

---

Most studies about mental abilities in nonhuman primates have been held in laboratory conditions. Considering the highy developed social organization of the primate species, however, it is necessary to study about their mental abilities in free-ranging conditions. Numerous studies have been made on natural vocal communication of nonhuman primates. Results of the studies tell mental abilities of nonhuman primates as well as functional significance of vocalizations in their lfe. This paper reviews some studies about nonhuman primate vocal communication and shows examples of mental abilities emerged in these studies, which is recognition of other individuals, perception of quantity, understanding of causal reasoning, categorization, and ability of deception.

著者

山極 寿一

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 = Primate research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.73-76, 2004-06-30

被引用文献数

2

著者

橋本 千絵 古市 剛史

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.3, pp.259-269, 2001 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

1 5

---

We examined the 20-years records of female transfer of wild bonobos at Wamba, D. R. Congo. Most females left their natal group between 6 and 9 years old, and immigrated into new groups between 10 and 12 years. Females seemed to travel several groups before settling in a new group. After settling down, they start reproduction and will not transfer to other groups for the rest of their life. We examined average of coefficient of consanguinity of males with whom females may copulate in new groups. The probability of inbreeding drastically decreases when a female transfers groups, and it decreases according to the amount of intergroup travel. Differences in female transfer pattern between bonobos and chimpanzees seem to be due to the differences in the risks of traveling alone, such as predators, social relationships between females, and high social status of females. The balance between cost and benefit of intergroup transfer may determine philopatric social structure in chimpanzees and bonobos.

著者

伊藤 毅

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.17-26, 2016

---

Molecular phylogenetic analyses have established most components of primate systematic classiications, which are signiicantly diferent from the traditional morphology-based classiications. This becomes an issue when inferring the phylogeny of extinct taxa, for which molecular data are usually unavailable. Researchers have attempted to extract phylogenetic signals from morphological characters to infer relationships between extant and extinct taxa. One of the most disruptive factors obscuring phylogenetic signals of morphological characteristics is size-related shape variation (i.e., allometry). Although some issues remain, researchers have successfully detected phylogenetic information that was previously hidden by the strong efects of allometry. Recently, the importance of morphological data and fossil evidence has been reconsidered, and the total-evidence approach has been resurrected. This approach incorporates both extinct and extant taxa and uses all available data, i.e., both molecular and morphological characters. The validity of the total-evidence approach should be evaluated under various conditions using simulation studies and tested using the actual data for various primate taxa.

著者

市川 光雄

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.32.011, (Released:2016-06-19)

著者

座馬 耕一郎

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.29.017, (Released:2013-12-13)

参考文献数

107

被引用文献数

2 2

---

The relationship between primates and lice is discussed. Lice are ectoparasites that live on the body surface of mammals and, in contrast to ticks and fleas, do not leave the host during their life cycle. Host mammals may experience adverse effects from lice, such as anemia and skin irritation. Moreover, lice are vectors of infectious diseases; for example, human lice (Pediculus humanus) transmit the epidemic typhus pathogen between humans (Homo sapiens). DDT virtually eliminated human lice in several countries after World War II. Early Japanese primatologists who began research during this period had little interest in the relationship between primates and lice. Primates groom each other to remove lice, ticks, and small objects. Prosimians use their lower incisors to groom, similar to rodents and African antelopes, whereas anthropoids, which have a retinal fovea with high visual acuity and functional fingers that allow them to find and pick small ectoparasites from the body surface, groom using their hands and mouth. Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) and lice (Pedicinus obtusus, P. eurygaster) have an entwined host-parasite and predator-prey relationship. Lice lay nits on monkeys, who are hosts, in areas where hair growth is dense because the hair conceals nits from the monkeys, who are their predators. Monkeys remove and eat nits according to nit density. Given the high intrinsic rate of natural increase in lice, monkeys need to groom daily. This necessity may explain why monkeys live with grooming partners making social groups. The development of simplified techniques to estimate louse infection in primates will advance the study of socioecological models and lice infection dynamics in primate metapopulations.

著者

佐倉 統

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, 2013

著者

武田 庄平 筒井 紀久子 松沢 哲郎

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.207-214, 1999 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

13

---

Sand manipulations in four captive female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were experimentally analysed. Every experimental session was done at the individual situation. Each individual was observed in the experimental booth under four 30min. conditions; with an experimenter and no object, with an experimenter and 16 objects, with an experimenter and 7 objects, and with no experimenter and 7 objects. In every conditions, 10kg. sand was mounted at the centre of floor in the booth. Comparing the amount of time of sand manipulations under each conditions, the conditions with an experimenter and objects facilitated chimpanzees to manipulate sand, although the small number of objects was more efficient. For the ultimate purpose of abstracting the intelligence of chimpanzee, we made the ethogram of sand manipulation. Each bout of sand manipulation observed was categorized into four contexts; relating with their own body and object, relating with only their own body, relating with only object, and specific manipulation. The cases of sand manipulation initiated with “scoop”, “drop”, “grasp”, “scrape”, and “touch” were the most popular for all contexts. Chimpanzees could spontaneously construct the triad relationship of sand (with objects), experimenter, and themselves. Apparent “pretend play” could not be observed in the present study, but some of nearly “pretend play” were observed. These observational evidences allowed us to speculate that chimpanzees can symbolically manipulate sand.

著者

山極 壽一

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.1-2, 2007 (Released:2009-01-01)

著者

勝 野吏子 鈴村 崇文 山田 一憲 中道 正之

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.163-172, 2014 (Released:2014-08-02)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

4

---

Here, we have reported two cases of diurnal stillbirths in free-ranging groups of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), Arashiyama and Koshima groups. One infant was born prematurely and in breech position, while the other seemed to be a full-term infant born in front position. The two mothers had little interaction with other members of the group throughout parturition. The group members, except for juveniles, also showed little interest in the mothers. The mother of the infant born in the breech position licked the body of the infant, as in the case of live births. Moreover, both mothers carried the infants ventrally. However, the two mothers also showed behaviors that were different from those usually observed after a live birth. The mother of the infant born in breech position tore parts of the infant's skin and ate them. The other mother dragged the infant by grabbing the umbilical cord. Previous studies have reported that mothers carry infants that died after birth, but it was unclear whether interactions with live infants were required for such maternal behavior. Our observations suggest that some maternal behaviors can be observed even when the infants die before parturition. At the same time, the cases reported by us show the possibility that infants born dead may influence the expression of certain unusual behaviors.

著者

久世 濃子

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 = Primate research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.77-80, 2004-06-30

被引用文献数

3 1

著者

杉山 幸丸 岩本 俊孝 小野 勇一

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 = Primate research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.3, pp.197-207, 1995-12-01

被引用文献数

1 7

---

The number of Japanese macaques (<i>Macaca fuscata</i>) has rapidly increased under artificially provisioned conditions. At Takasakiyama it increased by 6.9 times during 22 years from 1953 to 1975 when food was given at 618kcal/day/head on average. To control the population growth, provisioning was decreased to 334kcal/day/head from 1975, after which, it increased only by 1.2 times for 19 years until 1994. Destruction of the forest from the increased number of monkeys has continued, however, through eating fruits, shoots and young leaves of the main food trees. Yearly consumption effeciency of monkeys in the forest for 1990 was calculated as 8.7%, which is near to the African elephant. As a result, the vegetation type is changing from that of natural forest. Computer simulation revealed if the population decreases to 60% of its current size and 282kcal/day/head of artificial food is given, consumption efficiency will decrease to 5.8% and the population can be kept almost stable. Further manipulation of the monkey population is necessary at present by altering mortality, natality or both. Supply of many free-ranging monkeys to biomedical experiments should not be recommended from the stance of animal welfare and the quality of experimental animals. On the other hand, temporary birth-control of each cycling female is to be considered. The principle of population control is to keep population parameters at about the level of the natural condition.

著者

村井 勅裕

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.2, pp.129-132, 2004 (Released:2005-05-31)

参考文献数

16