著者

上野 将敬

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.21-34, 2017-06-20 (Released:2017-07-27)

参考文献数

105

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Group-living primates are likely to spend a substantial amount of time grooming and resting with a small number of other group members. Such close and enduring relationships are regarded as affiliative. The properties of affiliative relationships are not fully understood and no consensus exists on how to quantitatively describe them. In this review, I explain the primate behaviors that are related to affiliative relationships and examine the means for using these behaviors to measure the relationship. Traditionally, affiliative relationships are defined by the frequency of proximity and grooming. Individuals with frequent proximity and grooming tend to perform altruistic behaviors for their partners without immediate return from them, groom each other in a reciprocal manner in the long-term, show distress and reconcile after agonistic interactions, and synchronize their behaviors with those of their partners. Thus, in addition to measuring the frequencies of proximity and grooming, these behavioral tendencies might be used as indices of affiliative relationships. Similarly, other questions concerning affiliative relationships remain unexplained. Some studies show that affiliative relationships increase reproductive success, but the mechanisms leading to fitness outcomes remain unclear. Although typically in primates, related individuals tend to form affiliative relationships, such relationships are also formed with unrelated individuals. Affiliative relationships could mitigate the negative effects of competition among individuals in large social groups and ensure that the individuals that form the relationship receive benefits from each other (e.g., agonistic support and collective mobbing). It is also unclear whether the affiliated relationships of nonhuman primates are equivalent to those of humans. Further research is necessary to elucidate similarities or differences in affiliative relationships between human and nonhuman primates.

著者

吉田 浩子

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.45-53, 2000 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

1 1

著者

山梨 裕美 徳山 奈帆子 赤見 理恵 乾 真子 土手 結月 石井 愛夏 佐々木 伶奈 松浦 有花 高野 華花 奥村 逞人 池田 義知

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.2, pp.99-109, 2022-12-09 (Released:2022-12-10)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

1

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Live pet trade has become one of the greatest threats to wild primate populations. Many primates were imported to Japan, and the country is considered to be a large pet primates market. Among the primates, slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) were among the most popular species for live pet trade. However, there is not much awareness in Japan about the problems associated with live pet trade, especially among the young generation. In this study, a comic book about slow lorises was created, and its effectiveness as a teaching material for young people was evaluated. The participants, who answered an online survey, included 596 high school students from two high schools in Osaka, Japan. The participants accessed a comic book, short text, or long text, which served as teaching materials, and answered several questions before and after reading the materials such as their experience with pet primates and awareness of the problems. The results revealed that although the participants’ awareness related to infectious diseases, animal welfare, and conservation increased after reading any of the three teaching materials, the comic book did not increase their awareness more than the texts. Approximately 75 % of the participants found each of the materials interesting. Furthermore, approximately between 32.0 and 40.9% of respondents were willing to share information directly with others and between 14.5 and 16.5% of those with SNS (Social Network Service). No differences were found among the three conditions. In addition, while actual experience with primate pets prevented them from promoting awareness about the problem, their level of interest toward animals and experience with primate pets in SNS did not reveal such an effect. These results suggest the importance of providing information, but effective ways to convey information requires further investigation.

著者

竹ノ下 祐二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.47-64, 2005 (Released:2005-08-30)

参考文献数

60

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Recently, researchers and conservationists have been paying more attention to infectious diseases, as one of the major threats for great ape survival, along with commercial hunting and habitat destruction and fragmentation by mechanized logging. Outbreak of epidemics such as ebola hemorrhagic fever has frequently occurred in recent years, causing catastrophic damage to chimpanzee and gorilla populations. Although less information is available for bonobos and orangutans, evidence from health evaluation suggests that they are also threatened by infectious diseases. A combination of target control, blocking tactics and reservoir control is needed for the prevention of disease transmission, as well as health monitoring. Inter-site, interdisciplinary cooperative efforts by great ape researchers, veterinarians, human medical scientists and anthropologists are essential for the execution of effective prevention measures. Since many infectious diseases of the great apes are anthropozoonotic, it must be remembered that the health of great apes and people in habitat countries are inextricably linked with each other.

著者

蔦谷 匠

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.1, pp.17-30, 2018-06-20 (Released:2018-08-22)

参考文献数

138

被引用文献数

1

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Stable isotope analyses are now widely used for estimation of diet, habitat use, and migration in ecology, and are especially useful for species that cannot be observed directly. Although most primate species can be habituated and observed directly, stable isotope analysis provides supporting and complementary evidence for ecological studies of such species. In this review, stable isotopic methodologies are introduced in Japanese for researchers in primate ecology. Elements and tissues that are typically used in stable isotope ecology are explained. Several previous works that applied stable isotope analyses to primate ecology are reviewed briefly, and possible future research avenues are also described. Some points that need consideration in the application of stable isotopic methodologies are also discussed. Because the quality and quantity of samples are important in stable isotope analysis, collaboration of researchers in primate ecology and stable isotope ecology is recommended prior to sample collection. The application of stable isotope analyses to primate ecology can expand with advances in analytical techniques.

著者

山本 真也

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.95-109, 2011-12-20 (Released:2012-01-19)

参考文献数

68

被引用文献数

2 1

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How did humans evolve to such an altruistic and cooperative animal? This review paper discusses the primate origin of altruism and cooperation from the viewpoints of cognitive mechanisms and adaptation to social systems. Our previous studies have revealed three characteristics of chimpanzees' altruistic helping behavior: 1) helping upon request, but seldom voluntarily; 2) understanding others' goals by visually assessing the situations; and 3) understanding of others' goals does not automatically lead to voluntary helping. It is suggested that the mechanism in chimpanzees' helping is different from that in human helping, which is often solicited by only witnessing others in trouble. This difference in spontaneity in helping might be a result of their different social systems. In human societies, where indirect reciprocity works, individuals who behave altruistically can gain good reputations. In such societies, voluntary helping is favored and rewarded. Meanwhile, institutions and social sanctions exist in human societies: selfish individuals can be punished by third-party group members. This system also maintains altruism and cooperation. In contrast, there has been no empirical evidence for existence of reputation and social sanction in chimpanzees, which might explain their lack of voluntary helping. Instead of indirect reciprocity, fission-fusion dynamics might be an alternative system for maintaining altruism and cooperation in chimpanzee societies. It is possible that an ecological environment influences a social system, which in turn determines behavior and its mechanism. This emphasizes the importance of empirical studies with broad perspectives. Comparative studies with humans, chimpanzees and bonobos both in the wild and under experimental conditions are expected to deepen our understanding of the evolution of altruism and cooperation, and accordingly to reveal multiple dimensions of human evolution from the viewpoints of cognition, behavior, society, and ecology.

著者

杉山 幸丸

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.36.011, (Released:2020-11-26)

参考文献数

135

被引用文献数

1 1

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Modern primatology began in 1952-3 through artificial feeding of Japanese macaques at Koshima and Takasakiyama. Artificial feeding allowed short-distance observation, individual recognition and long-term observation. These new methods applied to wild monkeys made possible new findings, such as life-time kinship bonds, social organization, cultural behaviors, etc., which changed anthropology, biology, psychology and also other social sciences.During the 1st stage of the studies led by K Imanishi and J Itani, researchers focused their efforts not on biology but on sociology. Itani declared that Japanese primate studies do not reflect natural science. On the other hand, some other researchers carried out ecological studies of monkeys and proceeded on to socioecology. Itani attributed the dominance relations among individuals to the social order or hierarchy, whereas other researchers did so to competition over resources to increase reproductive success.In 1956 and in 1962, respectively, the Japan Monkey Centre and the Kyoto University Primate Research Institute were established. JMC contributed as the first organization of primatology in Japan, and KUPRI added to a confluence of field and experimental primatology. DNA fingerprinting to analyze the relatedness of individuals accelerated the unification of field and laboratory studies.After 1970, agricultural damage caused by wild monkeys exploded due to deforestation and the presence of unguarded crops. Researchers had to work to prevent such monkey activity in the field. They were also forced to cull this endemic primate species. As a result, the field of primatology had to expand in cognitive science, physiology, brain science and genetics as well as conservation activity.

著者

島田 将喜

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.127-139, 2011 (Released:2012-01-19)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

1

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Previous studies have used some verbs or nouns in ordinary language to describe, count, or analyze different types of animal behavior. However, the concept of "play" is problematic for ethological analysis. Although ethological analysis should be based on well-defined concepts, play is an ill-defined concept because the various meanings of the term necessarily make the boundary of the concept ambiguous and because the phenomena of play do not form discrete categories. Considering these difficulties, the ethological study of play should posit the argument that the concept of play is characterized by prototypeness. Consequently, the question "What is play?" is divided into the following three sub-types: (1) The question on our own cognition of play, "What type of phenomena do I (we) call play?"; (2) the question on the objective features of play, "What are the ethological features of the phenomena that we call play?"; and (3) the question on the animal cognition of play, "How do target animals recognize the phenomena that we call play?" By integrating prototype theory and the ethological study of play, we can establish various important and positive research agendas with respect to these three questions.

著者

加藤 章

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.3, pp.395-404, 2009-03-31 (Released:2010-06-17)

被引用文献数

1

著者

辻 大和 和田 一雄 渡邊 邦夫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.21, 2012-06-20 (Released:2012-10-21)

参考文献数

246

被引用文献数

14 11

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We studied about the non-woody plant diets of wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), including herbaceous plants, ferns, mushrooms, seaweeds, and animal matter, in order to make clear how many numbers of non-woody plant food items were eaten by the macaques all over across Japan. This is useful information for both fundamental and applied studies of this species. Through a web-searching using "Web of Science" and "Google scholar", we collected 266 data sets from 215 articles from 49 study sites. The macaques fed on 460 species of herbaceous plants (from 258 genus/67 family), 30 species of ferns (from 24 genus/15 family: 15), 61 species of fungi (from 42 genus/19 family), 3 species of moss (from 3 genus/3 family), and 11 species of seaweeds (from 11 genus/7 family), respectively. For the herbaceous plants and ferns, we also studied the parts eaten. Macaques mainly fed on leaves and stems of the herbaceous plants. This was different from that of woody plant diets, for which the macaques evenly fed on leaves, fruits, buds, bark, and flowers. On the other hand, the macaques fed on 136 animal species, mainly insects (108 species, from 103 genus/15 order). They fed on only a few numbers of vertebrates (reptiles, amphibias, fish, and birds). The macaques fed on soil in many study sites. If we add information from Tsuji et al. (2011) about woody plant diets studied most intensively, the macaques in total fed on 1,154 species of plants and animals, and 2,406 dietary items of these plants. We also discussed about the usefulness of reviewing previous descriptive data.

著者

黒鳥 英俊

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.2, pp.79-89, 2017-12-20 (Released:2018-01-19)

参考文献数

22

著者

名取 真人

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.173-185, 2014-06-20 (Released:2014-08-02)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

1 6

著者

早川 卓志

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.1, pp.65-78, 2018-06-20 (Released:2018-08-22)

参考文献数

102

被引用文献数

1

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Genetic investigation of wild primates are crucial to understand kinship, population diversity, phylogeographic patterns, and heritable factors of phenotypes. Traditional DNA technology using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing have restricted the genome-wide analysis of primates, particularly due to the low quality and low quantity of noninvasive DNA samples obtained from wild individuals. Following the post-genome era, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have provided a new paradigm in primate studies. NGS has enabled the genome-wide analysis of primate DNA using noninvasive samples, such as feces. Metabarcoding and metagenomics analyses using fecal samples provide information on food items and commensal microorganisms of the host animal. Here, I review a history of DNA sequencing technologies and examples of NGS studies in wild primates. Further, I discuss the effectiveness of NGS application to noninvasive samples.

著者

濱田 穣

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.2, pp.247-261, 2002 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

5

著者

南 俊行 川口 ゆり 瀧山 拓哉 七五三木 環 横山 実玖歩 鳥井 朋恵 板原 彰宏 田中 早陽子 横坂 楓 乾 真子 文元 りさ 宗田 夏帆 池田 智遥 池山 睦衛 高橋 侃凱 村上 聡 權藤 岳 迫田 祐樹 岩井 宏平 Chen Peini 川村 康太郎

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.39.003, (Released:2023-06-07)

参考文献数

18

著者

大西 賢治 山田 一憲 中道 正之

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.35-49, 2010-06-20 (Released:2010-07-01)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

4 3

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We observed 4 cases of aggressive response of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) toward a Japanese giant flying squirrel (Petaurista leucogenys) at the feeding site of the Katsuyama group.When a Japanese giant flying squirrel glided over to a tree at the feeding site, almost all the adult and subadult monkeys resting around the tree mobbed the flying squirrel with threatening sounds. Immature monkeys aged ≤ 2 years screamed, and the mothers retrieved their infants immediately on spotting the flying squirrel. Several peculiar high-rank adult males and females chased, threatened, and attacked the flying squirrel for 25-114 minutes, but mothers with infants seldom approached the flying squirrel. High-ranking adult males had a greater tendency to perform agonistic displays toward the flying squirrel than low-ranking adult males and females.Our observation and previous reports about interspecific encounters suggest that Japanese macaques recognize the Japanese giant flying squirrel as being in the same category as raptors, which prey on Japanese macaques. This explains why the monkeys respond aggressively, which is typical of antipredator behavior, to the common behavioral features of the flying squirrel and raptor-gliding and descending nearby. However, this aggressive response does not seem to benefit monkeys in terms of avoiding predators because the flying squirrel is not actually a predator. There are 2 other possible benefits. Their sensitivity to behavioral features that resemble those of the raptors may improve their efficiency in terms of antipredator behavior towards actual predators such as raptors. In addition, adult or subadult male monkeys may display their fitness to potential mates by performing agonistic displays in response to the Japanese giant flying squirrel.In order to better understand the relationship between Japanese macaques and other species, it is necessary to establish a system for collecting and sharing data on rarely observed cases.

著者

田島 知之

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.219-220, 2021-12-03 (Released:2021-12-07)

参考文献数

2

著者

落合-大平 知美 倉島 治 赤見 理恵 長谷川 寿一 平井 百樹 松沢 哲郎 吉川 泰弘

出版者

一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.2, pp.123-136, 2006 (Released:2007-03-13)

参考文献数

64

被引用文献数

7 9

著者

伊谷 原一 松沢 哲郎 山極 壽一

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.1, pp.31-35, 2016-06-20 (Released:2016-08-05)

参考文献数

6

被引用文献数

2

著者

楢崎 修一郎

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.2, pp.161-172, 1997 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

51

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Since the study of mithocondrial DNA regarding the origin of modern humans, the fate of the Neandertal has been debated. Currently, two famous models are present such as the Out of Africa model and the Multiregional Evolution model.This papar reviewed the past and current studies of morphological research on the Neandertal and the new dating of the several sites in Europe and Mddle East. Also, tested the ecological theory of symbiosis hypothesis (mutualism and commensalism) and competition hypothesis (habitat segregation and food segregation). Only Out of Africa model is applicable to both symbiosis hypothesis and competition hypothesis.The present author favored the competition hypothesis.