著者

川本 芳 川本 咲江 濱田 穣 山川 央 直井 洋司 萩原 光 白鳥 大祐 白井 啓 杉浦 義文 郷 康広 辰本 将司 栫 裕永 羽山 伸一 丸橋 珠樹

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.2, pp.69-77, 2017-12-20 (Released:2018-01-19)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

4

著者

加納 隆至

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.3, pp.223-242, 2001 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

75

被引用文献数

1 4

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Numerous comparative studies have shown that Pan paniscus exhibits many socio-sexual characteristics which are distinct from those of Pan troglodytes. These characteristics can be considered as successful counter-strategies against potential infanticide by males.1) Female P. paniscus show longer maximal tumescence period per cycle, larger number of cycles during pregnancy, earlier resumption of a cycle after giving birth, than those of P. troglodytes. All of these increase a female's sexual receptivity which help to mitigate male-male sexual competition, the principal motivation for infanticide.2) Female P. paniscus appear to form a sort of alliance against males: they are more closely associate with each other than males do, both in the formation of parties and spatial distribution, and are cooperative in agonistic interactions with males. They prevent males from establishing a coalition by assisting young males to gain higher ranking positions, and also by maintaining a close association with their sons even after they mature. Thus, females, in spite of their physical inferiority to males, attain equal or even higher social positions than males. This makes it difficult for males to behave violently towards infants.3) Female P. paniscus take the initiative in peaceful contact with different groups. They mate more frequently with males from different groups than with males of their own group during intergroup encounters. Intergroup copulations, together with obscured ovulation through prolonged estrus, make it difficult for males to determine paternity. This extreme confusion of paternity is considered to be a powerful deterrence to infant-killing by males of both the same group and between different groups.

著者

本庄 重男

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.2, pp.109-110, 1986 (Released:2009-09-07)

被引用文献数

4 7

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“The Guiding Principles for Animal Experiments Using Nonhuman Primates” has been adopted by unanimous consent at the 2nd General Assembly of PSJ held on June 14, 1986, in Nagoya. Three main points of view, i. e., (1) conservation of feral nonhuman primate resources, (2) animal welfare, and (3) good use of nonhuman primates as laboratory animals, have been comprehended in “the Guiding Principles” which consists of a preamble and twelve sections. The preamble explains PSJ's fundamental intent to draw up “the Guiding Principles”. Twelve sections are concerned with 1) judgement on appropriateness of experiment using nonhuman primates, 2) procurement of wild nonhuman primates, 3) quarantine, 4) health management for monkeys as well as for personnels working with monkeys, 5) feeding conditions, 6) experimental techniques and procedures, 7) euthanasia and clearance work for carcasses, 8) effective and multiple use of animals, 9) captive breeding and rearing, 10) publication of experimental results, 11) observance of rules and regulations related to protection and welfare of animals, and 12) establishment of an intramural system of inspection and review for animal experiments.PSJ believes it is quite right to state that scientists who use nonhuman primates for their research should strictly observe “the Guiding Principles”.

著者

松沢 哲郎

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.3, pp.187-196, 2009-03-31 (Released:2010-06-17)

参考文献数

45

被引用文献数

1

著者

三上 章允

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.3, pp.197-212, 2009-03-31 (Released:2010-06-17)

参考文献数

28

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In 1966, Edward Evarts reported the neuronal activities of mortar cortex of behaving monkeys. That was the first report of the cellular level research using behaving monkeys. The Primate Research Institute (PRI) was established in Kyoto University, next year in 1967. To start a new research project in the new institute using primates, research on cellular level of brain functions, especially the functions of the frontal association cortex was selected. This topic was selected since the higher brain functions are the well-developed functions in the primates. Later, in 1970, Edward Evarts was invited to come to Japan. He stayed PRI for 4 months and brought his new techniques to PRI. Thus the cellular level of study on functions of the association corteces started using behaving monkeys in Japan. Since then, the cellular basis of the integrative brain functions, such as, perceptual decision making, emotional decision making, planning of complex behavior or complex motor control were revealed based on the analyses of the correlations of behavior and neuronal activities while monkeys are performing behavioral tasks. To investigate correlations, it was important to segregate behavioral events in the time sequence of the single task or in the multiple tasks. In addition to this, the effect of the lesion and the effect of electrical stimulation of the target brain area were helped to understand the behavioral role of the neuronal activities. Although this field of research revealed higher brain functions of monkeys in the single neuronal level, the understanding of the brain mechanisms of higher brain functions is still in the primitive phenomenal level. In future, it is necessary to reveal the role of each neuronal activity in the neural circuit of the brain.

著者

大井 徹 河村 正二 竹ノ下 祐二 浅田 正彦 山田 文雄

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.29.015, (Released:2013-12-18)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

1

著者

毛利 俊雄 吾妻 健 石上 盛敏 川本 芳

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.2, pp.87-94, 2000 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

7 8

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We report a species identification by mitochondrial DNA of a partial macaque skeleton excavated from Shuri Castle, Okinawa, the estimated age of which is around the 16th or 17th century AD. Species identification by gross morphology was not possible because of the following reasons; sufficient parts are not preserved, no natural distribution of non-human primates including macaque is recorded in the Ryukyu islands, and the genus Macaca is highly speciose. DNA amplification of D-loop variable region (ca 200bp) was first unsuccessful with the use of previously devised sets of primers which encompass the whole region, and is accomplished by using newly devised sets of primers, each of which is designed for anterior or posterior portion of the targeted region. Sequenced DNA of the Shuri macaque completely agrees with a sequence of Yaku macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui). For the comparison with or species identification of Shuri macaque, we sequenced the same region of DNA (variable region of D-loop) from four species of macaques (Macaca fuscata, M. cyclopis, M. mulatta and M. fascicularis). Ample variations of substitutions and insertion/deletion mutations are discovered both intra- and inter-specifically. A neighbor-joining tree based on nucleotide substitutions is depicted with bootstrap values (Fig. 4). In this study, a monkey skeletal remain excavated from Okinawa is safely identified as a Yaku macaque by the use of mitochondrial DNA. This suggests a promising future of genetic analyses for archaeological information retrieval. It is also emphasized that, for the proper assessment of the genetic information from archaeological remains, fuller genetic studies of the living animals are critically important.

著者

山極 寿一

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.2, pp.195-206, 1993 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

54

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The distribution of gorillas and chimpanzees overlaps extensively in eastern Zaire. A similar density is estimated for the 2 kinds of ape in lowland tropical forests, while the density is higher for gorillas than for chimpanzees in montane forests. These differences are reflected in their food selection and range utilization in both habitats. Like chimpanzees, gorillas tend to eat many kinds of fruit and to consume insects regularly in lowland forests. Gorillas and chimpanzees tend to select different food items and to range in different vegetation types in montane forests. The low availability of fruits in montane forests may be responsible for the low density of chimpanzees. When availability of fruits declines, the 2 kinds of ape adopt different strategies. Gorillas exhibit folivorous characteristics and decrease day journey length. Chimpanzees are always extensive frugivores and may possibly increase their ranging area. These findings of their ecological characteristics must be considered in conservation planning. Kahuzi-Biega National Park (6, 000km2) includes both montane and lowland forests and provides a variety of habitats for gorillas and chimpanzees. The recent census conducted in montane forests indicates a slight increase of gorilla population in this decade. However, gorillas and chimpanzees tend to concentrate their ranging in the small areas which are well protected by the Park. The increasing human population around the Park has gradually destroyed the ape's habitats everywhere. Recent developments in tourism and organization of NGO contribute financial supports for the country and knowledge to the local people to realize the value of their natural resources. More international attention is needed to increase conservation activities and to protect fauna and flora from the hazards of human disturbances in this area.

著者

正高 信男

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.2, pp.121-128, 1989 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

36

---

The present study shows that chemical signals are used as sociosexual communication among prosimians, New World as well as Old World monkeys. The abundance of scent glands and of behaviors concerned with their use exhibits that olfactory communication is of great importance in prosimians and callitrichids. Although cebids share a reduction in the complexity of the gland structure with Old World monkeys, the relative scarcity of specialized scent-marking behaviors is complemented by variable types of urine-concerned behaviors. It suggests that olfactory communication might play a more powerful role in social interaction in general throughout the order primates than is commonly supposed.

著者

狩野 文浩

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 = Primate research (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.95-108, 2012-12-20

参考文献数

33

---

Despite the importance of eye movement analysis in comparative and cognitive studies, the eye movements of great apes have not been examined until recently using the eye-tracking method. This is due to the lack of a non-invasive, unrestrained eye-tracking method, which is appropriate for great apes. In this review, I first show how a recent user-friendly corneal-reflection eye-tracking technique captures their eye movements accurately and stably. I then introduce several comparative studies that examined the eye movements of great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutan) and humans when viewing still pictures of scenes and faces under similar conditions. The major conclusion of those studies is that, although the species were similar in their viewing patterns, quantitative species differences existed in those similarities. That is, great apes and humans viewed similar parts of scenes/faces for similar lengths of time. However, great apes and humans differed from each other in that (1) great apes scanned the scene more quickly and more widely than did humans in general, and (2) humans viewed the eye part of faces longer than did great apes. These species differences may reflect their cognitive differences. In future, there are at least three promising directions. (1) Movie presentations about other individuals' actions to reveal how great apes anticipate the others' action goals. (2) A wearable eye-tracker to reveal how their vision actively interacts with the environment. (3) A correlational analysis to reveal how their basic gaze patterns influence their gaze-related performances such as gaze following and observational learning.

著者

大井 徹 Thao Sokunthia Meas Seanghun 濱田 穣

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.49, 2012-06-20 (Released:2012-09-22)

参考文献数

16

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We conducted a field survey of the distribution of primates at 73 sites in Cambodia, primarily in the Rattanakiri Highlands and the Cardamom, Elephant, and Dangrek Mountains, in 2008 and 2010, based on interviews with local residents, and observations of pet monkeys, wild monkeys, and monkeys fed at temples. In the Rattanakiri Highlands, information on Nycticebus pygmaeus, N. bengalensis, Macaca fascicularis, M. leonina, M. assamensis, M. mulatta, M. arctoides, Pygathrix nigripes, Nomascus gabriellae, and Trachypithecus margarita was obtained, although the presence of M. mulatta and M. assamensis should be confirmed in further studies. In the Cardamom Mountains, information on N. pygmaeus, N. bengalensis, M. fascicularis, M. leonina, M. assamensis, M. mulatta, M. arctoides, T. germaini, and Hylobates pileatus was obtained, although information on N. pygmaeus, M. assamensis, M. mulatta, and M. arctoides should be confirmed in further studies. In the Dangrek Mountains, information on N. bengalensis, M. fascicularis, and M. leonina was obtained. The habitat loss and degradation caused by large timber concessions, agricultural concessions, and illegal hunting are major threats to primates. Primates are protected by the Forest Law of 2002. Nevertheless, local residents are not aware of the law, and many consume and trade wild meat and animal parts. Unrecovered weapons and explosives from the civil war have accelerated excessive hunting of wild animals. Captive breeding of M. fascicularis for international trade for use in pharmaceutical testing and biomedical experiments might also threaten the wild populations, and its effect on wild populations should be examined carefully in future studies. Another problem is the translocation of wild monkeys to Buddhist temples, which affects the natural distribution of endemic genetic variation.

著者

早石 周平

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.34.019, (Released:2018-12-28)

参考文献数

2

著者

山越 言 竹元 博幸 松沢 哲郎 杉山 幸丸

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.101-114, 1999 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

169

被引用文献数

4 4

---

This review summarizes the findings from 40 years of research on a chimpanzee group at Bossou, Guinea, conducted mainly by two research teams, one from the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands, and the other from Kyoto University, Japan, and reports the current conservation status of the chimpanzee group.Research in the 1960's by the Dutch team consisted of short-term, ‘testing-a-hypothesis’ type projects, which focused on the chimpanzees' agonistic behavior towards predators. They used a unique field-experiment method, with an artificial leopard, to see how the chimpanzees responded to the stimulus. The experiments revealed a variety of agonistic reactions by chimpanzees, including tool-using behavior such as throwing a branch and using a stick as a club.In 1976, the Japanese team launched a long-term project, based on recognizing each chimpanzee individually. Although diverse topics have been covered to date, a focus has been tool use. Starting with the first substantial direct observation of nut cracking by wild chimpanzees, many other types of tool use have since been described, including ant dipping, pestle pounding, and algae scooping. A series of field experiments followed that revealed many details about nut cracking by chimpanzees: hand preference, metatool, developmental process, etc. Feeding ecology is a more recent topic, and the utilization of oil palm as a ‘keystone resource' when fruit is scarce, using two types of tool, proved to have significant ecological importance. Unique social characteristics like male immigration, close between-female relationships, and females’ high reproductive performances have been brought to light and require more ecological and genetic study to understand their uniqueness comprehensively.As for the conservation status of Bossou chimpanzees, the population size has fluctuated, but has been essentially stable during the study period. The reproductive parameters appear good, but juveniles of both sexes tend to disappear for unknown reasons. The people of Bossou have a strong religious motivation for conserving small patches of forest and the chimpanzees living there, and there is good collaboration among the Bossou people, government institutions and researchers when dealing with conservation problems. Current concerns seem to be the genetic isolation from a neighboring chimpanzee population on Mt. Nimba, and crop damage caused by the chimpanzees.

著者

中久喜 正一

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.2, pp.121-133, 1988 (Released:2009-09-07)

参考文献数

12

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This is general remarks of the study of mammalian lung. The interpretations of the lung lobes are different among authors. Particulary, in the left lung. Therefore, the author investigates the lungs of 55 species of mammalia to establish the fundamental structure of the bronchial ramification of the mammalian lung: the dorsal bronchiole system, lateral bronchiole system, ventral bronchiole system and medial bronchiole system arise from the dorsal, lateral, ventral and medial sides of both bronchi. Further, two pairs of bronchioles arise from the lateral sides of the trachea. The upper lobe bronchioles are the first branch of the dorsal bronchiole system and two pairs of bronchioles which arise from the lateral sides of the trachea. In this way, three upper lobe bronchioles can be enumerated. The middle lobe bronchiole is the first branch of the lateral bronchiole systems. The accessory lobe bronchiole is the first branch of the ventral bronchiole system. The remaining bronchioles constitute the lower lobe (Nakakuki, 1975, 1980). The author identified the lung lobes not only basing upon the external observation but also basing upon the fundamental structure of the bronchial ramification of the mammalian lung. The results are summarized as show in the Table 1 and Table 2.

著者

吉田 高志

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.3, pp.345-355, 2009-03-31 (Released:2010-06-17)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1

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We followed physical growth and aging in the cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) bred and reared in the laboratory frorm gestation to old age, for those individuals whose gestational age and/ or exact age were known. Growth patterns of body mass were compared between sexes by a cross sectional study. Although higher rates of growth for infants and early juveniles were observed in both sexes, the pre-pubertal spurt with sexual maturity was observed only in males. The significant sex difference in body mass growth patterns was demonstrated in cynomolgus monkeys, which has not been observed in humans. The characteristics of physical growth from birth to 12 weeks of age in both sexes were examined morphometrically and discussed from the point of view of allometry. The postnatal growth of facial and extremity parts of the body were relatively greater than other body parts, particularly the trunk. Furthermore, physical growth during the first 6 years of life was analyzed. All measurement items in females showed monophasic allometry against the growth of the anterior trunk length. However, several items in males including body mass showed biphasic allometry with the inflection point occurring at about 2.5 years of age. The process producing sexual dimorphism in the cynomolgus monkey was demonstrated.Then age at menarche and menopause and post-menopausal lifespan in female cynomolgus monkeys are presented.

著者

杉山 幸丸

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.1, pp.51-56, 2011-06-20 (Released:2011-07-28)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

1 1

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Bonobo tool-using behavior is rare, limited in variety and relatively simple in form. The tools of bonobos are almost always made of a crude branch with little processing and are used neither for getting food nor as a weapon but for improving "the quality of life" (rain hat, social communication etc.). The paucity is said to be influenced by the abundance and richness of the food resources, relieving them of the need to develop food processing tools. I agree with this explanation and propose another possibility. The chimpanzees' curiosity, high activity and aggressiveness to strangers and strange objects accelerated their development of tool-using behavior. In contrast, the mild and shy disposition of bonobos might have influenced the types of tools they developed.

著者

本郷 峻

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.34.014, (Released:2018-06-27)

参考文献数

87

---

Camera trapping is a new method widely used to assess animal distribution, density and behaviour. Although recent studies have reviewed general patterns in camera trap studies and provided recommendations in their usage, primate studies using camera traps have yet to be thoroughly reviewed. Here, I conducted a systematic search for studies using camera traps in primatology (camera trap primate studies [CTPS]). Finding 57 papers published between 2001 and 2017, I recorded their study objectives and methodologies. The number of CTPS started to increase from 2010, and more than half of CTPS (64.9 %) focused on behaviours. The majority of behavioural CTPS investigated foraging behaviours, including tool use, geophagy and predation, while we also found studies exploring activity rhythms, terrestrial behaviour, habitat use and social behaviours. Some studies used camera traps to complete mammal checklists in study areas and confirm the presence of focal primate species. Some ecological CTPS estimated population density using spatial capture-recapture models and capture rates, and I also found a study calculating occupancy probabilities of arboreal primates. I then point out several issues we have to consider when deploying cameras (sensor sensitivity, image type and camera placement) and analysing images obtained (definitions of independent events and potential biases in detection probability). Unfortunately, several CTPS were not designed to test their study questions sufficiently, and many articles failed to report essential information to facilitate repeatability. I argue that future researchers conducting CTPS should focus on nocturnal primates, explore novel methodologies to use the camera-trap images themselves for primate colour and morphology, develop methodologies for density estimation of arboreal primates, and use sophisticated study designs and reporting. Primatologists will be able to test their existing hypotheses using new technologies.

著者

早木 仁成 木村 大治 松本 健義 杉山 幸丸 高梨 克也 友永 雅己 藪田 慎司 山越 言

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.2, pp.177-204, 2010-12-20 (Released:2011-02-01)

参考文献数

44

著者

杉山 幸丸 渡邊 邦夫 栗田 博之 中道 正之

出版者

Primate Society of Japan

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.63-81, 2013

被引用文献数

2

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Primatology in Japan after the World War II began in the late 1940s with the observation of shy wild Japanese macaques (<i>Macaca fuscata</i>) from more than 100 m. Depending on artificial feeding students succeeded to observe macaques within a short distance and identified each individual. Individual identification of calm free-ranging macaques within a short distance made it possible to record individual and social behavior of each identified individual in detail; long-lasting kin-recognition between a mother and her offspring, dominance relations among individuals and kin-groups, and then, social organization. Artificial feeding is a form of semi-experimental manipulation introduced into the wild monkey groups. This paper showed how students contributed to the primate studies under such a condition at Koshima, Takasakiyama and Katsuyama. Some behaviors, particularly cultural ones, were found only in the artificially-fed groups. Some other exceptional or uncommon phenomena or behaviors seen in non-artificially-fed groups were recorded, with many episodes sufficient for statistical analysis at artificially-fed groups. As far as we are cautious that artificial feeding is semi-experimental manipulation on the wild monkey groups, we can find out more about the important nature of human and non-human primates and evolutionary relations of them.

著者

名取 真人

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.2, pp.209-215, 2014-12-20 (Released:2015-02-17)

参考文献数

18