著者

森本 真一 Shin-ichi Morimoto

出版者

昭和女子大学近代文化研究所

雑誌

学苑 (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

no.798, pp.107-123, 2007-04

---

Oscar Wilde observes in "The Decay of Lying" that life imitates art rather than art imitates life. Akutagawa Ryunosuke was interested in Wilde. He made the protagonist of an autobiographical work wish to catch an aerial spark even at the risk of his life. Wilde and Akutagawa tended to attach more importance to fictitious worlds than the reality. William Faulkner was influenced by Wilde. A character in his novel named Faulkner declares that he is a liar by profession. Joe Christmas in Faulkner's Light in August finishes his life feeling unsure of his relationship to white and black people as he thinks he may be part Negro. He is lynched after many years of violent disobedience. According to Akutagawa, Christ is likely to be bound by the Holy Spirit as an eternal seeker of transcendence. Joe seems to be a powerless Christ vainly striving to get over something. Akutagawa compared artists to climbers and confessed his yearning for the foot of the mountain he was ascending. He called Christ an ultra idiot who kept fighting for poetic justice. This is presumably Akutagawa's reflection on his own fantastic mentality. Wilde was also conscious of a connection between Christ and artists. It may be that artists' passion leads them to ordeals just as Christ's life led him to be crucified. The Picture of Dorian Gray by Wilde is a story of a man who kills himself by means of stabbing his portrait. Likewise Akutagawa was distressed by his shadow and feared that his death might come to his second self. After he committed suicide, a writer lamented that he made a short romance of his life. Sherwood Anderson, who found an excess of talent in Faulkner, warned that he might not write anything because he could write in too many ways. He advised Faulkner to have somewhere to start from and Faulkner wrote a magnificent series of novels with his birthplace as its model. Wilde spent two years in jail on the charge of his homosexual love. Wilde and Akutagawa were tremendously talented. Readers must grieve that Akutagawa did not try to live and write further. As for Wilde, they may ask if he could show his uniqueness only through his fiction. Wilde and Akutagawa, in a sense, never attained their proper starting points from which they could set to work and fully demonstrate their abilities.

著者

福田 淳子

出版者

昭和女子大学近代文化研究所

雑誌

学苑 (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

no.840, pp.81-89, 2010-10

著者

大倉 比呂志

出版者

光葉会

雑誌

学苑 (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

no.900, pp.2-9, 2015-10

著者

中村 豪

出版者

光葉会

雑誌

学苑 (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

no.888, pp.24-31, 2014-10

著者

佐々木 隆宏

出版者

昭和女子大学近代文化研究所

雑誌

学苑 = Gakuen (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

no.929, pp.(27)-(35), 2018-03-01

著者

友野 清文

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.895, pp.1-14, 2015-05-01

著者

木村 信之 齋藤 優里

出版者

昭和女子大学近代文化研究所

雑誌

学苑 (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

no.921, pp.19-42, 2017-07

---

The authors attempted to confirm the necessity of free shared spaces at schools and researched the function of such spaces in four junior high and high schools where free shared spaces were intentionally planned and built about 30-35 years ago and are still being used today. We also distributed a questionnaire to 100 Showa Women's University students, some of whom are graduates from the schools with free shared spaces mentioned above, asking about free spaces at their high schools: how they are used and what type of free space they felt they needed during out-of-class time while at high school. Observation of the spaces at the four schools revealed the usefulness of the spaces as venues for communication among small groups of students. In addition, the researchers found that other spaces, like corridors and staircases, were also used as free shared spaces, that large free spaces were effectively used as venues for school events and for preparation for those events, and that free spaces near students' home rooms were frequently used. The results of the questionnaire also support the necessity of such spaces on the grounds that students' satisfaction with their school life is related largely to school events, friendship, and club activities, and that satisfaction with the school buildings in which these activities take place correlates to the availability of these free spaces.

著者

久下 裕利

出版者

昭和女子大学

雑誌

學苑 (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.891, pp.17-30, 2015-01-01

著者

鈴木 円 Madoka Suzuki

出版者

昭和女子大学近代文化研究所

雑誌

学苑 (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

no.800, pp.50-62, 2007-06

---

In 1972, the Japan Private High School Federation received a request from the Education Ministry to do research on the consistency of the secondary school education system. In response to this request, the Federation founded the Research Council of a Unified Lower and Upper Secondary Education System of Private Schools in 1972, and the Council submitted a report in 1973. This report was the vanguard of this kind of research, because this report brought out essential points in this kind of education system. According to the report, private schools endeavored to maintain their own specific education philosophy and the consistency of secondary education that secondary schools under the old system of education had. Therefore, private schools can enjoy the educational benefits brought about by their school ethos. It will be necessary to learn from these characteristics of private schools in order that newly established public unified secondary education schools may develop further.

著者

山田 潔

出版者

昭和女子大学近代文化研究所

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.814, pp.24-35, 2008-08-01

著者

ボルジギン フスレ(呼斯勒)

出版者

光葉会

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.857, pp.46-55, 2012-03-01

著者

ボルジギン フスレ(呼斯勒)

出版者

昭和女子大学近代文化研究所

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.845, pp.112-121, 2011-03-01

著者

桝田 和彌 青木 萌 寺澤 沙希 飯野 久和 Kazuya MASUDA Megumi AOKI Saki TERASAWA Hisakazu IINO

出版者

昭和女子大学近代文化研究所

雑誌

学苑 = Gakuen (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

no.938, pp.26-31, 2018-12-01

---

Recently, studies of intestinal microbiota have been conducted using mainly next-generation sequencers to perform comprehensive bacterial DNA analyses. When using this molecular biological approach, intestinal bacterial DNA is extracted from fecal samples. But the influence of the fecal sample storage condition and the methods of DNA extraction on the analysis have not been investigated as far as we know. In this study, we evaluate the effects of different freezing conditions and storage periods of microbial DNA in fecal samples using PCR-DGGE analysis. Fecal samples were stored at −20 ºC, −80 ºC and −80 ºC followed by a liquid nitrogen treatment and kept for 3 months and 1 year, respectively. Microbial DNA extracted from these fecal samples was examined using PCR-DGGE analysis to monitor total intestinal microbiota: Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Clostridium groups. DGGE profiles demonstrated that the total bacterial flora was stable and no significant changes were found due to storage conditions or periods. In genus specific detection of samples stored for three months, DNA bands were detected in all samples except for in part of the Clostridium group. In the case of fecal samples stored for one year, both at −80 ºC and also treated with liquid nitrogen, amplified genus specific bands were present in all samples. A different band pattern was observed only in the amplicon of the liquid nitrogen treated samples from the Clostridium group. On the other hand, in microbial DNA extracted from samples preserved at −20 ºC it was impossible to amplify specific fragments. Since some bacterial groups in fecal samples were affected by the freezing method, storage conditions and period, it appears that rapidly freezing fecal samples may be the most effective way to maintain intestinal microbiota.

著者

鈴木 円

出版者

昭和女子大学近代文化研究所

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.844, pp.86-97, 2011-02-01

著者

猪熊 雄治

出版者

昭和女子大学

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.760, pp.45-71, 2004-01-01

著者

岸本 満子

出版者

昭和女子大学近代文化研究所

雑誌

学苑 (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.8, pp.36-45, 1952-09

著者

西脇 和彦 Nishiwaki Kazuhiko

出版者

昭和女子大学近代文化研究所

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.851, pp.39-53, 2011-09-01

著者

安蔵 裕子 Anzo Yuko

出版者

光葉会

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.863, pp.59-131, 2012-09-01

著者

升田 淑子

出版者

昭和女子大学近代文化研究所

雑誌

學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.783, pp.14-29, 2006-01-01

著者

金子 弥生

出版者

昭和女子大学近代文化研究所

雑誌

学苑 (ISSN:13480103)

巻号頁・発行日

no.930, pp.37-49, 2018-04

---

Willy Wonka, a chocolate maker, places golden tickets in five candy bars. The five children who find the Golden Tickets in the bars they purchase are invited to his chocolate factory. Each of them seems to be an only child. It is commonly believed that an only child can do whatever he or she wants to do because he or she has no siblings with competing desires. Each of the five children except for Charlie Bucket grew up in rather rich families so that they could get almost anything they wanted just by asking their parents. These rich children can, for example, buy as many candy bars as they want until they get the Golden Tickets. Since their parents spoil them, they have become very selfish. Charlie Bucket, however, must repress all his desires because his family is too poor to buy luxury foods such as candy bars. Poverty seems to be an obstacle which will prevent us from doing what we want, but actually it teaches Charlie the importance of doing what he should. Because of poverty, Charlie becomes a good boy who can control his feelings, trust other people and gain the power of observation. Also, Charlie, who is given a bar of candy as his birthday present, always feels happy when he eats it. Because he cannot eat delicious things whenever he wants, he truly appreciates it when he can. The four rich children but Charlie do not feel happy when they eat the bar of candy. They just bought them to get the Golden Tickets. Willy Wonka wants to make people happy with the candy bars he produces; only with Charlie he succeeds. For these reasons, Charlie inherits the Chocolate Factory.