著者

鈴木 啓太 岡 蒼透 村本 由紀子

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.2, pp.83-88, 2018 (Released:2018-12-21)

被引用文献数

1

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Previous research of implicit theories has revealed that when a person needs to evaluate others ability, incremental theorists (who believe ability is malleable) tend to value effort, whereas entity theorists (who believe ability is fixed) tend to value results. However, recent research shows that entity theorists tend to search and find the most appropriate task for themselves on task performance, suggesting that it would be more important among entity theorists than incremental theorists to make precise evaluation of ability. Based on this assumption, we hypothesised that, when entity theorists need to evaluate other's ability, they would use the information of whether he/she made enough effort or not. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a paper and pencil experiment by using a vignette of a figure who is preparing for exam, in which we manipulated (1) the amount of effort the figure made and (2) whether the figure's grades improved or not. We measured to what extent participants would attribute the outcome to the figure's ability and effort, and how much effort they would request to the figure for his future performance. As a result, entity theorists attributed the outcome to the figure's ability when his grades improved with little effort or did not improve despite his effort. Also, entity theorists requested the figure to make further effort when he did not work hard and his grades did not improve. These results suggest that entity theorists evaluate other's ability not just by outcome but by paying attention to the information of his/her effort.

著者

中山 博子

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.127-136, 2016 (Released:2017-01-06)

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本研究は、乳児の泣き声を若者が聞いた場合どのように感じるか調査することを目的とし、女子大学生および大学院生を対象に泣き声を刺激とした聴取実験を行った。音声刺激は生後0か月から12か月の乳児を縦断的に観察して得られた泣き声を用いた。実験の結果、泣き声に対する嫌悪感は音圧など音の強さにかかわる指標が影響していることが判明した。また、泣き声に対する嫌悪感は乳児の機嫌の悪さとは必ずしも一致しなかった。乳児初期の泣き声と比べて乳児後期に観察される泣き声のほうが実験参加者に与える嫌悪感の度合いは高くなる傾向がみられた。実験参加者は乳児が表出するすべての泣き声に嫌悪感を抱くわけではなく、一部の甘え泣きに対しては好感をもつことが判明した。本研究の結果は、乳児の泣き声が不快であるというこれまでの前提に立っているのとは異なり、泣き声によっては聞き手にポジティブな感情をもたらし、ベビーシェマとして機能している可能性を示したといえる。

著者

後藤 崇志 田口 真奈

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.17-23, 2018

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近年、インターネット上で学びを進めることが可能な大規模公開オンライン講義(MOOC)と呼ばれる形態の講義が広まっている。本研究では受講者の社会経済的背景と内発的動機づけ・外発的動機づけの高さとの関連を検討した。研究1では1つのコースの受講者1,633名から得られた質問紙データを分析し、国民1人あたりの国内総生産(GDP)が低い国からの受講者は外発的動機づけが高い傾向にあることが示された。研究2では、研究1で扱ったコースを含めた7つのコースのデータについてメタ分析的手法を用いて検討を行った。その結果、国民1人あたりの国内総生産(GDP)が低い国からの受講者は内発的動機づけが低く、外発的動機づけが高い傾向にあることが示された。また、ジニ係数が高く、経済格差の大きい国からの受講者は外発的動機づけが高い傾向にあることも示された。以上より、社会経済的にあまり富んでいない国からの受講者は、MOOCを通じてキャリアを向上させようとするような外発的動機づけが高い傾向にあることが示された。これらの結果を踏まえ、MOOCに期待される役割のひとつである、教育機会の格差是正の実現可能性について論じる。

著者

増澤 高志 南 繁行

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.1, pp.45-53, 2010 (Released:2010-06-30)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

2 5

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An electric wheelchair is classified into the joystick type or scooter type in Japan. Especially, an electric wheelchair of the joystick type is one of the indispensable one for the movement of the person with severely physically disabilities. In this paper, the current state in Japan is described about the kind of a law, a standard, and a supply system and an electric wheelchair that is related to an electric wheelchair and markets. In this paper, the current status of the related law, supplier systems, the achievements of technical functions are described.

著者

八田 武志 八田 武俊 岩原 昭彦 八田 純子 伊藤 恵美 堀田 千絵 永原 直子 加藤 公子 藤原 和美

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.43-50, 2018 (Released:2018-07-02)

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this study was to develop a new questionnaire to assess the burden expressive suppression for Japanese (J-BES) based on the BES by Niermeyer, Franchow & Suchy (2016). In this study 1, 465 upper-middle and older adults filled 20 questionnaire items and two factors, social suppression and personal suppression, were identified by the factor analysis and selected 8 items as J-BES. In study 2, possible relations between J-BES score and D-CAT (representing attention related prefrontal cortex function) and Logical Memory test (representing memory related frontal-temporal cortex function) scores were examined. High J-BES score group participants showed worse D-CAT scores than low J-BES score group participants. These findings seem to support that J-BES has a certain level of test validity.

著者

杉村 智子

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.57-64, 2018 (Released:2018-07-02)

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We reviewed experimental studies examining inversion or composite effects to understand the holistic processing of faces. Early studies reported a shift from analytic to holistic face processing with age. Young children's inability to use holistic information was believed to explain their inferior performance in facial processing. However, recent research has revealed that even 3-year-olds and infants show sensitivity to holistic information, similarly to adults. We discuss methodological problems of these studies, including the lack of whole-face images in the stimuli tested. Previous studies commonly used facial stimuli created by cutting out only an internal area of a face, or by excluding external areas (i.e., hair). These manipulations have caused an overestimation of children痴 ability to identify and recognize faces. Finally, we present a new approach for clarifying developmental changes in face processing. Young children have a tendency to process a whole visual area, including areas that are inappropriate for accurate identification of faces (i.e., external areas), and have an inability to limit visual processing to useful internal areas and facial components.

著者

川上 清文 高井 清子

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.31-34, 2017 (Released:2017-06-30)

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保育園で、自由遊び場面における乳幼児の保育者への行動を1年間縦断的に観察した。9名の保育者(4名は1歳児、5名は0歳児担当)に対する1歳児23名(女児12名、男児11名)と0歳児9名(女児4名、男児5名)の行動を、3期4回ずつ、各15分ずつ記録した。すなわち一人の保育者に対し各時期1時間、計3時間ずつ観察したことになる。観察者は、なるべく自然な形で保育者の近くにいて、乳幼児の保育者に対する行動をICレコーダーに口述記録した。1歳児は1歳児の部屋で3、4名の保育者と遊んでおり、0歳児は0歳児の部屋で4、5名の保育者と遊んでいた。乳幼児の保育者に対する行動は時期を追う毎に増加した。どの時期においても0歳児よりも1歳児の行動の方が多く、またほとんどの場合、女児の行動の方が男児よりも多かった。保育者に対する行動で多いのは“ことばかけ”と“物を渡す”行動で、1期では後者が最も多かったが、2期3期では前者が最も多い行動であった。特徴的だったのは、乳幼児が保育者を“遊びを誘う”行動や保育者の“手を取る”行動が観られたことである。乳幼児は積極的に遊びを誘ったり、場所を移動させたりした。さらに興味深いのは、保育者が玩具を布でふくのを手伝うというような行動も記録されたことである。つまり、保育園の乳幼児にとって、保育者は養育者であるだけでなく、ライフパートナーでもあるのである。

著者

井関 紗代 北神 慎司

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.59-64, 2017 (Released:2017-06-30)

被引用文献数

3

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Previous research has shown that people hold a higher value for objects that they own, a phenomenon commonly known as the endowment effect. Studies suggest that even without actual ownership, merely touching an object can increase its psychological ownership, which produces the endowment effect. However, touchable commodities are not always available prior to purchase (e.g., during online shopping). When an individual is unable to touch an object, its psychological ownership can be increased with mental imagery of touching it. Imagining touching an object, also known as haptic imagery, has a similar effect on psychological ownership as physical touch, due to a difference in the perception of control. Imagining touching an object results in greater feelings of physical control compared to not imagining touching it. Factors that contribute to the effect of haptic imagery on psychological ownership remain unexplored. In this study, we examined whether haptic importance of objects could impact the effect of haptic imagery on psychological ownership when touch was unavailable. Participants were assigned to the haptic imagery condition or the no-imagery condition. They were asked to look at a piece of paper that introduced an object as if they were considering buying it. Participants in the haptic imagery condition were instructed to imagine holding the object in their hands and to think about how it would feel, keeping their eyes closed throughout the process. Subsequently, all participants were asked to fill out the questionnaire about psychological ownership, perceived control, and familiarity. Results showed a significant effect of haptic imagery on psychological ownership and perceived control, regardless of haptic importance of objects. In addition, when touch is unavailable, an individual痴 psychological ownership of objects with low haptic importance can be more than those with high haptic importance. These findings are applicable to product marketing, specifically for online e-commerce stores.

著者

八田 武志 岩原 昭彦 八田 武俊

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.1, pp.33-42, 2009 (Released:2009-06-30)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

1 2

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Subjective age of Japanese middle and upper middle community dwellers was surveyed in Study 1. Participants (N = 442) were asked to answer their subjective psychological and physical ages by the questionnaire. As seen in previous studies of North America and North Europe people, most of the Japanese participants evaluated their subjective and physical age significantly younger than their chronological age. There is a sex difference in the amount of discrepancy different from previous studies and this seems to suggest cultural effects on subjective age evaluation. In Study 2, the relation between cognitive task performances and type of subjective age evaluation was examined. Nagoya University Cognitive Assessment Battery (NU-CAB) was given to 362 middle and upper middle age participants and the results showed that attention related test items in the NU-CAB are critical to evaluate subjective age whether participants evaluated younger or older than chronological age.

著者

加藤 美朗

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.2, pp.169-176, 2014 (Released:2014-12-25)

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The opportunity of continuing education for people with intellectual disabilities, graduated from secondary schools is extremely limited more than those with other disabilities. In this article, the author reviewed the history and current situations of continuing education for people with intellectual disabilities in Japan, and higher lifelong educational situations in overseas countries. In USA, recently, the opportunity of enrollment to higher education institutions has increased remarkably. While, in Japan, the nondegree graduate courses at secondary schools have gradually increased but it is still not enough. It is necessary to be pervasive them throughout the country and establish cooperation with higher education institutions and to make more appropriate educational programs. In addition, the author introduced issues about support system for students with developmental disabilities.

著者

羽鳥 剛史 藤井 聡 小松 佳弘

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.17-24, 2017 (Released:2017-06-30)

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先行研究(Hatori et al., 2016)において、オルテガが『大衆の反逆』の中で論じている人々の大衆性が社会的ジレンマ状況において非協力行動を促進することが指摘されている。この結果を受けて、本研究は、幼少期の家庭や地域コミュニティにおける社会的関係が大衆性の発達を緩和する効果について探索的に検討することを目的とした。この目的の下、全国の一般成人1000名を対象とした調査を実施した。その結果、幼少期における社会的関係と大衆性を構成する自己閉塞性との間に有意な関連性が確認された。具体的には、家庭内のしつけや地域コミュニティの連帯が自己閉塞性の発達を緩和することが示された。さらに、幼少期における社会的関係は、自己閉塞性への影響を介して、大衆性を構成するもう1つの因子である傲慢性の発達を抑制するという間接的な効果を持つ可能性も示唆された。

著者

井関 紗代 北神 慎司

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.49-54, 2016

被引用文献数

5

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商品を購入する際、その商品を「触る」という行為は、非常に重要な役割を果たしている。その理由の一つとして、ただ商品を触るだけで、自分の所有物ではないにも関わらず、「自分の物であるような感覚」、すなわち「所有感」が生じるからであることがわかっている。しかし、オンラインショップなどの普及に伴い、購買意思決定の際に、商品を触ることができない場面が急増している。先行研究では、実際に商品に触れることができない状況において、目を閉じて商品を「触るイメージ」をするだけで、その商品に対する、所有感が高まることが示されている。本研究では、この触るイメージが所有感を高める効果は、安い商品と高い商品という価格帯の違いに関わらず、一様に生じるのか、また、所有感が高まることにより、購買意図を促進するのか、という点について検証した。その結果、触るイメージが商品の所有感を高める効果は、商品の価格帯の違いに関わらず頑健であることが明らかとなった。また触るイメージは、商品に対する「コントロール感」と所有感を通して、間接的に購買意図を高めることも示された。このことから、市場において、顧客獲得のために、所有感を高めることは有益であり、その方略の一つとして、触るイメージの想起が非常に有効であると考えられる。

著者

貝沼 洵

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.2, pp.2_21-2_34, 2004 (Released:2009-06-22)

参考文献数

40

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In this paper, I discuss the democratic meaning that A.Touraine mentioned the politics of Subject and the possibility of living with together in relation to questions under debate between liberalism and communitarianism. Touraine's arguments on the politics of Subject and democracy are very useful to criticize the various contemporary thinking, for example, conservative universalism and post-modernism, or liberalism and communitarianism. But, as both liberalism and communitarianism including J. Habermas and A. Giddens neglect an autonomous domain of politics that is distinguished from moral, Touraine's theory of Subject and democracy lacks concentration to the loss of alternative. His theory would may well be gone beyond him toward radical democratic politics.

著者

大竹 万里

出版者

Society for Human Environmental Studies

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.2, pp.69-80, 2006

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This paper introduces four specific materials to discuss the complex and difficult negotiations of the United States and Japan during the London Naval Conference of 1930. The first is a telegram sent by Stimson, head of the American delegation, to President Hoover which shows that before the conference opened Stimson had resisted the Japanese firm claim for a 10:7 ratio in auxiliary vessels because the United States Senate would not accept it when it was submitted. As the conference went on, however, Stimson received a telegram from William R. Castle, the American Ambassador to Japan, reporting about the current situation in Japan and Castle's impression on how the Japanese leaders like Shidehara Kijuro were thinking. Stimson sent a confidential letter to President on February, 17 to give him some background information about the progress made in the conference so far. Furthermore, he expressed his expectation that Wakatsuki Reijiro, head of the Japanese delegation, would make a decision to accept the American proposition. Stimson explained the benefits of the three-power agreement for the United States in the hearings before the United States Foreign Relations Committee on May 12, 13, and 14. Ultimately, the London Naval Treaty of 1930 was ratified by a vote of 58 to 9.

著者

戸田山 和久

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1, pp.1_5-1_10, 2003 (Released:2009-06-22)

参考文献数

21

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Philosophical naturalism is made up of two basic claims as follows. (1) Ontological claim (physicalism); Only 'physical entities and phenomena' and what supervene upon them really exist. (2) Epistemological claim; There is no 'first philosophy', that is, every method of investigation including philosophy itself must consist of the methods which are regarded as legitimate in empirical sciences. One consequence of the latter claim is called 'naturalization of philosophy of science' which has grown to be a powerful alternative to the traditional philosophy of science such as logical positivism or Bayesianism. The main concern of this paper resides in the question whether a philosophical naturalist could believe in these two claims at the same time. For, if naturalized philosophy of science found, in empirical data from the real history of science, the fact that the ultimate aim of scientific investigation is not to reach the literally true description of the world but to attain some other epistemic values (e.g. to control the nature or to make better predictions), it might undermine the realistic reading of the ontological claim of philosophical naturalism. This possibility is overlooked by virtually all the naturalists, but might pose a serious difficulty on their philosophic research program. In the last section of this paper, I tired to propose a way-out from this predicament for a philosophical naturalist like myself. The proposal consists of these two measures. (1) to adopt a Hackingean operationist criterion concerning what exists and what not, (2) to reinterpret scientific theories not as sets of theoreteical sentences but as semantic models.

著者

渡辺 匠 唐沢 かおり

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.35-40, 2011 (Released:2011-06-30)

参考文献数

24

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The current report examined the relationship between implicit self-evaluation and ingroup evaluation. Although previous research has indicated that explicit self-evaluation predicts ingroup evaluation on each trait dimension, there has been much less emphasis on how implicit self-evaluation and ingroup evaluation are mutually interrelated. On the basis of the theories which emphasize the role of the individual self in ingroup evaluation (e.g., Cadinu & Rothbart, 1996), we predicted that implicit evaluation of the self would become a better predictor for implicit ingroup evaluation. Forty undergraduates participated in the study. We used the typical minimal group procedure (Tajfel et al., 1971), and all participants were randomly assigned to artificial laboratory groups. Implicit self-evaluation and ingroup evaluation were measured with Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald et al., 1998). The analyses revealed that the self and ingroup were more associated with positive traits than negative traits, indicating that the self and ingroup were both positively biased. These results are in line with the findings of previous literature, but there was no significant correlation between overall implicit self-evaluation and ingroup evaluation. Thus, the overall pattern of results in the present study was inconsistent with our prediction, but, nonetheless, implicit self-evaluation significantly predicted implicit ingroup evaluation on some Big Five trait dimensions. Namely, implicit self-evaluation was positively correlated with implicit ingroup evaluation on extroversion and openness dimensions. In contrast, they were not significantly correlated with each other on neuroticism, conscientiousness, and agreeableness dimensions. The discussion argued that these differences may be partly due to the significance of participant's evaluation of each trait dimension.

著者

堀田 千絵 伊藤 恵美 岩原 昭彦 永原 直子 八田 武俊 八田 純子 八田 武志

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.2, pp.143-149, 2009 (Released:2010-01-14)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1 3

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We examined the relationship between the feeling of well-being and the duration judgments by remembering of a negative (earthquake) and non negative (social) memories for 40s, 50s, 60s, 70s, and 80s elderly groups. They were asked to produce the subjective time for each event and fill out the questionnaire of feeling of well-being. The results showed that female participants in 70s, 80s elderly groups decreased the subjective time of the negative event. Moreover, as feeling of well-being declined, the subjective time of the negative event were also decreased. The results suggest that less subjective time of the negative events may lead to less forgetting of them and associate with the present negative activities and imagining negative future happenings.

著者

伊藤 健彦 唐沢 かおり

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.125-131, 2013 (Released:2013-12-25)

参考文献数

42

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The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between causal attribution toward unemployed people and motivation to reduce employment disparity in Japan. In Japan, it is argued that social inequality leads to employment disparity. The inequality composes of sex, age, educational background and family background. The perception that people fail to get jobs due to the inequality possibly leads to motivation to reduce employment disparity. Causal attribution of a negative situation is an important factor to predict human attitude toward the situation. Therefore, in this present study, causal attributions toward unemployed people as predicting factors for motivation to reduce employment disparity were focused on. As causal attributions, inequality attribution (social inequalities such as sex), individual attribution (individual characteristic such as negligence) and fate attribution (individual fate such as misfortune) are proposed. In the present study, questionnaire packets from university students were distributed and collected. Participants answered items referring to causal attribution toward unemployed people and motivation to reduce employment disparity. As a result of the survey, there was a positive correlation between the inequality attribution and the motivation, a negative correlation between the individual attribution and the motivation, and no correlation between the fate attribution and the motivation. Hypotheses were confirmed and the results were consistent with previous studies of causal attributions. It was shown that the strength of individual attribution was the highest among the attributions, and the next was inequality attribution and the last was fate attribution. The participants possibly thought that Japanese government dealt with social inequality and unemployed people did not get jobs due to their own remissness compared to the inequality. This study discussed the motivation to reduce employment disparity in Japan from the perspective of causal attribution, and how to engage in employment disparity.

著者

八田 武志 岩原 昭彦 八田 武俊

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 = Journal of human environmental studies (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.1, pp.33-42, 2009-06 (Released:2013-06-14)

被引用文献数

2

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著者

羽鳥 剛史 中野 剛志 藤井 聡

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.2, pp.163-168, 2010-12