著者

津村 健太

出版者

Society for Human Environmental Studies

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.25-30, 2020 (Released:2020-06-30)

被引用文献数

1

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本研究の目的は、社会的排斥場面の目撃者による被排斥者への援助行動を促進する要因を検討することである。人にとって社会的なつながりはなくてはならないものであるため、被排斥経験後には他者との新しい社会的つながりへの欲求が高まる。しかし、被排斥者自身では社会的つながりを築くのが難しい場合もあり、そのような場合には、社会的排斥を目撃した者による被排斥者への援助行動が重要となる。これまでの研究では、排斥場面目撃者の感情反応について、十分に検討されてこなかった。そこで本研究では、目撃者が抱く罪悪感と恥に着目し、これらの感情が後続の行動に及ぼす影響について検討するため、インターネット調査を実施した。社会的排斥を目撃した際のことを想起してもらい、その時の感情や、その後の行動などについて尋ねた。その結果、目撃者が罪悪感を抱くと被排斥者への援助行動が導かれることが示唆された。他方で、恥を感じた場合には、その出来事や被排斥者を回避しようとする動機づけが高まることが示唆された。

著者

堀田 千絵 十一 元三

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.17-23, 2014 (Released:2014-07-23)

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It is well-known about the abnormalities of the abilities to remember and preserve information in the individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Many previous studies have focused on the difference by a final memory performance between individuals with ASD and Typical Development (TD). Then, the aim of this study was to examine the learning process until learning in the individuals with ASD, compared to TD. The participants of ASD and TD groups studied all 24 words pairs. Each word pair was tested until they could reach a criterion, two consecutive testing sessions. Learning processes were examined with four measures of (1) the total number of trials and (2) the number of trials for each pair until two consecutive correct responses, (3) the performance of two consecutive correct responses during study trials and (4) the response time for each word during study trials. Finally, at 30 minute later. they were asked to recall each corresponding word for 8 cues randomly selected from 24 pairs. The results showed that the number of trials until learning (the measurement of (1) and (2)) in ASD group were much than that in TD, whereas, in ASD group, the performance of two consecutive correct responses during studying trials (the measurement of (3)) and final performance after 30 minutes on corresponding words to 8 cues was prominently less than that in TD group. These results are discussed in terms of the memory dysfunction related to adaptation in ASD.

著者

高岡 要子 城 仁士

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.1, pp.1_67-1_72, 2008 (Released:2009-06-19)

参考文献数

16

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This interview surveys on "Subjective age" of dankai-generation were done to improve the quality of their welfare services, and the subjective age formation in an individual living environment was considered. The transition patterns of the subjective age were graphed case by case, and classified into seven types in total. From talking about their life history, the subjective age formation resulted from "change in the living environment" such as significant change in their life events and relationships. Through all interview results, "Temporal Landmark" theory by Shum (1998) was used to specify the regulated factors which caused "Self-youth" phenomenon that the subjective age was younger than the calendar age, and to examine how these factors influenced the subjective age formation. In addition, a self-youth mechanism was derived that the dankai- generation was youthful and energetic forever as if a lot of experiences of latter middle-aged people were activated as a landmark, and as if self-youth by landmark formation of the dankai-generation was caught affirmatively. Such a youthful dankai-generation was viewed as "Active senior" with discussion about a self youth mechanism, and a desirable transition model of subjective age to have time by youthful feelings as much as possible was presented at the end.

著者

津田 大希 津田 恭充

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.3-8, 2020

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In recent years, whistleblowing has uncovered several cases of wrongdoing committed by organizations and individuals in Japan. However, a survey by Japan's Consumer Affairs Agency (2016) showed that the prospect of retaliation inhibits people from whistleblowing. Although the Japanese government is considering establishing legal penalties for people who retaliate against whistleblowers research has yet to determine whether such penalties encourage whistleblowing in actuality. According to the social impact theory, diffusion of responsibility becomes more likely as more people recognize wrongdoing or when the wrongdoing is recognized by a strong authority figure. Previous studies have shown that when diffusion of responsibility occurs, individuals' intention to report wrongdoing is suppressed. However, previous research has not examined whether the presence of a strong authority figure inhibits whistleblowing intention. Using a hypothetical situation method, the present study examined whether the intention to report wrongdoing is influenced by the number of people who recognize the wrongdoing, the authority of those who recognize the wrongdoing, and the existence of legal penalties for retaliation against whistleblowers. Three hypotheses were formulated: (1) participants are more likely to report wrongdoing when there are legal penalties for retaliating against whistleblowers compared to when no such penalties exist; (2) participants are less likely to report wrongdoing when a strong authority figure (e.g., the manager from a head office) recognizes the wrongdoing, as opposed to someone with weak authority (e.g., a manager without decision-making power); (3) the intention of reporting whistleblowing does not depend on the number of people aware of the wrongdoing. A total of 226 university students participated in the study. 2 (the presence of legal penalties for retaliation against whistleblowers) × 2 (number of people who recognize wrongdoing) × 2 (authority of a boss who recognizes wrongdoing) analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted. The results showed that hypotheses 1 and 2 were supported, whereas hypothesis 3 was not. These findings suggest that whistleblowing will be encouraged when legal penalties exist against retaliation and when companies train managers to be aware of the influence of authority.

著者

福本 都 苫米地 飛 橋本 剛明 唐沢 かおり

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.73-80, 2017

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Existing research have investigated the effects of free will belief on aggressive behaviours. So far, studies have shown that when people's free will belief is denied, their motivation of self-control decreases, thereby increasing aggressive behaviours. An alternative and inconsistent account is that people who have strong belief in free will attributes the other party's attack to the actor's intention, which lead them to take revenge. Given that aggressions practically occur within a social interaction, the present study examined the relationship between free will belief and aggression in a social interactive situation. We hypothesized that people who have high free will belief will behave more aggressively when they are attacked by another individual. Based on a sample of 45 undergraduates, we measured free will beliefs and trait aggression as an individual-difference variable. We employed a modification of the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm in order to measure participants' aggressive behaviours. As a result, the effects of fatal determinism - a subscale of free will - were found significant. Specifically, when participants were unattacked by their interactive partner, those with low fatal determinism belief behaved less aggressively. Incurring no attack from the partner, participants may have experienced higher responsibility for taking aggressive actions themselves. Under such circumstance, having a low fatal determinism belief, and thus regarding their behaviour as undetermined by nature, may have further increased their sense of responsibility, consequently decreasing aggression. In contrast, when participants were attacked by their partner, aggressive behaviours increased on the whole relative to the non-attacked condition; receiving an attack may have simply provoked participants' motivation to revenge. This study highly suggests the relationship between fatal determinism belief and aggression in social interaction situations, offering a ground for future investigations including parameters to further explain the relationship.

著者

松本 龍児 櫻井 良祐 ●●● ●●● 唐沢 かおり

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.2, pp.113-117, 2014 (Released:2014-12-25)

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In the present research, we examined the effects of belief in free will on interpersonal aggression. Baumeister et al. (2009) demonstrated disbelief in free will promoted aggression toward an innocent target. However, our aggressive behavior is not limited to such non-retributive aggression. For instance, people often attack a person who has shown aggression against them in order to defend themselves or take sanctions. The strength of such aggressive behavior is proportional to perceived responsibility of the transgressor (Ohbuchi, 1987). It has been shown that belief in free will has strong relation to the attribution of responsibility and punishment. Thus, we predicted belief in free will would promote aggression against a transgressor. Forty-five undergraduates participated in the study and they were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions (free will, determinism, or control). After free will manipulation, participants conducted the competitive reaction time game against a fictitious participant. In the task, participants and a hypothetical opponent repeatedly delivered the blast of white noise to each other. The intensity of the blast of white noise specified by participants was the measure of aggression. The results indicated believing in free will increased aggression among participants high in trait aggression. The finding raise the possibility that belief in free will of self and that of others differently influence aggressive behavior.

著者

北居 功

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, pp.1-15, 2006

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This paper deals with an issue, why did Bernhard Windscheid write the literature on the actio of the roman civil law. He asserted that the actio of the roman civil law was not the right of bringing an action into court (Klagerecht), but the right of requesting an act against the another party (Anspruch). Through this assertion, he intended to reconstruct the system of the german material private law. The system which he made an attemt to establish took over a system, that Friedrich Carl von Savigny had asserted for bringing the new perspective into the german common law (gemeines Recht) in the 19th century. The actio-system of the roman civil law was replaced in the german common law by the new system of Savigny and Windscheid, which is called "the system of rights" by Professor Yasuhiro Ikadatsu.

著者

向井 隆代

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.2, pp.97-103, 2010 (Released:2010-12-29)

参考文献数

41

被引用文献数

1

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Characteristics of the mothers, as well as those of the mother-daughter relationship, among eating disordered populations have been discussed extensively in the clinical literature, although there are few empirical studies with clinical or at risk populations, especially in Japan. According to the studies in other countries, mothers of eating disordered girls were themselves more likely to be eating disordered, and exhibited more traditional gender-role attitudes as well as greater concern about their own appearance than mothers of girls who were not eating disordered. The present study used a questionnaire with 7th and 8th grade girls and their mothers to examine whether similar maternal characteristics would be found in a Japanese population. The results of path analyses showed that mothers' traditional gender-role attitudes and greater concern about their own appearance were both significantly related to the mothers' eating disorder tendencies, which was related to the daughters' eating disorder tendencies, by way of socialization about dieting. The way in which mothers' gender-role attitudes may affect the daughters' eating disorder tendencies differed according to daughters' menarcheal status. For premenarcheal girls, the mother's traditional gender-role attitudes affected her own eating disorder tendencies, which affected the daughter's eating disorder tendencies by way of socialization about dieting. In contrast, for postmenarcheal girls, the mother's traditional gender-role attitudes affected socialization about dieting, without being mediated by the mother's own eating disorder tendencies. For postmenarcheal girls, the mother's eating disorder tendencies had little influence upon socialization about dieting, suggesting the relative importance of other correlates upon the daughter's eating disorder tendencies. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the prevention of eating problems shared among women across generations.

著者

堀田 千絵 多鹿 秀継 堀田 伊久子 八田 武志

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.171-178, 2016 (Released:2017-01-06)

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The aim of this study was to disclose the reasoning behind the teaching for children with intellectual disabilities (ID). Based on findings of developmental studies, we looked from the viewpoint of four developmental stages; (1) to 6 months, (2) 6 to 9 months, (3) 9 to 18months, and (4) to 24 months. Especially, as a peripheral area to cognitive abilities, this study identified the characteristics of para-cognitive abilities (e.g., non-cognitive abilities or GRIT as a related technical term) which included motivation, vigor, inquiring mind, concentration of attention, collaboration, emotional intelligence, and other positive qualities. Finally, we discussed the effective teaching methods focused on para-cognitive area for children with ID based upon the findings of developmental studies.

著者

福本 都 橋本 剛明 唐沢 かおり

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.17-24, 2019 (Released:2019-08-05)

被引用文献数

2

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The present research examined the possibility that a victim’s perspective-taking to the perpetrator, which has been argued to be a promotor of the victim’s forgiveness, does not take effect under certain personalities. Based on the finding that perspective-taking positively correlates with two of Big Five personalities (Toto, Man, Blatt, Simmens, & Greenberg, 2015), we examined whether openness and agreeableness moderate the degree of perspective-taking’s effect on forgiveness. In the experiment, we first measured participants’ personality on the Big Five scale and presented them with a vignette describing a situation where one becomes a victim of transgression; participants read the vignette under the manipulation of perspective taking (transgressor perspective or no perspective taking). Lastly, we measured participants’ levels of forgiveness. The results indicated that the participants who took the transgressor’s perspective reported weaker motivations of revenge and avoidance specifically when they were low in openness. Furthermore, perspective-taking mitigated the revenge motivation among people low in agreeableness while not among those high in agreeableness. The results suggest that people either high in agreeableness or in openness are likely to engage in spontaneous perspective-taking while the prompt to do so takes a more strong effect among those low in such personality traits.

著者

竹部 成崇 村田 光二

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.93-99, 2016 (Released:2017-01-06)

被引用文献数

1

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Prior research suggests that higher socioeconomic status (SES) individuals help others less than lower SES individuals due to the lack of empathic concern. This is thought to be because higher SES individuals are less likely to pay attention to others and, as a result, less likely to perceive their emotions accurately. Then, it is possible that when the distress of others is clear, higher SES individuals can perceive it and show the same level of empathic concern and intention to help as lower SES individuals. To test this possibility, an experiment was conducted. First, subjective SES of the participants was manipulated to create higher/lower SES conditions by comparing themselves with lower/higher SES individuals. Participants then listened to a tape in which an inpatient expressed either clear/ambiguous distress. After that, they reported their intention to help her or other inpatients, perceived distress, and empathic concern. Contrary to our prediction, only the main effect of the clarity of distress was significant both on perceived distress and empathic concern. Additionally, an unexpected interaction was significant; while there was no effect of the manipulation of subjective SES when they heard ambiguous distress, participants in the higher SES condition were more willing to do volunteer work than those in the lower SES condition when they heard clear distress. There were no differences between the two SES conditions in overall intention to help and intention to do the indirect help such as donation whether they heard clear/ambiguous distress. These results can be explained by the possibilities that the manipulation of distress might have served as the level of distress, which resulted in one's overestimation of the difficulty of volunteer work, and that increased sense of control among participants in the higher SES condition assured them that they could do the volunteer work.

著者

賀茂 道子

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.109-120, 2017

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Newspapers were influenced indirectly by the Civil Information and Education Section (CIE) in GHQ, who was responsible for media policy during the occupation period in Japan. This method was not forced like censorship, but rather was an educational approach, where newspaper editors were assembled. Despite this approach being unforced and indirect, newspapers in Japan gradually changed their articles to match the ideals promoted by the CIE. Why did the CIE adopt such an approach, and why was the control of the press so effective despite the chosen methods of influence being indirect and uncoercive? To answer these questions, this paper examined press conferences and focused analysis on reports about trials of war criminals, as a perception gap between the GHQ and Japanese media existed from the beginning of the occupation on the subject of war criminals. The solution was a press conference. At this conference, it was requested that newspaper editors ask vigorous questions to the CIE. Meanwhile, the CIE did not issue direct instructions, but instead focused on explaining the occupation policy and promoting their ideal image of what a newspaper should strive for. As a result, Japanese newspapers took on the advice of the CIE, and, using American newspapers as a model, began voluntarily including human interest stories into their reporting. Likewise, the CIE was able to gain a clearer understanding of the perception held by Japanese newspaper editors and then could use this knowledge in future occupation policy. This interactive nature was the significance of this press conference.

著者

相谷 登

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.77-85, 2015 (Released:2015-06-30)

被引用文献数

4

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Past cases were reviewed to examine the courts' criteria for determining child custody. The criteria reviewed included maintenance of current living circumstances and mother's prioritization of their children, both of which are problematic in some ways. Through this review, I was unable to determine the optimal criteria for determining custody. This may be because the method currently employed involves direct interviews with parents and has little scientific objectivity. I therefore attempted to apply family systems theory as a means to determine custody. Specifically, I employed the psychological test, the Family System Test, as a method to compare family relations. I suggest that in law suits to determine custody, it is necessary to consider the meetings that occur between the non-custodial parent and child after the divorce is granted.

著者

渡辺 匠 岡田 真波 酒井 真帆 池谷 光司 唐沢 かおり

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.59-65, 2013 (Released:2013-06-29)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

2 1

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There were two primary purpose of this study. One major purpose was to test the effects of disbelief in free will on self-control and the other purpose was to examine whether free will beliefs affect causal attribution of success and failure. Although a great deal of effort has been made on the definition or existence of free will, only few attempts have so far been made at how people's belief in free will influences subsequent judgment and behavior. As an example of such attempts, Rigoni, Wilquin, Brass, and Burle (2013) found that induced disbelief in free will weakens people's motivation of self-control, which suggests dismissing free will leads people to rely on more automatic and impulsive actions. On the basis of this earlier research, the authors intended to confirm the phenomenon that disbelief in free will reduces motivation of self-control. Furthermore, we investigated the processes of causal attribution by belief in free will since they are thought to be associated with both free will beliefs and self-control. Fifty-two undergraduates participated in the study and they were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions (free will, determinism, or control). After free will manipulation, participants completed the Stroop task, whose performance reflects motivation to self-control. Finally, participants received false feedback of success or failure in the Stroop task and they answered attributional questionnaire. The results did not confirm our hypothesis regarding self-control: Participants who were induced to disbelieve in free will performed equally well in the Stroop task as other conditions. However, causal attribution was linked with manipulation of disbelief in free will: Participants who were induced to disbelieve in free will showed less self-effacing bias in task attribution. The findings are suggestive that free will beliefs alter causal attribution processes, which in turn affect a person's social judgment and behavior.

著者

川田 稔 溝口 常俊 服部 亜由未

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.2, pp.113-115, 2011 (Released:2011-12-29)

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It is known well that in the early Showa period there were contentions between two factions of army officers; the Imperial Way Faction (Kohdoh-ha) and the Control Faction (Tohsei-ha). Nagata Tetsuzan was a leading figure of the Control Faction and Mazaki Jinzaburo, the other. Nagata sent letters to Mazaki. This paper introduces five of them in Mazaki Collection owned by Modern Japanese Political History Materials Room in National Diet Library.

著者

高橋 晋也

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.1, pp.1_41-1_46, 2005 (Released:2009-06-22)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

3 6

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人間の心理および行動に及ぼす環境色彩の効果を検討した。赤、緑、青、黄の4種類の色照明下で、のべ160名の被験者にクレペリン型の連続加算課題を行わせ、課題成績の他、被験者自身への影響(身体的疲労感、精神的疲労感、眠気、集中力)、経過時間推定、色照明に対する印象(SD尺度評定)等を分析した。実験の結果、色照明はそれぞれ特徴的な印象(赤-“快活”、青-“鮮麗”、緑・黄-“平穏”)を喚起したが、課題成績に関しては、作業の生産性・安定性・正確性のいずれの指標においても色の効果はなかった。時間推定については、すべての条件で過小評価となったが、やはり色条件による差はなかった。被験者への影響に関しては、緑条件において他の条件よりも精神的疲労感が低くなる傾向が示された。また、色条件をつぶした上で、各色照明に対する「好きな」項目の評定値と課題成績との相関を見たところ、照明色を「好き」と評定した被験者ほど作業の生産性と正確性が高くなる傾向が示された。これらの実験結果に基づき、古くから関心が持たれてきた色彩の心理的効用について、その科学的検証における理論的な問題点と、安易な現場応用に対する批判などが議論された。

著者

西川 潔 堀田 千絵 馬野 範雄 宮野 安治

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.3-10, 2019 (Released:2019-08-05)

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The aim of this study was to find the main learning ability in teaching practice at elementary school. Especially, considered the previous research, we focused on the claim advanced by the school teachers, compared to more reports toward students or university educators. We conducted the mail-in survey and asked the elementary school teachers to answer the two type’s questions. The first question was consisted of eighteen learning contents in teaching practice. As a second question, we asked them to write to-be-learned contents in teaching practice freely apart from the first question. As a result, the five hundred-twenty nine valid answers were obtained. Eighteen items by first question consisted of 5 factors: (1) school management; (2) class management; (3) lesson practice abilities; (4) the understanding for special need education; (5) the qualifications as a teacher. All these factors had a high degree of internal consistency for Cronbach’s alpha reliability for the scale. Moreover, the independence of categories was rated as the most significant learning content. Furthermore, in free descriptions, it seemed that thirty-two percent of teachers insisted on the significance of the positivity and motivation for learning. Our findings corresponded to previous studies for each type of school. For future direction, we need to examine how to cultivate the abilities as an acceptable member of society during a four-year university education.

著者

宮本 晃希 内藤 宏 木村 貴彦 篠原 一光 三浦 利章

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.13-19, 2011 (Released:2011-06-30)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1

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Although the anticipation skill of tennis players has previously been investigated, little research has focused on players' anticipation in a rally situation and in the presence of faked shots. In the present study, in order to compare temporal differences in anticipation between skilled players and novices, video clips of an opponent player who stroked straight or cross-course shots and faked shots were masked with a black screen 330, 165 or 99 ms before contact with the ball, at the moment of contact with the ball, or 99, 165 or 330 ms after contact with the ball. Eleven skilled players and 12 novices judged the direction of shots, indicated their confidence in their judgments and judged whether the shot was faked or not. The results indicated that regardless of when the clip was masked and whether the shot was faked or not, skilled players were more accurate than novices in judging the direction of shots. This suggests that skilled players utilized the opponent player's form before contact with the ball in addition to the course of the ball after contact. Moreover, signal detection theory was used to analyze the detectability (d' and criterion (ß) for judging faked shots. Skilled players judged shots as faked more frequently than novices before contact with the ball, although this difference decreases after contact with the ball. However, d' and ß, did not differ between skilled players and novices. This suggests that skilled players prepare for faked shots based on the opponent player's form before contact with the ball. The present findings will contribute to future study of anticipatory skill and the development of coaching methods.

著者

佐藤 安子

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.1_7-1_11, 2007 (Released:2009-06-22)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

1 1

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The present study investigated how the individuals accommodate their schema to adapt to stressful environments. The environments have been changing rapidly over the past few decades. Recently, adaptation to environments and well-being have been brought to public attention. It has been proposed that the degree of perceived stress in a certain environment is largely affected by personality differences. From this view point, the adaptation system is static. On the other hand, as Piaget pointed out, there is an interest in the dynamic adaptation system. In his theory, the individuals accommodate their inner environments by interacting with their social environment. Such an adaptation system can be called "adaptation schema". There has been almost no study to investigate the mechanism of the adaptation schema so far. We have tried to make a hypothetical model of this schema and identified their components as follows: social support, achievement and social competency, physical competency, self-fulfillment motivation, achievement motivation, vulnerability, problem focused strategy, emotional focused strategy, and sense of self. The scale to measure how much an individual relies on these components is the stress self-regulation inventory (SSI). Participants, university students, completed the SSI and perceived stress inventory. These nine factor scores, and correlation patterns among the nine factors, were compared between high-stress group (N=41) and low-stress group (N=41). The results were as follows: (1) Using t-test, the problem focused strategy score in the high-stress group was higher than the low-stress group. The other scores were not significantly different between the two groups. (2) The number of significant correlations in high-stress group were less than in the low-stress group. (3) The correlation patterns were overconcentrated on "social support" in the high-stress group and more evenly diffused to almost all factors in the low-stress group. In conclusion, the individuals accommodate their adaptation schema according to the degree of perceived stress. Individuals under high stress cope by reducing their coping strategies to mainly "social support", thereby preventing overadaptation and preserving mental resources.

著者

高橋 節子

出版者

人間環境学研究会

雑誌

人間環境学研究 (ISSN:13485253)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.21-36, 2015 (Released:2015-06-30)

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This study aims to specify the essential nature of a child-friendly educational environment through an analysis of the Children's Houses for 3- to 6-year-old children planned by Maria Montessori whose philosophy and method have spread all over the world. Based on her theory of how children grow and develop, Montessori designed an educational method along with a unique physical environment in which to put it into practice. In the present study, an intensive content analysis of 12 Montessori's books, consisting of her own writings and dictations of her own lectures, was conducted and revealed: (1) Montessori's grand theory of child development governed her educational method and its physical environment which was essentially planned to evoke and support children's competence and autonomy, (2) The 8 properties of the physical environment, which were indispensable to the education of young children, were identified, e.g., the environment must (a) be attuned to children's body size and their physical and cognitive abilities; (b) be responsive to children's behavior; and (c) activate children's spontaneous activities, (3) These properties were surely embodied in the physical environment in all of the Montessori Children's Houses. What we can learn from Montessori, now and for the future, is discussed.