著者
黒崎 周一
出版者
社会経済史学会
雑誌
社会経済史学 (ISSN:00380113)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.75, no.5, pp.517-539, 2010-01-25 (Released:2017-05-24)

19世紀イギリスでは,医師たちが権威向上を目指し,医師制度改革を進めていた。彼らの望む権威とは,専門教育や資格制度の整備による専門職化のみに由来するものではなく,地域社会の各種医療サービスを通して得られるパトロネジや,国家との関係に影響を受けながら形成される社会的権威であった。ギルド的自治によって免許制度を運営してきた彼らは,自らと国家との関係が聖職者や法律家に比べ弱いことを懸念し,政府機関として免許制度運営を担う医師審議会を創設することで,国家との関係強化を図った。しかし医師たちは,医師審議会委員の任命権を政府に委ね,当時拡充されていた衛生行政の監督下に置くか,あるいはギルド的自治による免許制度を維持すべく,医師審議会委員を自ら選出するかで対立した。結果的に一部の委員を女王が,残りの委員を医師たちが選出することで彼らは妥協する。つまり医師の社会的権威は,専門職化によって単線的に向上したのではなく,衛生改革などの当時の社会状況の影響を受けながら,医師たちがギルド的自治と国家介入との両立を図る中で形成されていったのである。
著者
竹野 学
出版者
社会経済史学会
雑誌
社会経済史学 (ISSN:00380113)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.66, no.5, pp.569-586,601, 2001-01-25 (Released:2017-08-09)

The Agency of Karafuto (South-Sakhalin) thought that there was a gap between their idea of establishing a distinctively Karafuto agriculture and the viewpoint of the Karafuto peasants. The object of this paper is to clarify the actual state of Karafuto agriculture by analyzing not only the Agency but also the peasants themselves. The difference in the attitudes of the two defined the development of Karafuto agriculture. Colonialist scholars and officials insisted that peasants should concentrate on growing their own food instead of growing cash crops. However, peasants resisted this idea because it would cause a decline in their living standards and continued to emphasize the production of cash crops even though this was contrary to the wishes of the Agency. After a boom in cash crop production, peasants began to breed cows, which was in accordance with the goals of the Agency. However, their main objective was still to obtain a cash income. The Agency of Karafuto could not resolve the difference in objectives, and therefore was unable to realize its vision of Karafuto agriculture.
著者
四方田 雅史
出版者
社会経済史学会
雑誌
社会経済史学 (ISSN:00380113)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.69, no.2, pp.169-188, 2003-07-25 (Released:2017-06-16)

Prewar Japan exported imitation Panama hats, which were produced mainly in Taiwan and Okinawa. However, there were sharp differences between the institutions organizing economic transactions in each region. This paper analyzes the institutional differences, focusing mainly upon transaction patterns between merchants and producers, trade associations, export inspection systems, and institutions for improving production techniques. The first difference is that while producers in Okinawa were dominated by Japanese merchants with relatively long-term gains in mind, those in Taiwan gradually became independent of Japanese merchants and exported hats through Taiwanese branches in Kobe. Second, while short-term transactions were predominant in Taiwan because of frequent entries and exits by producers and merchants, long-term transactions were predominant in Okinawa. Third, while the short-term transactions in Taiwan led to short-sighted behavior, such as the adulteration of products and the weakening of trade associations, the long-term ones in Okinawa produced hats of improved quality, stronger trade association, and good producing skills. In conclusion, institutions in both Taiwan and Okinawa developed complementary relationships which led to contrasting institutional combinations, causing differences in performance. In addition, the implication is that the institutions adopted in Taiwan and Okinawa reflected different economic traditions in China and Japan respectively.
著者
小野 晃嗣
出版者
社会経済史学会
雑誌
社会経済史学 (ISSN:00380113)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.10, no.7, pp.643-674, 1940-10-15 (Released:2017-12-28)
被引用文献数
1
著者
佐久間 弘展
出版者
社会経済史学会
雑誌
社会経済史学 (ISSN:00380113)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.70, no.4, pp.437-457, 2004-11-25 (Released:2017-08-09)

This article aims to explore the connection between German journeymen and the honor of their craft guilds, and the reason why journeymen and guild masters held on so persistently to this notion of honor. The concept of the honor of the craft guild took shape in southern Germany between the years 1450 and 1500. It comprised a wide range of strict views surrounding the details of one's birth, gender, marriage practices, freedom from debt and rejection of thieving. From the beginning of the sixteenth century onward, these craftsmen began to discriminate against 'dishonorable' people-including executioners, skinners and others. Through the use of strikes, boycotts, or the threat of such actions, journeymen supported notions of honor with more tenacity than guild masters. Yet their actions could achieve legitimacy only after receiving approval from the entirety of assembled guild members. The growing connection between artisans and honor derived not from economic circumstances as demonstrated by the 'closing off of the craft guild', but rather was dependent upon social context. In fact, journeymen wanted to distinguish themselves from other members of the lower social order and 'dishonorable' people through organizing associations and forming homogeneous groups.
著者
水鳥川 和夫
出版者
社会経済史学会
雑誌
社会経済史学 (ISSN:00380113)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.78, no.1, pp.99-118, 2012-05-25 (Released:2017-06-10)

本稿は前稿で明らかにした畿内・西日本に引き続き,中世東日本で標準的に使われた升の成立と変遷及び使用升の容積を明らかにしようとするものである。15世紀に西日本で標準升であった讃岐斗は,さらに東北日本でも標準升として見出され,畿内でもこれとほとんど同じ畿内本斗が標準升であったから,日本列島の過半をカバーする広域的な標準升が存在したと考えられる。一方,15〜16世紀に畿内から山陽道にかけて売升が市場升として普及していたが,東日本では15世紀に南関東,東海,伊勢にかけて市場京升と等量の下方升を使用する市場圏が存在した。この下方升市場圏は16世紀初頭には近江国を,天文年間には京都を組み込み,京都において市場京升を成立させたと考えられる。この京升は,後に公定升となり,全国に普及した。しかし,民間市場取引では,天下統一が進むにつれて讃岐斗またはこれとほぼ等量の畿内本斗が標準升となり,近世初頭には全国をカバーする標準升となった。讃岐斗と畿内本斗は1%程度の違いがあったが,寛文頃に畿内本斗へと統一されていったと考えられる。
著者
岩橋 勝
出版者
社会経済史学会
雑誌
社会経済史学 (ISSN:00380113)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.48, no.6, pp.585-605,726, 1983-03-25 (Released:2017-11-24)

It has been understood that in the Edo period quotation and payment in gold was predominant in the eastern Japan and that in silver in the western Japan, with zeni used as auxiliary coin all over Japan. However, we can find momme-sen-satsu (匁銭札), if only in the south-western part of Japan. Which were issued, in fact, on zeni basis in spite of its guise of quotation in silver. Also remarkable were large denomination notes with face value over one kan mon (貫文), called sen-mon-satsu (銭文札), which were issued by Satsuma-Han, Izumo-Han, Kaga-Han, Nambu-Han, etc., not as auxiliary but as means of payment in large amount on zeni basis. On the ground of these findings I have suggested that there were areas of payment in zeni side by side with areas of payment in gold and those in silver in Tokugawa period. This paper intends to demonstrate that payment in zeni was predominant in Nambu-Han, by investigating circulation of money there. First, in Tempo age income in zeni over 100,000 kan mon amounted to half of Nambu-Han's annual revenue in money which was about 30,000 ryo. Especially in the case of business taxes called on-yaku-kin, rei-sen, and unjo, items of payment in zeni were twice as much as those in gold, the amount of payment in zeni being three times as much as that in gold. Moreover, such large amount sales of farmlands and homesteads which would reasonably be expected to have been transacted on gold basis, were in fact made on zeni basis. Especially in the inland district centering Morioka it was usual that such large amount transactions as exceeded 100 kan mon were performed on zeni basis. It must be noted that while quotation in zeni was more customary even in the account books of money-lenders and traesmen in the inland district, payment in gold was more usual than that in zeni in the Sanriku coastal district. Compared with similar transactions elsewhere in the eastern Japan, however, transactions quoted in zeni were conspicuous in the Sanriku district. Thus comparison of Nambu-Han as a whole with a typically gold basis district such as Kanto will prove that Nambu-Han can be characterized as the area where payment in zeni was predominant.
著者
李 海訓
出版者
社会経済史学会
雑誌
社会経済史学 (ISSN:00380113)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.79, no.2, pp.213-233, 2013-08-25 (Released:2017-05-17)

今まで,1945年以前の東北アジア各地域における寒冷地版「緑の革命」に対する歴史像は,必ずしも明らかにされてこなかった。本稿では,寒冷地版「緑の革命」の歴史像を明らかにすべく,東北アジアにおける寒冷地稲作の量的拡大の要因を究明するとともに,東北アジアにおける稲優良品種の普及過程を考察する。分析の結果,次の知見が得られた。まず,東北アジア各地域における寒冷地稲作の定着・拡大の重要要因は,耐寒性・早生品種にあった。次に,耐肥性品種と窒素肥料は相互に要求し合う関連性がある。窒素肥料の供給が増える時代を背景に,日本では窒素肥料が起点となり,朝鮮では日本から持ち込まれた品種が起点となって,窒素肥料と耐肥性品種が相互に要求する循環関係がみられた。中国東北でも耐肥性品種が普及し,肥料の消費が増えたが,1937年以降,硫安が制限されたため,窒素肥料が耐肥性のより強い品種を要求する状況は起こらなかった。品種は肥料と密接な関連性を持ちつつ普及していったが,社会経済条件や日本帝国圏内における食糧政策,戦争等の影響により,各地域における稲優良品種の普及過程には違いが見られた。