著者
長尾 充徳 釜鳴 宏枝 山本 裕己 高井 進 田中 正之
出版者
一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会
雑誌
霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.30.017, (Released:2014-09-08)
参考文献数
14
被引用文献数
4 1

The purpose of this paper is to describe the early introduction protocols in a hand-reared Gorilla infant (Gorilla gorilla) that was introduced to biological parents at Kyoto City Zoo. The introduction process was initiated when the infant was one year old. In Dec. 21, 2011, an infant gorilla was born at Kyoto City Zoo. The infant is the first one who has captive-born parents, and the fourth generation of gorillas in Japan. The mother successfully held the infant, but could not give her milk enough to feed the infant. The baby showed dehydration and weakened. For the purpose of saving its life, we separated the infant from the mother and began to rear it. To avoid harmful influence of hand-rearing, we planned to reintroduce the hand-reared infant to its parents on the basis of successful cases in European and American zoos. We separated the processes of reintroduction into five steps, each of which had no time-limit, but totaled one, or one and half years. We started to show the infant to the parents when the infant was two months old. In the beginning, each of the parents showed a gentle attitude, and then started to directly contact with their infant. Habituation with the physical environment and the parents was going smoothly under careful observation. We returned the infant to its mother successfully at 10.5 months of age. Then, in its 11.5 months of age, we reintroduced the mother and the infant to the adult male (i.e., the father of the infant). Finally, the parents and the infant live together peacefully now. We thought of the processes of reintroduction and found one of the most important factors was that separation was attributed by not giving up nursing, but insufficiency of milk. Another factor may be that separation period was short enough to induce a sense of responsibility as a mother.
著者
半谷 吾郎 好廣 眞一 YANG Danhe WONG Christopher Chai Thiam 岡 桃子 楊木 萌 佐藤 侑太郎 大坪 卓 櫻井 貴之 川田 美風 F. FAHRI SIWAN Elangkumaran Sagtia HAVERCAMP Kristin 余田 修助 GU Ningxin LOKHANDWALA Seema Sheesh 中野 勝光 瀧 雄渡 七五三木 環 本郷 峻 澤田 晶子 本田 剛章 栗原 洋介
出版者
一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会
雑誌
霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.36.014, (Released:2020-11-30)
参考文献数
23

We studied the island-wide distribution of wild Japanese macaques in Yakushima (Macaca fuscata yakui) in May 2017 and 2018. We walked 165.4 km along roads and recorded the location of 842 macaque feces. We divided the roads into segments 50 m in length (N=3308) and analyzed the effect of the areas of farms and villages or conifer plantations around the segments and also the presence of hunting for pest control on the presence or absence of feces. We divided the island into three areas based on population trend changes over the past two decades: north and east (hunting present, population decreasing); south (hunting present, no change) and west (hunting absent, no change). According to conditional autoregressive models incorporating spatial autocorrelation, only farms and villages affected the presence of feces negatively in the island-wide data set. The effect of hunting on the presence of feces was present only in the north and east and the effect of conifer plantations was present only in the west. Qualitative comparisons of the census records from the 1990s with the more recent census indicated that feces were no longer found in the private land near the northern villages of Yakushima, where macaques were previously often detected in the 1990s. In other areas, such as near the southern villages or in the highlands, macaques were detected both in the 1990s and in 2017-2018. Our results further strengthen the possibility that the macaques have largely disappeared around the villages in the northern and eastern areas. Since the damage of crops by macaques has recently reduced considerably, we recommend reducing hunting pressure in the north and east areas and putting more effort into alternative measures such as the use of electric fences.
著者
渡邉 慶 船橋 新太郎
出版者
一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会
雑誌
霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.31, no.2, pp.87-100, 2015-12-20 (Released:2016-01-30)
参考文献数
66
被引用文献数
2 3

A dual-task is a procedure in which subjects are asked to perform two tasks simultaneously. Humans often show performance deficits in one or both of the component tasks in the dual-task. This effect, known as dual-task interference, is thought to reflect the fundamental characteristics of higher-order cognitive functions such as attention and working memory, therefore human dual-task performance has been extensively studied in the fields of cognitive psychology and neuroscience. Despite many decades of research, our understanding regarding the mechanisms underlying dual-task performance is still limited due to the lack of animal models that are amenable to direct recording of neuronal signals during dual-task performance. In this review, we first outline the history of dual-task research in human cognitive psychology. We then review the major trends of dual-task research in human functional neuroimaging studies, and discuss how these studies contributed to the understanding of neural mechanisms underlying dual-task performance. Finally, we review recent advances in behavioral and neurophysiological studies in nonhuman primates, and discuss how the development of animal models of dual-task performance will shed new light in these areas.
著者
澤田 晶子
出版者
一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会
雑誌
霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.30, no.1, pp.5-21, 2014-06-20 (Released:2014-08-02)
参考文献数
143
被引用文献数
2 3

Nearly 60 primate species consume fungi as a part of their diet, where some species are heavily dependent on fungi, while others use them as minor food resources. Three methods have been used to study mycophagy (fungus-eating behavior) among primates: stomach content analysis, direct observation, and fecal analysis. Direct observation is the most widely used but provides only limited information regarding fungi species eaten by animals. DNA analysis or stable isotope analysis can complement such behavioral data to reveal new insights into mycophagy. Fungi play an important role in maintaining healthy forest by forming mycorrhiza with plant species. Mycophagous primates disperse fugal spores therefore might also contribute to the forest ecosystems. Regardless of their potential as spore dispersers, far fewer studies focus on primates compared with those on other mycophagous mammals such as rodents and marsupials. Studies show that primates generally consume above-ground fungi, while rodents and marsupials use subterranean truffles. Considering the facts that some terrestrial fungi are highly poisonous and that primates build a food repertoire based on feeding experiences, we are confronted with a question of whether they learn how to avoid poisonous fungi. New perspectives and approaches will allow us to explore the animal-fungus relationship in the ecosystem.
著者
落合 知美 綿貫 宏史朗 鵜殿 俊史 森村 成樹 平田 聡 友永 雅己 伊谷 原一 松沢 哲郎
出版者
一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会
雑誌
霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.31, no.1, pp.19-29, 2015-06-20 (Released:2015-08-07)
参考文献数
70
被引用文献数
1 2

The Great Ape Information Network has collated and archived information on captive chimpanzees within Japan since 2002. As of July 1st, 2014, a total of 323 chimpanzees were housed within 52 facilities across Japan, all registered in the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums (JAZA) studbook. JAZA has recorded information on captive chimpanzees within Japan since the 1980s. However, for individuals unregistered and/or deceased prior to this period, JAZA holds scant information. There are very few surviving reports on living conditions and husbandry of such individuals, particularly for the years preceding the Second World War (WWII) (up to 1945). Here we present the first detailed history of captive chimpanzees in Japan before WWII, following a systematic investigation of disparate records. The first record of any live chimpanzee within Japan was a chimpanzee accompanying an Italian travelling circus in 1921. The history of resident captive chimpanzees in Japan began in 1927 when a chimpanzee, imported into Japan by a visitor, was exhibited in Osaka zoo. In the 1930s, many chimpanzee infants were imported to Japanese zoos until in 1941 imports were halted because of WWII. By the end of WWII, there was only one single chimpanzee still alive within Japan, “Bamboo”, housed in Nagoya. In 1951, importation of wild chimpanzees into Japan resumed. In total, we identified 28 individuals housed within Japan before 1945, none listed previously in the JAZA studbook. Of these 28 individuals: 6 entered Japan as pets and/or circus animals, 21 were imported to zoos, and one was stillborn in zoo. Of the 21 zoo-housed individuals, 7 died within one year and 9 of the remaining 14 were dead within 5 years of arriving in Japan. Four individuals are recorded to have lived 7-8 years. Only one male individual, the aforementioned “Bamboo”, lived notably longer, to about 14 years.
著者
松本 卓也
出版者
一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会
雑誌
霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.39, no.2, pp.85-96, 2024 (Released:2023-12-27)
参考文献数
87

In this paper, I discuss the relationship between social organization and offspring-rearing methods, which are starting to be used as a novel indicator in interspecies societal comparisons. Additionally, I clarify the relationship between the intimacy of the mother–offspring relationship and the development of foraging in the offspring. I suggest that the establishment of a base camp in human evolution is important not only to facilitate effective hunting and gathering but also for immature individuals to reduce the cost of accompanying adults and engage in their own foraging activities. I also attempt to deconstruct weaning from the offspring’s perspective, which often focuses on the mother’s decision to stop breastfeeding. Specifically, I focus on the development of the offspring’s ability to acquire food independently and the offspring’s behavior away from its mother. I suggest that there is no significant difference between humans and African apes in the timing when the offspring significantly reduces its dependence on breast milk. This paper also depicts “early weaning” as a characteristic of the unique life history of humans, in which the mother conceives a second offspring at the same time as or even before the offspring becomes much less dependent on the mother’s milk.
著者
林 基治
出版者
一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会
雑誌
霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.19, no.1, pp.107-113, 2003 (Released:2005-03-24)
参考文献数
25

The anterior cingulate cortex (Brodman’s areas 24 and 25) has been shown to participate in various functions: emotion, pain, visceromotor, skeletomotor control, and attention. Moreover, the area is involved in vocalization, singing and word processing, suggesting that it is of particular importance for higher brain functions such as communication and language. Anatomical studies have indicated that an unusual type of neurons (spindle neuron) is present in the layer Vb of the anterior cingulate cortex. The spindle neurons are characterized by large vertical fusiform morphology and are a type of projection neuron. They have a large apical dendrite extending toward the pial surface and a single large basal dendrite extending toward the white matter. The neurons have been demonstrated only in humans and the great apes; bonobos, common chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans. The neurons are absent in the gibbon, as well as in New and Old World monkeys. The density of the spindle neurons in layer V and the volume of the cell body vary as a function of relative brain size (encephalization) across humans and great apes. We recently observed the existence of the spindle neurons in a chimpanzee fetus (embryonic day 224), which was stillborn. About 5% of neuronal cells in layer Vb were spindle neurons. No spindle neurons were observed in layer V of the prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that the existence of the spindle neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex is intrinsically characterized during the embryonic stage of the chimpanzee. The relationship between this unique neuron and the physiological functions of the anterior cingulate cortex such as communication and language remains to be clarified.

3 0 0 0 OA 霊長類の文化

著者
中村 美知夫
出版者
一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会
雑誌
霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.24, no.3, pp.229-240, 2009-03-31 (Released:2010-06-17)
参考文献数
94

More than half a century has passed since Imanishi (1952) proposed ‘culture’ to nonhuman animals. Now, although there is still some skepticism, the discussion of nonhuman cultures is widely accepted in the international academic world. It seems that the study of cultures has become one of the important topics in primatology. In this review, I introduce recent trends of cultural studies on nonhuman primates. First, I give a brief outline of the history of the studies. Then I summarize recent findings of cultural primatology by dividing them into the following three domains: 1) chimpanzee tool use; 2) chimpanzee cultures other than tool use; 3) cultures in other primate species. The most well studied domain is the foraging tool use where more and more additional information about the distributions of known tool types has been reported from new study sites in addition to several novel tool types. From long studied sites, the details of developmental process or tool selection are often well investigated. There are some reports on cultural behaviors outside of foraging tool techniques but the information is still limited compared to tool use. Finally I introduce some of the recent debates on nonhuman cultures by focusing on the distinction between culture and tradition, the distinction between social and asocial learning, and the ‘ethnographic’ method often employed by field primatologists. I argue that recent discussions of animal culture often tacitly include the idea of hierarchical advances that implies the complex and sophisticated human culture is in the highest and the best stage. This reminds us of the outdated view on human cultural hierarchism which saw the modernized western culture as the final stage. I stress the importance of writing ‘real’ ethnographies of nonhuman primates for full development of cultural primatology.
著者
綿貫 宏史朗 落合 知美 平田 聡 森村 成樹 友永 雅己 伊谷 原一 松沢 哲郎
出版者
一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会
雑誌
霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.30.009, (Released:2014-06-18)
参考文献数
23
被引用文献数
9 9

Chimpanzees were first kept in captivity in Japan in 1926. The Great Ape Information Network (GAIN) collated historical and current data on all chimpanzees housed in Japan between 1926 and 2013 (972 individuals). GAIN has made this information available on an open-access database, with a record for each chimpanzee. Aims of this resource are to promote and inform good scientific research, welfare, care, and management of captive chimpanzees in Japan. This review presents quantitative data on the number of chimpanzees housed in each facility-type, number of individuals per facility, and increases in the number of individuals (imported historically or born in Japan). Facilities were categorized according to purpose: 1) zoo exhibition and/or entertainment, 2) cognitive/behavioral studies, 3) biomedical, and 4) other (animal dealer or privately-owned as pets). By the 1970s, chimpanzees housed in captivity increased with the number of zoos. Many wild chimpanzees were imported from Africa for use in invasive biomedical studies in around 1980. Japan ratified CITES in 1980. The captive population peaked in the 1990s, before decreasing. Field studies and laboratory-based cognitive investigations of chimpanzees in the 1990s and 2000s swayed public opinion against biomedical use. In 2006, invasive study of chimpanzees in Japan was severely limited and, by mid-2012, completely stopped. Ex-biomedical chimpanzees were assigned to cognitive and welfare studies. Since the 1987 peak in number of facilities, number of chimpanzees housed per facility has generally increased. The GAIN database has tried to facilitate increasing awareness of the vital importance, to good welfare, of housing chimpanzees within social groups. On 31st March, 2014, there were 323 chimpanzees in 51 facilities. Data provided by GAIN, and summarized in this paper, will hopefully aid the establishment of an action plan for good welfare, care, management and reproduction strategies to develop a self-sustaining population of captive chimpanzees in Japan.
著者
早川 卓志
出版者
一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会
雑誌
霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.34.004, (Released:2018-06-27)
参考文献数
102
被引用文献数
1

Genetic investigation of wild primates are crucial to understand kinship, population diversity, phylogeographic patterns, and heritable factors of phenotypes. Traditional DNA technology using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing have restricted the genome-wide analysis of primates, particularly due to the low quality and low quantity of noninvasive DNA samples obtained from wild individuals. Following the post-genome era, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have provided a new paradigm in primate studies. NGS has enabled the genome-wide analysis of primate DNA using noninvasive samples, such as feces. Metabarcoding and metagenomics analyses using fecal samples provide information on food items and commensal microorganisms of the host animal. Here, I review a history of DNA sequencing technologies and examples of NGS studies in wild primates. Further, I discuss the effectiveness of NGS application to noninvasive samples.
著者
伊沢 紘生
出版者
一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会
雑誌
霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.27, no.2, pp.153-157, 2011-12-20 (Released:2012-01-19)
被引用文献数
4 1
著者
辻野 亮 湯本 貴和
出版者
一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会
雑誌
霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.30, no.1, pp.79-93, 2014-06-20 (Released:2014-08-02)
参考文献数
100
被引用文献数
2 1

Primates are diverse regarding morphologically and ecologically. They play significant roles in the various niches of the ecosystem. In relation to the effects on the fitness, there are six possible combinations of biological interaction between primates and other species, ranging from harmful to mutually beneficial interactions and neutral interactions, such as predator-prey interaction (i.e., herbivory, predation and parasitism), competition, amensalism, mutualism, commensalism and neutralism, which result in the diverse species interactions. Therefore biological interactions between primates and other species have been studied. There are two major advantages in the ecological research of primates. Firstly, researchers are able to clarify detailed individual behaviours and ecological processes through the direct observation of primate individuals. Secondly, researchers are able to follow the secular trends of individual growth and/or lineages of blood relations through the long-term research of identified primate troops. We need further researches in the primate-other species interaction by applying field experiments, systematic background data, research networks, new research technology, meta-analysis methods, and transdisciplinary idea.
著者
香田 啓貴
出版者
一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会
雑誌
霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.30, no.1, pp.121-136, 2014-06-20 (Released:2014-08-02)
参考文献数
44
被引用文献数
1

Since language is basically audio-vocal communications in humans, the vocal communication in nonhuman primates has been discussed with the questions for evolutionary origins of languages. Many studies have accumulated many empirical evidences showing similarities as well as gaps between human languages and nonhuman primate vocal communications. Here I briefly reviewed the research history of the studies for vocal communications in nonhuman primates, which have been mainly directed to search for origins of human languages. Generally, there are two major approaches for primate origins of human languages; 1) studies of vocal communication in nonhuman primates would contribute to understanding the origins of languages, or 2) it would be completely different forms of language and never contribute to its understanding. The first brief is arisen from the ethological studies for alarm calls, using playback experiments in wild animals. Those studies have showed semantic rules in their communications, which had been believed as a unique component of human language. However, their anatomical and physiological foundations never support vocal plasticity and learning ability in nonhuman primates, which are essential properties in human languages. Those usually lead to the second brief. It would be difficult to solve this critical discrepancy, because both ideas likely discuss the origins of languages with wrong views of unidirectional way in language evolution, i.e., the way from nonhuman primates to humans. Human languages is not the most complex fashion of vocal communications in primate lineages, but vocal communications in other primate species are also complex and unique styles. Now we need more careful attentions to communication uniqueness of various kinds of primate species as well as language uniquness.