著者
岩崎 正吾
出版者
一般社団法人日本教育学会
雑誌
教育學研究 (ISSN:03873161)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.69, no.2, pp.215-226, 316-317, 6-7, 2002-06-25

ペレストロイカ以降、教育分野へのグラースノスチの進展とともに、従来閉鎖されてきた多くの情報が開示されるようになった。マカーレンコについても、これまで知られなかった情報が明らかにされつつあり、活発な議論が展開されている。当論文は、これまで日本において、マカーレンコの教育実践を映画化したものとして紹介されてきた『人生案内』と『教育詩』及びマカーレンコとの関係について、最近明らかになってきた諸資料に基づき解明することを課題としている。これまで映画『人生案内』は、ア・エス・マカーレンコの教育実践、とりわけ、彼の著『教育詩』をモデルとして撮影されたものと見なされてきた。映画『人生案内』は、1931年にソビエト最初のトーキー映画として制作され、第1回ベネチア国際映画祭の監督賞を受賞した。この映画は、興行的にも成功し、1932年には日本でも上映された。この映画は、1920年代の法律違反児童や浮浪児の再教育をテーマとしていたこと、また、エフ・ジェルジンスキーを記念して制作されたことから、ア・エス・マカーレンコの教育実践と同一視された。映画では、法律違反児童や浮浪児がコムーナでの労働教育を通して再生されていく過程が生き生きと描かれており、この点でも、ア・エス・マカーレンコの『教育詩』における教育実践と二重写しとなった。この映画が、ア・エス・マカーレンコの教育実践と同一視された別の理由は、『教育詩』が英語やドイツ語で『人生案内』と翻訳されて出版されたことにあった。とりわけ、イギリスでは、『教育詩』の販売部数を増やすために、興行的に成功した映画『人生案内』の表題をつけて『教育詩』が出版された。また、ヘルマン・ノールをはじめとするドイツのマカーレンコ研究者達も、『人生案内』を『教育詩』と同一視していた。ソビエトだけでなく、ドイツを経由してマカーレンコ情報を入手していた日本では、これらの理由が重なり、『人生案内』と『教育詩』とが同一視された。『人生案内』と『教育詩』とが同一視されたもう一つの重要な理由は、映画のモデルとされたこのコムーナの創設者達が、スターリン体制下で粛清され、このコムーナについての情報が隠蔽されたことにあった。このコムーナの創設には、ゲ・ゲ・ヤゴーダとエム・ア・ポグレビンスキーが重要な役割を果たした。このコムーナはゲ・ゲ・ヤゴーダを記念してつくられたものであり、彼の下でエム・ア・ポグレビンスキーが総括責任者となり、エフ・ゲ・メリホフが所長となって、このコムーナが設置され、運営された。コムーナの正式名称は、「内務人民委員部付設ゲ・ゲ・ヤゴーダ記念ボルシェフ労働コムーナ」である。ボルシェフ・コムーナは、ポグレビンスキーの書いた2つの本、即ち『合同国家政治安部労働コムーナ』(1928年)と『人々の工場』(1929年)により、世間に知られるようになる。また、このコムーナをいっそう有名にしたは、エム・ゴーリキー編集のルポタージュ集『ボルシェフ人』(1936年)であった。彼はこのルポタージュ集の中で、このコムーナの活動と指導者としてのポグレビンスキーを高く評価した。しかしながら、スターリン体制の下で、1937年4月3日、ヤゴーダはゴーリキー等の毒殺嫌疑で逮捕され、1938年3月に銃殺さた。かっての上司が逮捕されたことを聞いたポグレビンスキーは、1937年4月4日に自殺する。このような一連の事件の後、雑誌『赤い処女地』(1937年7月、第7号)に、編集部による『ボルシェフ人』の書評が掲載された。この書評は、ボルシェフ・コムーナに関わるヤゴーダの事業とその活動を厳しく弾劾するものであった。これ以後、『ボルシェフ人』だけでなく、ポグレビンスキーの本も書店や図書館から撤収された。マカーレンコも、それらについて言及することを用心した。また、マカーレンコがかつてそれらについて発言した書評や記事は、彼の死後、編集者達によって削除され、出版された。こうして、マカーレンコとボルシェフ・コムーナの関わりは、後生のマカーレンコ研究家達の眼から隠された。隠された書評や記事から判ることは、マカーレンコがボルシェフ・コムーナについて、大きな関心を抱いていたことである。彼は、書物からだけでなく、実際にこのコムーナを訪問して、その活動の意義や長所について学ぶとともに、その短所や自分の教育方法との相違についても研究していた。マカーレンコのゴーリキー・コローニヤやジェルジンスキー・コムーナの教育実践には、子どもへの信頼、労働教育を通した人格形成、集団の組織方法など、少なからずその影響を認めることができる。1932年に上映された映画『人生案内』は、1970年代にもリバイバル上映された。当時の浮浪児の状況や彼らの労働を通しての再教育の過程が見事に形象化されており、多くの聴衆に大きな感動を与えた。そして、それはマカーレンコの教育実践として受け止められ⌒/textarea></td></tr><tr><td width="50%"><a href="help_create_kiji.html#abse" target="help">ABSE [抄録(欧)]</a></td><td width="50%" colspan="2"><textarea name="abse" cols="45" rows="5" tabindex="18">Since perestroika, as a consequence of the concomitant glasnost (dissemination of information) for the field of education, we have begun to gain free access to a great deal of the information that had remained closed to the public until now. With this trend, we are also provided with the information about Makarenko that had been unknown to us, and lively discussions have followed from it. The aim of this paper is to investigate, in light of the documents that have become available in recent years, the relation between A. S. Makarenko and his "Pedagogical Poem," on one hand, and the film "Road to Life", on the other. This has been known in Japan as a cinematic interpretation of Makarenko's pedagogical practices. "Road to Life" has long been regarded as a film based on the model of Makarenko's pedagogical practices, especially on that of his work "Pedagogical Poem." It was produced as the first Soviet talkie film in 1931, and received the Best Director award in the first Venice Film Festival. The film was also a commercial success and went on to be shown in Japan in 1932. Because the subject of the film was the reeducation of juvenile delinquents and orphans, and also because it commemorated F. Dzerzhi-nsky, "Road to Life" has been identified with Makarenko's pedagogical practices. It vividly depicts the process in which the juvenile delinquents and orphans are reborn through labor education at the commune, and this too made the film, as it were, a double-image of Makarenko's "Pedagogical Poem." Another reason this film was identified with his practices is that the English and the German translations of the "Pedagogical Poem" were published with the title "Road to Life". In Britain in particular, the publisher gave the book the same title as the commercially successful film in order to increase its sales. Moreover, German researchers of Makarenko such as Herman Nohl also associated "Road to Life" with the "Pedagogical Poem." In Japan, where the knowledge about Makarenko came not only from the Soviet Union but also by way of Germany, "Road to Life" was identified with the "Pedagogical Poem" for a combination of these reasons. Still another reason these two works were seen in the same light is that the founders of the commune after which the film "Road to Life" was modeled were purged under the Stalinist regime, and that the information about the commune became concealed from the public. G. G. Jagoda and M. A Pogrebinsky played important roles in the founding of this commune. It was conceived to commemorate Jagoda, and established and operated by Pogrebinsky as the general president under Jagoda, and by F. G. Melihov as the manager. The official name of the commune is "Bolshev Labor Commune Named in Honor of G. G. Jagoda, Attached to the National Commissariat of Internal Affairs." Bolshev Commune became known to a wide public through the two books written by Pogrebinsky, Labor Commune Attached to the United State Political Admission (1928) and People's Factory (1929). Furthermore, it was The Bolshevians (1936), a collection of documentaries edited by M. Gorky, that made the Commune even more famous. In this book, Gorky gave high praise to the activities of the Commune and Pogrebinsky as its leader. However, under the Stalinist regime, Jagoda was arrested on April 3, 1937 on suspicion of killing Gorky and others by poisoning, and executed by shooting in March 1938. Hearing the arrest of his former superior, Pogrebinsky committed suicide on April 4, 1937. After this series of incidents, the journal Red Virgin Soil (Issue 7, July 1937) published a book review of The Bolshevians signed by its editorial department. The review severely denounced Jagoda's enterprise and activities related to Bolshev Commune. Thereafter, not only The Bolshevians but also the books by Pogrebinsky were removed from bookstores and libraries. Makarenko also became cautious about referring to these books. And, after Makarenko's death, editors of his books cens
著者
石川 裕之
出版者
一般社団法人日本教育学会
雑誌
教育學研究 (ISSN:03873161)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.81, no.2, pp.214-226, 2014-06-30

本稿では韓国における国家カリキュラムの革新に焦点をあて、グローバル化に対応するための教育内容の改革の特徴と課題について考察した。その結果、グローバル化が韓国の国家カリキュラム革新に与えている影響は大きく、経済発展のための人的資源開発を中心的な目標に据えつつ、新自由主義的な手法を随所に用いて改革が進められていることが明らかになった。一方で、頻繁な改訂や教育環境の未整備が教育現場の疲弊・混乱を招いている側面もみられた。
著者
荒井 文昭
出版者
一般社団法人日本教育学会
雑誌
教育學研究 (ISSN:03873161)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.80, no.2, pp.210-221, 2013-06-30

本論では、教育と政治の結節点として校長人事の決定過程をとらえることにより、(1)東京都を事例にした校長人事をめぐる教育委員会制度に残された課題を検討し、(2)校長人事の決定過程における地域住民の位置をめぐる課題について、学校運営協議会の導入をめぐる中央教育審議会での審議過程に対する検討をおこなった。そして、校長人事の決められ方に現れる教育統治のかたちと、教育実践のあり方との相互関係を調査研究していくことが、教育学としての教育政治研究の、これからの課題として設定されうることを論じた。
著者
白石 崇人
出版者
一般社団法人日本教育学会
雑誌
教育學研究 (ISSN:03873161)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.75, no.3, pp.263-275, 2008-09-30

本稿の目的は、明治20年代後半(1892〜1896年)における大日本教育会研究組合の成立過程と、その歴史的意義を明らかにすることにある。本論では、当時の高等師範学校存廃問題や教育雑誌における「教育学術研究」の内容、明治25年末から26年における大日本教育会の組織内外の動向を整理し、高師教員を含む教育研究推進派が、研究組合の成立過程で主導権を握ったことを明らかにした。つぎに、嘉納治五郎の大日本教育会改革構想や大日本教育会組合規程を精査し、各研究組合に込められた課題意識を検討した。最後に、研究組合がどのようにこの構想・規程を実現したか、具体的事例を通して検討した。その結果、研究組合の成立は、外国事例の紹介やその斟酌採用に従事しがちだった当時の高師教員に対して、国内の現職教員との研究交流や、日本の実情に合った教授法研究を促すものであったことを明らかにした。
著者
今田 絵理香
出版者
一般社団法人日本教育学会
雑誌
教育學研究 (ISSN:03873161)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.71, no.2, pp.214-227, 2004-06-30

The purpose of this paper is to clarify how the idea of a child's gender among the middle class has changed by analyzing "Eisaishinshi", a contribution magazine for children during the Meiji Era whose publication started before the practice of gender specification. This magazine was particularly chosen due to the fact that in modern Japan, the magazine used as supplementary materials in school education have also carried out sex specification at the time when the concept of gender studies in middle school education was put into practice in 1879. The results of the analysis are as follows. From 1877 to 1882, when "Eisaishinshi" was first published, children's compositions praised the merits of studying to attain careers and abilities. Their works also represented both the boy and the girl as "Shonen (the Youth)" based on the idea that they should have the same opportunity, which perfectly reflected the meritocracy society and civilization. However, since 1882, attention has been paid to the so-called "difference in intellectual power" between men and women. This led to the separation of "Shojo (the girl)" from "Shonen (the youth)", considering that the former has different opportunity from the latter, and to the emergence of different entities "Shonen (the boy)" and "Shojo (the girl)". This transition derived from the system of the study according to sex, by which the so-called" difference between men's intellectual power and that of women" has been realized. Two things have become visible from such a transition. Firstly, the transition has demonstrated two sides of the meritocracy by learning. The ideology, on the one hand, has supported a new image for women during the 1870s and the 1880s who pursued careers through studies. On the other hand, however, it has inevitably revealed the difference in intellectual power between men and women and justified gender discrimination as a by product of this difference. Consequently, since the practice of the study according to sex, the latter idea has been strongly influenced. Secondly, it has become clear that meritocracy has created two separate entities "Shonen (the boy)"and "Shojo (the girl)'. That is, females whose education and subsequent career have been severed in relation since study according to sex, have lost continuity between their way of life as "the mother", and that as "the girl". Unlike the boyhood which has been positioned as a preparatory period for the adulthood, the girlhood has been regarded as a specific time which will be completed in itself. In conclusion, the analysis has shown that the construction of a child's gender in modernJapan has been strongly connected with the meritocracy by learning that appeared at the time.
著者
塚田 泰彦
出版者
一般社団法人日本教育学会
雑誌
教育學研究 (ISSN:03873161)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.70, no.4, pp.484-497, 2003-12-30
被引用文献数
2

The aim of this paper is to investigate the components of new literacy on the paradigm of current research in literacy. Identifying the most important components in literacy education is also one of the main issues. Literacy education in post-modern time needs to shape the learner's consciousness of language criticism with learner-centered approach. This paper consists of three main points. Firstly, the problems in Japanese language education as a mother tongue are clarified. They are as follows : 1) The concept of functional literacy has not yet been accepted in Japan, so the concept of literacy is usually defined as minimal literacy. 2) The research results on the learning processes of literacy are few. 3) The concept of literacy based on the 'ideology model' of Brian Street was lacking in literacy research until now. 4) There is no idea of literacy learning as a social practice in learner-centered classrooms. Secondly, for resolving the problems so far, literacy learning needs to be re-structured, requiring learners to be conscious of language as an identity-maker. Thirdly, the controversial points are put in order by reviewing the arguments related to making language consciousness in the UK and Australia. To sum up, the 'Language awareness movement' in the UK since about 1980 has the problem that the practical methods and the content are made by applied linguistic approach. 'Critical literacy education' in Australia since about 1990 also has the same problem ; the methods and the content are made by applied sociological approach. These applied scientific approaches are apt to pay no attention to learning processes concerned with learner's self-consciousness. Finally, I propose introducing the original term 'consciousness of language criticism' for new literacy education, giving some examples of classroom practices. Language criticism is for everyone to criticize their own languages openly and make them better for their own good. Every learner should study their own languages through activating their existing knowledge about language. It cannot be emphasized too strongly that the way of making individuals conscious of their languages is to form a connection with their own experiences.
著者
藤川 信夫
出版者
一般社団法人日本教育学会
雑誌
教育學研究 (ISSN:03873161)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.78, no.4, pp.348-360, 2011-12-29

我々の共同研究チーム「教育と福祉のドラマトゥルギー」は、教育と福祉、理論と実践の垣根を越え、ドラマトゥルギーという「入会地」において討議を行い、自らの理論や実践の批判と改善を行うことを目的として過去一年間にわたり共同研究を続けてきた。本論文では、この研究チームによるこれまでの文献研究と予備的フィールド調査を踏まえ、教育や福祉の領域における日常的相互行為を研究するための暫定的な観点を提示する。
著者
池野 範男
出版者
一般社団法人日本教育学会
雑誌
教育學研究 (ISSN:03873161)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.81, no.2, pp.138-149, 2014-06-30
被引用文献数
1

本稿では、現代のグローバル社会におけるシティズンシップ教育を構成員教育の一形態と考え、構成員教育の類型化を行い、現代のシティズンシップ教育の位置を特定化する。その上で、現代のシティズンシップ教育の多様な形態を整理し、3タイプに大別し、それぞれの課題と可能性を検討する。その結果、現代に求められているシティズンシップ教育は、これまでの目標であった市民になるや市民に育てることではなく、公共空間を形成する人を作り出すことを目標にしていると主張する。
著者
小笠原 拓
出版者
一般社団法人日本教育学会
雑誌
教育學研究 (ISSN:03873161)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.70, no.4, pp.569-578, 2003-12-30

The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the historical significance that the frame of "Kokugo-ka (a subject of Japanese) " has, by paying attention to the time before "Kokugo-ka" was established in elementary school. The author dealt with the book "Syogaku-Kokugo-ka-no-setsu (The opinion about the establishment of "Kokugo ka" in the elementary school)" for the analysis This book was written by Senjiro Tuboi and published by Fukui-seiho-do in 1889(Meiji 22). It is the leading book that had a clear and systematical argument about the necessity of "Kokugo-ka" in elementary school more than ten years before "Kokugo-ka" was established in 1900(Meiji 33). However, as for this book, even its existence was hardly known until the present. The other purpose of this paper is to introduce its contents and the significance of this book. By analyzing it, the following became clear. The 1st point is the height of consciousness for the language education in the beginning of the Meiji 20's. Senjiro Tuboi was arguing about the necessity and the significance of "Kokugo-ka" in elementary school systematically more than 10 years before it was established. The reason why Tsuboi emphasized this point is because he believed that there was a need for the education of the spoken language. However, it was difficult to add a new subject in a situation where the children are already overloaded.. Therefore, he dismantled the frames that hold the traditional "Dokushyo (a subject of reading)", "Sakubun (a subject of composition)" and "Shuji (a subject of calligraphy)" in those days and he re-organized the whole language education. He suggested a systematical language education based on the education of the spoken language It was an epoch making proposal when "Dokusyo", "Sakubun" and "Shuji" were done independently. The existence of this proposal proves the height of his consciousness of language education. The 2nd point is about the influence, which the discovery of "Kokugo-ka" gave the contents of the language education. Tsuboi clearly distinguished "Kokugo-ka" from the subjects of which its main purpose is conveying knowledge. Because he assumed that "Kokugo-ka" is the subject in which they teach only about language. In those days such a view of language education was peculiar to him because other people thought of language education as the education only for literacy. As a result, in "Dokusyo" and "Sakubun", they usually taught the knowledge of geography, history, science and so on. In other words, significance that is peculiar to language education wasn't sufficiently found. On the other hand, Tsuboi insisted that they must teach only about language in "Kokugo ka" and pointed out the ability of "silent reading" and "dictation" as the linguistic ability to train. Such abilities were beyond so-called literacy. It is possible to say that a frame of "Kokugo-ka" deepened Tsuboi's view on language education and that it made him discover the original significance of "Kokugo-ka".
著者
古屋 恵太
出版者
一般社団法人日本教育学会
雑誌
教育學研究 (ISSN:03873161)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.80, no.1, pp.13-25, 2013-03-31

近年、大恐慌期以前のデューイの思想に、現代における「集合的知性」論のルーツを求める動きが見られる。本稿が目的とするのは、集産主義の時代、すなわち、1930年代のデューイの政治的著作を中心的に取り上げることで、この時代にこそ明言されたデューイの「集合的知性」の特性を導出することである。本稿では、デューイが政策や制度としての集産主義を、「集合的」なものを哲学的に思考する砥石とし、科学的探求者の協働や、人間の協働の具現化たる人工物に「集合的知性」を見出したことが論じられる。
著者
SHIKITA Keiko
出版者
一般社団法人日本教育学会
雑誌
Educational Studies in Japan (ISSN:18814832)
巻号頁・発行日
no.8, pp.93-106, 2014-03

The past two decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in cross-border marriage in Southeast and East Asia largely as a result of increased population mobility as people move for work, study, lifestyle or even marital reasons. Japan is no exception with a substantial increase in the number of cross-border or 'international marriages' taking place since 1990. The pattern of international marriage is highly gendered, with Japanese men very much more likely than Japanese women to marry a foreign spouse. It also reflects post-colonial and on-going power relations in the region, with women from China, the Philippines and Korea, in that order of magnitude, making up the majority of foreign brides marrying Japanese men. These cross-border marriages are leading to an increasing number of mixed heritage families living and 'doing education' in Japan. Taking a case study approach, this paper explores in depth the educational strategies of three highly educated Chinese women vis-a-vis their children; all married to Japanese men and living in Japan. It seeks to understand the expectations, desires, and lived experiences of these women in the sociocultural domain of childrearing and education. A key conceptual framework is that of agency in the face of sociocultural constraint. Two sets of interrelated questions will be addressed. What do these women hope for their children in terms of formal education and transmission of cultural heritage and how do they set about realizing their aims? In what way does the immediate familial sociocultural environment set limits upon this? By focusing on highly educated Chinese women, a group of women motivated by strong cultural and socioeconomic forces to maximise the possibilities of their children's education, we are able to see clearly this interaction of agency and constraint.