著者

溝田 友里 山本 精一郎

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.1, pp.84-89, 2012 (Released:2012-03-07)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Objectives: This study sought to determine the implications of smoking cessation/prevention policy in college students. Methods: We conducted an internet survey to investigate the attitude of recruitment officers in a company concerning acceptance evaluation and smoking of applicants. Results: Among 838 respondents, more than one-half had unfavorable impressions when they saw new employees or college students smoking. Among the respondents, 3.7% answered that their companies had already introduced the policy of considering smoking status during acceptance evaluation to be acceptance policies, and 14.3% answered that this introduction is under consideration. Among the remaining 687 respondents, 7.6% answered that it can be included in the acceptance policies in the future and 45.7% answered it will not be included in the policies but can be considered during acceptance evaluation itself. Regarding their personal impression, 30% have experienced the case in which smoking status might have affected acceptance and 48.7% answered that it might affect acceptance in the future. Conclusions: Our study clarified that smoking status affected acceptance evaluation by recruitment officers in not a little cases although smoking status is not included in formal acceptance policies. Considering that there are only a few countermeasures for smoking among college students, job hunting activities can be a good opportunity for smoking cessation/prevention among them in collaboration with companies, colleges, and policy makers.

著者

川村 晃右 中井 あい 山田 和子 森岡 郁晴

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, pp.21007, 2021 (Released:2021-11-05)

参考文献数

33

---

Objective: In this study, we aimed to clarify the transition to the implementation of smoking prohibition at eating and drinking establishments one year before and after April 2020, the time when they became “nonsmoking” in principle following the implementation of the amendment bill for the Health Promotion Act of Japan.Methods: The total number of nonsmoking/smoking eating and drinking establishments by industry were obtained using the data from “Tabelog®.” The number of people who tested positive for COVID-19 by the polymerase chain reaction test on the day of the survey nationwide and the bankruptcy status of the companies (eating and drinking establishments, etc.) for each month were ascertained.Results: In 2020, a state of emergency was declared owing to the increase in the number of people positive for COVID-19, and many eating and drinking establishments went bankrupt. Despite these circumstances, the number of nonsmoking eating and drinking establishments exceeded that of smoking establishments in March 2020 and continued to increase thereafter. Additionally, the number of nonsmoking “restaurants” increased and exceeded that of smoking restaurants in June 2020. The number of nonsmoking “cafes” already exceeded that of smoking “cafes” at the beginning of this survey and continued to increase. The number of nonsmoking “bars” increased, but that of smoking “bars” remained high.Conclusion: It is necessary to promote measures against passive smoking while paying attention to the trends for different types of eating and drinking establishments, rather than considering all establishments together.

著者

高井 英司 青柳 隆大 市川 敬太 松浦 康之 木下 史也 高田 宗樹

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, pp.20012, 2022 (Released:2022-03-18)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

2

---

Objectives: Olfactory stimulation elicits various physiological responses. However, few reports exist on the changes in gastric motility during olfactory stimulation in humans. In this regard, we carried out electrogastrography (EGG) to non-invasively measure the gastric myoelectrical activity, which regulates gastric motility. Moreover, subjective sensory evaluation was performed to determine which characteristics of vanilla odor at two different concentrations affect the myoelectrical activity.Methods: The participants consisted of eight healthy young males. EGG and electrocardiography (ECG) recordings were obtained approximately 20 min prior to and during olfactory stimulation. Autonomic nervous system activity was evaluated in terms of heart rate variability (HRV) and mean heart rate (HR) from ECG signals. EGG signals were analyzed by spectral analysis. In addition, the translation error was estimated by the Wayland algorithm. Sensory evaluation was performed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS).Results: There were no significant differences in HRV and HR values and results of spectral analyses of EGG signals in all sample presentations. The translation error of EGG signals and the rating of perceived odor intensity significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner. There was a strong positive correlation between translation error and odor intensity.Conclusions: The correlation found between translation error and odor intensity suggests that the higher the vanilla odor intensity was perceived, the greater the randomness of EGG signals was. Our results suggest that the application of the Wayland algorithm to EGG signals can be used as an objective indicator in odor evaluation.

著者

熊谷 幸恵 森岡 郁晴 吉益 光一 冨田 容枝 宮井 信行 宮下 和久

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.3, pp.636-641, 2008 (Released:2008-06-13)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

4 4

---

Objective: To investigate the relationships of self-reported physical health, social and spiritual satisfactions with subjective mental health according to gender and life stage. Methods: Self-reported questionnaires with questions regarding subjective health status and lifestyles were sent to 1905 community residents aged 20 years or older selected by random sampling in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. Subjective mental health, physical health, social and spiritual satisfactions as measures of subjective health status were assessed using a visual analogue scale. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationships between the subjective mental health and the other three components of the subjective health status with adjustment for life style factors related to the subjective mental health in the subjects without missing values of relevant factors (n=1,752). The subjects were divided into three life stages depending on their ages: young (20–39), middle (40–59), and old (60 or more). Results: Overall, the poor statuses of the three components, namely, physical health, social and spiritual satisfactions, were significantly associated with poor mental health in both genders at any life stage. However, detailed analysis revealed some interesting characteristics. In young men, social dissatisfaction was strongly associated with poor mental health whereas spiritual dissatisfaction in addition to social dissatisfaction was strongly associated with poor mental health in young women. In the middle aged group, both social and spiritual dissatisfactions were strongly associated with poor mental health in both genders. On the other hand, poor physical health status was strongly associated with poor mental health in the old aged group. Conclusions: These results suggest the importance of the mental health interventions under consideration for each life stage and gender.

著者

川村 晃右 山田 和子 森岡 郁晴

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.3, pp.379-387, 2018 (Released:2018-09-29)

参考文献数

45

被引用文献数

2 5

---

Objectives: The purposes of this research were to investigate the hazardous effects of heat-not-burn tobacco and to clarify the health effects accompanying the transition from cigarettes to heat-not-burn tobacco.Methods: The concentrations of carbon monoxide, ammonia, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and dust (hazardous substances) were measured in the smoke of heat-not-burn tobacco. Twenty-nine smokers were used as the subjects. The concentrations of hazardous substances were measured in exhalation of heat-not-burn tobacco. The concentration of cotinine in saliva was also measured after the transition. A questionnaire survey was performed before and after the transition to evaluate nicotine dependence, nicotine withdrawal symptoms, and smoking behaviors.Results: In the mainstream smoke, all hazardous substances investigated were detected. Carbon monoxide and dust were detected in the exhalation of heat-not-burn tobacco. The concentration of cotinine in the saliva of heat-not-burn tobacco users corresponded to that of cigarette smokers. Cigarette smoking was significantly positively related to the score of Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Heat-not-burn tobacco was significantly positively related to FTND and Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS) scores. The group in which the number of heat-not-burn tobacco sticks consumed increased after transition showed a smaller number of cigarettes consumed and a higher MNWS score before transition than the group in which it decreased after transition. These two factors were significantly related to the difference between the numbers of cigarettes and heat-not-burn tobacco sticks in multiple linear regression analysis.Conclusions: The mainstream smoke of heat-not-burn tobacco contains harmful substances. There were the possibilities that nicotine dependence and nicotine withdrawal symptoms appear after transition and that the number of heat-not-burn tobacco sticks consumed increases.

著者

吉葉 繁雄

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.2, pp.565-572, 1984

被引用文献数

20

---

<i>Conus</i>-sting, 55 cases, including 21 fatalities caused by about 20 species of <i>Conus</i> as of Aug. 1982. Among the 21 fatalities, 18 cases were caused by <i>C. geographus</i>. The fatality rate associated with this species has reached 55.3% in Japan and 66.7% in the world. <i>C. geographus</i> is therefore considered to be the most dangerous snail belonging to the genus <i>Conus</i>. This fact is also proven experimentally by comparison of the lethal dose within 1 hour (LD_1h) of the venom of this species (CGV) in various animals. Results show the values of LD_1h of crude CGV are 1.3mg/kg in mice, 4mg/kg in chickens and 0.09mg/kg in goldfishes. These values represent the lowest value of venoms in various species of <i>Conus</i> examined by the author.<br>However, it is impossible to estimate the lethal dose (even not LD_1h) in humans directly by means of experiment. Therefore the lethal dose for humans was estimated by means of 1) examination of the records of <i>Conus</i>-stings in the world and 2) measurement of the quantity of CGV thought to be injected into a victim by the snail.<br>1) From an analysis of the record of <i>Conus</i>-stings collected by Shirai (June 1982) and 3 cases investigated by the author (Sep. 1982) it can be concluded that <i>C. geographus</i> injects in one attack crude CGV in ammount corresponding to LD₇₀ in humans. Consequently, it was fatal in the cases of small men or children stung by large snails and death came within 40 minutes to 5 hours after the sting but larger men stung by smaller snails were saved.<br>2) It has already been proven by the author that <i>C. geographus</i> injects its venom only in the amount charged within a single radular tooth into the victim according to its predatory behavior. As a result of the measurement of the volume of capacity of a single radular tooth from <i>C. geographus</i> in several sizes, the amount of raw crude CGV which would be injected into a human was converted into 0.06 to 0.2mg in dry weight.<br>Thus the lethal dose of CGV in humans was estimated to be 1 to 3&mu;g/kg. However in 2 cases of <i>geographus</i> cone-stings which occured in Okinawa on Jul. 22 and Aug. 17 in 1982, both doses of CGV are presumed to be only 0.2 and 0.5&mu;g/kg respectively according to the estimation in this report. Yet the patients fell into severe paralysis of voluntary movement accompanied by disturbance of speech and dyspnea. They subsequently recovered in a hospital aided by medical treatment.

著者

平工 雄介

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.2, pp.105-109, 2018 (Released:2018-05-31)

参考文献数

23

---

In Japan, the prevalence of low birth weight (< 2,500 g) has been increasing, probably owing to leanness, exposure to toxic chemicals and smoking. Epidemiological studies revealed that low birth weight poses risks of hypertension, coronary heart diseases and diabetes. Although the precise mechanism has not been understood, there is an urgent need for appropriate public health interventions. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a small RNA consisting of approximately 22 nucleotides and distributed in a wide variety of organs and body fluids. miRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of various human diseases and expected to be their potential biomarkers. The interest on the study on miRNA in the research field of developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) has been growing, and the number of related papers has been increasing. There are several molecular epidemiological studies on the relationship between maternal miRNA and fetal development. The effects of smoking and dietary factors on miRNA expression and fetal development have been investigated in epidemiological and experimental studies. However, the role of maternal miRNA in fetal development has not been well understood so far. In this review, the current status of studies on miRNA expression in DOHaD research is described and future perspectives are discussed.

著者

緒方 洪平 六鹿 鶴雄

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.1, pp.3-4, 1948-02-01 (Released:2009-04-03)

著者

松浦 康之 高田 宗樹

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.2-11, 2016

被引用文献数

1

---

The use of stereoscopic images has been spreading rapidly. Nowadays, stereoscopic movies are nothing new to people. Stereoscopic systems date back to 280 A.D. when Euclid first recognized the concept of depth perception by humans. Despite the increase in the production of three-dimensional (3D) display products and many studies on stereoscopic vision, the effect of stereoscopic vision on the human body has been insufficiently understood. However, symptoms such as eye fatigue and 3D sickness have been the concerns when viewing 3D films for a prolonged period of time; therefore, it is important to consider the safety of viewing virtual 3D contents as a contribution to society. It is generally explained to the public that accommodation and convergence are mismatched during stereoscopic vision and that this is the main reason for the visual fatigue and visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) during 3D viewing. We have devised a method to simultaneously measure lens accommodation and convergence. We used this simultaneous measurement device to characterize 3D vision. Fixation distance was compared between accommodation and convergence during the viewing of 3D films with repeated measurements. Time courses of these fixation distances and their distributions were compared in subjects who viewed 2D and 3D video clips. The results indicated that after 90 s of continuously viewing 3D images, the accommodative power does not correspond to the distance of convergence. In this paper, remarks on methods to measure the severity of motion sickness induced by viewing 3D films are also given. From the epidemiological viewpoint, it is useful to obtain novel knowledge for reduction and/or prevention of VIMS. We should accumulate empirical data on motion sickness, which may contribute to the development of relevant fields in science and technology.

著者

早川 清子

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.6, pp.526-535, 1972

被引用文献数

15

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第1編で報告した分析法を用いて, 3ML, 3EL, 4ML, 4ELを投与したラッテ, マウスにおける臓器中の4AL, 3ALの生体内動態を検討した。<br>4ML投与ではラッテの3ML臓器分布はマウスに比べて著しく低く, 4ELではラッテ, マウスではその差はあまり大きくなかった。ラッテでは臓器からの3ALの減少がマウスに比べておそい。これは4ALが一たん3ALになって臓器にたくわえられるとそれはなかなか減少しがたいことを示した。<br>またマウスに4ML, 4ELを投与した場合, 体内においてこれらが3ML, 3ELへ分解する速度の割合を検討した。4MLは2日後に体内の3ML量が最高に達して投与量のほぼ50%が3MLに変化した。一方4ELは3日後に約30%が3ELに変化した。この場合, 投与溶媒により体内への吸収速度が異なるので体内量が最高に達する時間も異なる。4MLはマウスに毒性が強いのに対して, ラッテは弱く, 4ELはマウスとラッテであまり差がみとめられなかったが, わずかにラッテに強い傾向を示した。<br>加鉛ガソリン使用作業者はその接触度に応じて尿中のアルキル鉛が検出される。このことから尿中のアルキル鉛の測定を行なうことにより4ALによる暴露度を知り, 健康管理の一指標とすることができる。

著者

千葉 百子 大道 正義 稲葉 裕

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.4, pp.572-579, 1999-01-15

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

10

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This report reviews the biological effects and case reports of suicidal or accidental ingestion of, and occupational exposure to sodium azide. Ingested doses of sodium azide were estimated for the 6 survival and 4 fatal cases studied. The lowest dose among survival cases was 5-10mg. The patient reported headache, sweating, and faintness within approximately 5 minutes of ingestion. Four victims ingested 20 to 40mg and recovered within 2 hours. However, a man who took 80mg reported chest pain for 6 months after ingestion. The smallest doses among fatal cases were 0.7-0.8g for women and 1.2-2g for men. All victims suffered from hypotension, tachycardia, hyperventilation, diaphoresis, vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea. There is no antidote for sodium azide. Detoxicants for cyanide such as sodium nitrite or thiosulfate were tried, but were unfortunately, ineffective. Sodium nitrite may worsen the hypotension caused by sodium azide, and is not recommended. Occupational exposure to sodium azide is thought to be common, however, fatal exposure is rare. NIOSH &ldquo;Recommended Exposure Limits&rdquo; for sodium azide is 0.3mg/m³.

著者

李 卿 川田 智之

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.117-121, 2014

被引用文献数

13

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Since 2004, we have conducted a series of studies of the effect of forest therapy on human health and established forest therapy as a new preventive strategy. We have found that forest therapy has many beneficial effects on human health. However, there is almost no study dealing with the possibility of clinical applications of forest therapy. In this review, we discuss the possibility of clinical applications of forest therapy from the following viewpoints: 1. Forest therapy can decrease blood pressure, heart rate, sympathetic nerve activity, and levels of stress hormones, such as urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline, and can increase parasympathetic nerve activity, suggesting its preventive effect on hypertension. 2. Forest therapy can also decreace the scores for anxiety, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion and increase the score for vigor in the Profile of Mood States (POMS) test, suggesting its preventive effect on mental depression. 3. Forest therapy can increase the activity and number of human natural killer (NK) cells and the intracellular levels of anticancer proteins, suggesting its preventive effect on cancers. 4. These findings suggest that forest therapy may have preventive effects on lifestyle-related diseases. However, the above preventive effects of forest therapy should be confirmed in clinical research.

著者

豊嶋 英明 林 千治 宮西 邦夫 若井 静子 榎 佐和子 熊谷 秀子 上村 桂

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.2, pp.659-666, 1989

被引用文献数

1 5

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Serum retinol and tocopherol concentrations in 419 males and 478 females, aged 10 to 49 years, were determined by an HPLC method. Then their relationships to serum lipid concentrations and smoking and drinking habits were examined. Retinol levels were higher in males than in females but tocopherol showed little difference by sex. The sex differences in age-related serum levels of retinol and triglyceride (TG) were similar to those of tocopherol and total cholesterol (TC), respectively.<BR>Retinol had a significant correlation with TC and TG, with coefficients of 0.20-0.29 (p<0.001). These were smaller than those of tocopherol (R=0.32-0.52, p<0.001) both in males and females, suggesting that it had a higher susceptibility to factors other than serum lipids than tocopherol did.<BR>Both the retinol and tocopherol levels were significantly higher in the groups with smoking and drinking habits than in the groups without them among the males aged 30 years and over. Furthermore, the retinol level was positively dependent on the daily consumption of both cigarettes and alcohol, whereas tocopherol was dependent on the consumption of alcohol. Multiple regression analysis showed that smoking and drinking habits had statistically significant effects on the serum retinol level independent of other factors and that their effects were greater than those of TC and TG. Tocopherol was affected most by TC and TG and then by drinking habit. Less significant but similar results were obtained for the females of the same age group.<BR>Since smoking and drinking habits, known to be carcinogenic, was related to increases in the serum levels of retinol and tocopherol, it would appear to be necessary to study the relationship of these serum levels with tissue levels of vitamins A and E to examine their protective effects against carcino- and atherogenesis.

著者

武藤 剛 横山 和仁 遠藤 源樹

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.2, pp.200-209, 2018 (Released:2018-05-31)

参考文献数

82

被引用文献数

5 8

---

Japan is currently facing serious social problems related to low birth rates and aging. We propose two possible solutions from the perspective of occupational health. First, companies should establish support systems to help working women with pregnancy and childbirth. Such systems would require the cooperation and understanding of coworkers, including men, and the introduction of flexible work schedules that are also designed to allow workers to care for family members with disabilities. Additionally, with regard to the protection and promotion of the fertility of working women, occupational health staff members should provide education to working women regarding appropriate lifestyle choices in areas such as diet, prevention of work-related health problems, and mental health before and after childbirth. Moreover, workers undergoing assisted reproductive technology procedures should be supported as they experience physical, mental, and economic burdens associated with this process. Second, companies should guarantee the right of workers to take a sick leave and then return to work so they can balance work and the need to treat chronic conditions. Occupational staff members should follow up employees who return to work, by offering, for example, mental health care to cancer survivors. They should also play important roles in preventing the exacerbation of disease and empowering workers to continue their visits to medical institutions. Collaborative study bridges between companies and medical institutions are necessary for the promotion of these harmonization schemes.

著者

佐守 信男 東 義夫

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.5, pp.321-326, 1957

著者

中路 重之 坂本 十一 菅原 和夫 岩根 覚 太田 昌徳 森 文平

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.2, pp.628-637, 1993

被引用文献数

2 4

---

Based on the result of the Aomori Nutrition Survey, we have calculated daily dietary fiber (DF) intake using modified Southgate and Prosky methods. Result obtained were as follows: DF intake in Aomori was 23.7&plusmn;8.4g by the modified Southgate method, and 22.2&plusmn;8.5g by the modified Prosky method. As for supply sources of DF, 32.3% was from grains; 22.7%, vegetables; 15.6%, beans; and 7.8%, fruits calculated by the modified Southgate method, and 31.3%, vegetables; 19.0%, grains; 18.0%, beans; and 11.6%, fruits by the modified Prosky method. As to types of DF, intake of hemicellulose was 11.5&plusmn;4.2g, cellulose 7.8&plusmn;3.0g and lignin 4.4&plusmn;2.3g. In the group with DF intake below 10.0g, DF came mainly from grains and fruits, while the group with DF intake above 30.0g took DF from various foods.

著者

西岡 笑子

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.2, pp.178-184, 2018

被引用文献数

7

---

<p>In this paper, we describe the historical transition of sexuality education in Japan and the direction of sexuality education taken by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). Reproductive health/rights, a key concept in sex education, is also discussed. In Japanese society, discussion on sexuality has long been considered taboo. After the Second World War, sexuality education in Japan began as "purity education." From 1960 until the early 1970s, physical aspects such as genital organs, function, secondary sexual characteristics, and gender differences were emphasized. Comprehensive education as a human being, including physiological, psychological, and social aspects, began to be adopted in the late 1970s. In 2002, it was criticized that teaching genital terms at primary schools and teaching about sexual intercourse and contraceptive methods at junior high schools were "overdue guidance" and "extreme contents." Sexuality education in schools has become a problem and has stagnated for about 10 years. Currently, schools teach sexuality education that does not deviate from the MEXT course guidelines. The direction of MEXT regarding sexuality education should be examined from the basic position that sexual activity by children is inappropriate. Reproductive health/rights apply the concept of human rights to sexuality and reproduction. Reproductive health/rights are key concepts that support sex education and women's health.</p>

著者

嵯峨井 勝

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, pp.19004, 2019 (Released:2019-08-20)

参考文献数

83

被引用文献数

3 8

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Recently, the main air pollutant has been fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which is taken up by the whole body with severe adverse health effects. The main chemical components of PM2.5 are salts of sulfate (and nitrate) and carbons. However, it remains unknown which components are toxic. Here, the author reviewed the literatures to determine which components are toxic and the main mechanisms underlying their toxicity. Many epidemiological studies have shown that sulfate concentration is strongly related to mortality. However, there is no experimental evidence showing that sulfate at environmental concentrations of PM2.5 causes cardiovascular disease or other disease. On the other hand, carbon components such as elementary carbon (EC) produces high concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via its phagocytosis by macrophages, and organic carbon (OC) also produces high concentrations of ROS during its metabolic processes, and the ROS cause acute and chronic inflammation. They cause many diseases including cardiovascular disease, asthma and cancer. Furthermore, there are many lines of evidence showing that epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation or microRNA expression induced by particulate matters also induce the development of many diseases such as those mentioned above. It has been reported that carbon components are incorporated into the brain and produce ROS, and that the ROS cause damage to brain cells and Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive disorders in the elderly.From these lines of evidence, the author would like to emphasize that the main toxicity of PM2.5 is due to carbon components, and it is important to take countermeasures to decrease the concentration of carbon components in ambient air.

著者

戸次 加奈江 稲葉 洋平 欅田 尚樹

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.1, pp.24-32, 2015

被引用文献数

2

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The World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) requires member countries to implement measures aimed at reducing the demand for tobacco products. FCTC article 11 describes the important forms of health communication and packaging regulations. And this article recommends on large pictorial health warnings and encourages more effective forms of disclosure on constituents and emissions. Furthermore, article 11 recognizes the importance of the package as a promotional vehicle for tobacco companies and requires the removal of potentially misleading packaging information, including the terms "light" and "mild." The Conference of the Parties (COP) adopted guidelines for implementation of article 11 on "Packaging and labelling of Tobacco Products". Some countries, such as Canada, the U.S.A., Australia, EU countries etc. positively promoted tobacco control by implementing countermeasures such as the graphic health warning labels and plain packages. These countermeasures showed the significant effects of decreasing smoking rate and preventing smoking initiation in young people. Furthermore, these warning labels were effective for the literally challenged. However, the Japanese government has not implemented these countermeasures, and only limited texts are shown on Japanese tobacco packaging. Therefore, Japan should emulate approaches taken by other countries, and promote the tobacco control policy in accordance with FCTC.

著者

石原 栄美子

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.6, pp.440-444, 1961