著者

内田 満夫 金子 稔 山本 洋 本田 孝行 川 茂幸

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.2, pp.103-117, 2013 (Released:2013-05-29)

参考文献数

121

被引用文献数

2 4

---

Schools were closed worldwide during the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic to prevent the viral spread; however, to date, there has been insufficient evidence to conclude that the closures were beneficial. Therefore, in the present review, we evaluated the effects of school closure during the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in Japan. A search of PubMed and Japanese journals identified 24 articles that evaluated the effects of school closure using the following methods: descriptive epidemiology, changes in absenteeism rate, a simulation model, and reproductive number. Almost all of the retrieved studies showed that school closure effectively reduced the number of new infections and thus subsequently suppressed the epidemic. On the other hand, two major sets of confounding variables were identified. First, the effect of school closure was confounded by the methods used to measure, viral infectivity, subject characteristics, increased immunization rates, nonpharmaceutical interventions, antiviral administration, student contact patterns during school closure, and individual household environments. Secondly, school closure implementation was affected by differences between proactive and reactive closures, differences between seasonal and pandemic influenza, decision factors regarding school closure, socioeconomic cost, and ethics of imposing restrictions on individuals. Therefore, a comprehensive, longitudinal study is necessary to clarify the effects of school closure during viral pandemics.

著者

矢田 浩紀 安部 博史 大達 亮 岩永 靖 山根 俊恵

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.47-54, 2016 (Released:2016-01-30)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

3

---

We studied the characteristics of psychiatric social workers (PSWs) and present research on job-related stress among them; we also provide insights into the future of such research. In recent years, studies on job-related stress among PSWs have been gaining interest. In particular, stress associated with the repeated revisions of related laws has increased. Subsequently, it was found that occupational stress in PSWs differs qualitatively and quantitatively depending on educational history, years of experience, and service department. However, no scale captures the specific characteristics of job-related stress among PSWs. Moreover, the development of a mental health care program for PSWs seems difficult. To develop a mental health care program that caters specifically to this group, future research should focus on developing a scale that determines the specific characteristics of job-related stress among PSWs, which should be evaluated on the basis of each PSW’s educational history, years of experience, and service department.

著者

石原 信夫

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.100-105, 2016 (Released:2016-01-30)

参考文献数

38

---

Immediately after the official recognition of Minamata disease (1956.5.l) a study group at Kumamoto University suggested that Minamata disease was caused by food poisoning. The next year, this suggestion was accepted by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW). Prior to the decision to apply the Food Sanitation Act (FSA), the local government asked MHW for the application of FSA. Soon after, the chief of the Public Health Bureau replied to the local government that the application of FSA to the Minamata area was impossible. Epidemiological investigations of residents and polluted areas, therefore, were not carried out. Data essential for the screening for exposed residents were unavailable. The criteria for the screening were presented. The Environmental Agency (EA) presented the criteria in the form of notice in 1971, which were revised in 1977. Notwithstanding the clear difference between the original and revised criteria, EA insisted that these two sets of criteria were quite similar. This insistence by EA and the absence of epidemiological data on residents and polluted area resulted in the present confusion about Minamata disease. The application of FSA was stopped by bureaucrats who had no interest in the environmental problems and by several scientists patronized by stakeholders (Chisso, Japanese Association of Chemical Industries, MHW and EA). Stakeholders suppressed science.

著者

菊池 有利子 武林 亨 佐々木 敏

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.4, pp.724-734, 2008 (Released:2008-09-30)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

5 6

---

Objective: In the present study, we determined iodine concentration in commonly consumed foods in Japan. Methods: One hundred thirty-nine foods and beverages were purchased from local markets and convenience stores. These samples were examined for iodine concentration by using gas chromatography after ashing or extraction. Results: The iodine concentrations in various food groups were as follows, The concentrations in cereals, sugar, sweeteners, vegetables, fruit, milk, and meat were too low to be detected (<0.05 mg/100 g). The iodine concentrations of algae and dashi (Japanese broth or stock) from algae were <0.05–225 mg/100 g; Japanese seasoning, <0.05–10.5 mg/100 g; and iodine-rich eggs, 1.09–2.00 mg/100 g. Conclusions: Food and beverages with high iodine concentrations need to be taken into account in the nutritional survey for health hazards and benefits in the evaluation of daily nutritional intake.

著者

大林 賢史 佐伯 圭吾

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.2, pp.138-142, 2018 (Released:2018-05-31)

参考文献数

33

---

The purpose of this short review is to describe the influence of housing environment temperature and lighting on circadian blood pressure (BP) variability using data from the HEIJO-KYO cohort, a community-based cohort study launched in 2010. Increased excess mortality from cardiovascular disease in winter is a worldwide problem. Previous studies showed higher conventional BP and higher daytime ambulatory BP in winter; however, the relationship between indoor cold exposure and circadian BP variability remained unknown. In our cohort, we found a significant inverse relationship between indoor temperature and morning BP surge, independent of potential confounding factors. In addition, we found the tertile group with the lowest daytime indoor temperatures showed significantly higher urinary sodium excretion than the tertile group with the highest daytime indoor temperatures. Higher sodium intake caused by indoor cold exposure may partly explain the higher BP in winter. Physiologically, light exposure is the most important environmental cue for the circadian timing system and melatonin secretion. In our cohort, we observed that an increase in nighttime short-wave length light exposure and a decrease in daytime light exposure were significantly associated with lower melatonin secretion. Furthermore, lower melatonin levels were significantly related to higher nighttime BPs and parameters of atherosclerosis, which are predictors of cardiovascular disease incidence. Further longitudinal studies of the influence of housing environment temperature and lighting on cardiovascular disease incidence are required.

著者

梅田 孝 高橋 一平 檀上 和真 松坂 方士 中路 重之

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.3, pp.533-542, 2011 (Released:2011-06-24)

参考文献数

66

被引用文献数

2 4

---

The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the known effects of exercise on neutrophil immune functions of athletes. We measured three neutrophil immune functions (i.e., phagocytic activity (PA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and serum opsonic activity (SOA)) in various types of exercise. The following is our recent findings. (1) A regular exercise increases ROS production and decreases PA. We call this change a normal pattern, and an abnormal pattern except this change. (2) A prolonged, strenuous activity (e.g., rugby match and marathon) decreases both ROS production and PA. This is one of the abnormal pattern. (3) The exercise loading performed after a camp training decreases ROS production whereas PA does not change. This is another abnormal pattern. (4) When judoists who had stopped judo training for 6 months restarted their training, the exercise loading at the beginning of their training decreases PA whereas ROS production does not change. This is another abnormal pattern. (5) A regular exercise 2 months after the beginning of their training increases ROS production and decreases PA. This change is a normal pattern. SOA showed a similar pattern of changes to ROS under all conditions. The changes in neutrophil immune functions after performing various exercises might result from the balance between external factors (intensity and style of exercise) and internal factors (e.g., fatigue and physical pain). Therefore, the changes in three neutrophil immune functions after exercise might be an index of athletes’ condition.

著者

佐田 文宏 福岡 秀興 尾崎 貴視 伊藤 善也 吉池 信男 瀧本 秀美

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.1, pp.15-19, 2017 (Released:2017-02-02)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

2

---

There are two major nationwide birth cohort studies in Japan, namely, the Longitudinal Survey of Newborns in the 21st Century conducted by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) and the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) conducted by the Ministry of Environment. The former was a longitudinal questionnaire survey focusing on environmental and socioeconomic factors for descriptive epidemiology conducted every year since 2001 by mail. The latter was based on 15 unit centers nationwide with environmental measurements and collection of biological samples for environmental risk evaluation. Both are prospective birth cohort studies whose findings will be expected as the basis for establishing health policies. The data obtained in the former study can be used for research with permission from MHLW. To date, there have been more than ten published studies using those data. We have reviewed these studies and introduced our preliminary findings on factors affecting infant growth. Employment before delivery, educational background of parents, household income, and smoking habit of both parents have been suggested to affect infant growth. We will analyze the associations between socioeconomic factors and infant growth trajectory to elucidate the most adequate intervention for children.

著者

野村 恭子 苅田 香苗

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.1, pp.83-84, 2018 (Released:2018-01-31)

参考文献数

16

著者

福田 吉治

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.4, pp.735-738, 2008 (Released:2008-09-30)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

11 2

---

The population approach is well recognized as an effective strategy to improve population health, as well as the population-at-risk approach. It aims to decrease risk exposure of the total population through a change of contextual conditions. However, the population approach has the possibility of increasing health inequality because of variation in the effectiveness of the strategy in accordance with the risk exposure. This paper proposes the “vulnerable population approach” as an alternative and supplemental strategy. It aims to decrease health inequalities between socially defined groups, by shifting the distribution of a lower level of risk exposure of the groups through changes in social and environmental conditions that make groups at higher risk. No interventional approach can be singly applied to all health problems. To improve population health, it is important to select the most effective strategy among the three approaches, considering their advantages and limitations, and to adopt a suitable combination of different approaches.

著者

荒木 敦子 伊藤 佐智子 宮下 ちひろ 湊屋 街子 岸 玲子

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.3, pp.313-321, 2018 (Released:2018-09-29)

参考文献数

60

被引用文献数

1 1

---

In recent years, the birthrate has been continuously declining in Japan. The main causes of the decline are social factors. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence that many environmental chemicals show endocrine disrupting properties. Thus, we hypothesized that exposure to these chemicals would also be a causal for the fertility crisis. In this review, we examined current evidence that focused on environmental chemical exposure in utero and its association with reproductive hormones in children. We have included the findings from a prospective birth cohorts, the Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children’s Health Sapporo cohort. According to the literature, environmental chemical levels in utero, such as polychlorinated biphenyl, dioxins, perfluorinated chemical substances, phthalates, and bisphenol A were somewhat associated with the levels of reproductive hormones, such as testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, inhibin B, and insulin-like factor-3 in cord blood, in early childhood and adolescence. The literature also suggests the association between exposure to these chemicals and brain-sexual differentiation or the anogenital distance, which suggests the disruption of androgen shower during the developmental stage in the fetal period. There are still knowledge gaps on whether these hormones at an early stage affect the pubertal development and reproductive functions in later life. In addition, alternative chemicals are produced after banning one type. The health effects of alternative chemicals should be evaluated. Effects of exposure to a mixture of the chemicals should also be examined in future studies. In conclusion, the prevention of environmental chemical hazards in relation to human reproductive function is important. It would be one of the countermeasures to the falling birthrate caused by fertility issues.

著者

原 めぐみ 大藤 さとこ 福島 若葉 廣田 良夫

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.3, pp.153-160, 2013 (Released:2013-09-28)

参考文献数

21

---

Influenza vaccination is the most effective method of preventing influenza and its complications. In the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, monovalent strain-specific pandemic vaccines were developed rapidly. However, they were only available in limited supply at the initial stage of the vaccination campaign. Thus, tiered use of vaccines, after careful prioritization and determination of dose per individual, was important to maximize the benefit of the available doses. In this study, the principles and methods of epidemiological evaluation of influenza vaccines were investigated, focusing on the immunogenicity and effectiveness. The results of the study of the 2009/H1N1 pandemic will then be detailed.

著者

西岡 笑子

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.2, pp.185-199, 2018 (Released:2018-05-31)

参考文献数

64

被引用文献数

7

---

In this paper, we describe the trends in research on adolescent sexuality education in Japan and other countries and on fertility awareness, as well as the possibility of life planning based on sex and reproductive health education. Mason-Jones AJ et al. reviewed the results of school-based intervention studies on the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection, sexually transmitted diseases, and pregnancy. There is little evidence supporting the idea that educational curriculum-based programs alone are effective in improving sex and reproductive health outcomes in adolescents. In another study, the effectiveness of school-based sexuality education for adolescents in Japan was evaluated. The Japan Medical Abstract Society was searched for articles published in the last 10 years. In many studies, the effects were compared before and after a single sexuality education lecture by professionals, such as doctors, midwives, and public health nurses. In Japan, effort has been directed toward sexuality education, but no systematic program based on behavior theory has been adopted. Therefore, sex education is insufficient. A third study clarified research on fertility awareness in adults and issues regarding improvements in related education and research. The Japan Medical Abstract Society and PubMed were searched for articles published in the last 10 years. The review suggested that awareness of female fertility is insufficient. Delaying childbearing based on inaccurate knowledge of the decline in female fertility could lead to unintended infertility. For males and females, sexual health education in schools and communities should include information on the age-related decline in female fertility. Although the determinants of the timing of childbearing are multifactorial, education on fertility issues is necessary to help adults make informed reproductive decisions based on accurate information. Finally, in this paper, we introduce examples of the pioneering efforts in sexual health education through collaboration between the governments of Oita and Okayama Prefectures and Oita and Okayama Universities.

著者

橋爪 真弘 上田 佳代 西脇 祐司 道川 武紘 小野塚 大介

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.3, pp.413-421, 2010 (Released:2010-05-27)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

64 66

---

Asian dust, called ‘kosa’ in Japan, is the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants originating from the desert areas of China and Mongolia. Although Asian dust has a long history of appearing in Japan, it is only quite recently that there is increasing concern for its possible adverse health effects. We reviewed the epidemiologic evidence of potential health effects of Asian dust events. PubMed was used to search for the following keywords: Asian dust, yellow sand, desert dust, dust storm, sandstorm, mortality, death, morbidity, hospitalization, hospital admission, health, pulmonary and respiratory. The search was limited to the epidemiologic studies published between January 1980 and May 2009. JMEDPlus was used to search for Japanese literature. Seventeen studies were retrieved from PubMed and one study from JMEDPlus. In addition, one study was identified for reviewing from the references of another study. In total, we identified 19 epidemiologic studies (3 for mortality, 13 for hospital visits or admissions and 3 for respiratory functions or symptoms) mainly from Taiwan and Korea. There were many combinations of outcomes and lagged exposures examined, and some suggested possible associations of dust exposure with an increase in mortality and hospital visits and admissions due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, whereas the rest of the studies did not show statistically significant associations. The evidence from these studies was limited because exposure assessments were inadequately described and potential confounders were insufficiently controlled. Well-designed epidemiological studies are required to clarify any potential health effects of Asian dust events in Japan.

著者

高橋 美保子 永井 正規

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.1, pp.5-19, 2008-01-15 (Released:2008-05-16)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

14 14

---

Objectives: The aim of this study is to clarify the excess mortality associated with influenza epidemics in Japan during the period from 1987 to 2005.Methods: Monthly data on the total number of deaths (excluding accidental deaths) and the numbers of deaths due to malignant neoplasms, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, pneumonia, and renal failure were obtained from vital statistics from 1987-2005. The point estimates and range of excess mortality were evaluated using a model based on annual mortality and seasonal indices. Total mortality was analyzed for all ages, sex and for the following five age groups: 0-4, 5-24, 25-44, 45-64, and ≥65 yrs.Results: The excess number of deaths showed almost no difference in each influenza season between men and women. During each influenza season, approximately 85-90% of the excess mortality was attributed to the ≥65 yrs age group. During the 1995 and 1999 seasons, mortality increased significantly across all age groups. The highest point estimate of excess mortality in the ≥65 yrs age group was observed in 1999. From a comparison of the range of excess mortality in the ≥65 yrs age group by year, the excess mortality in 1995 appeared to be the highest of the examined years. The highest point estimate of excess mortality in the 0-4 yrs age group was observed in 1995. From a comparison of the range of excess mortality in the 0-4 yrs age group by year, the excess mortality in 1998 or 1999 appeared to be the highest of the examined years. Excess mortality in the 45-64 yrs and ≥65 yrs age groups showed an increasing tendency in the 1990s and a stabilizing tendency beginning in 2000. In addition, excess mortality during each epidemic was occurred in persons with pneumonia, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, malignant neoplasms, and renal failure, accounting for approximately 20-50%, 20-40%, 20%, 5%, and 2% of all the excess mortality, respectively.Conclusions: These results indicate that the majority of excess mortality occurred among the elderly and persons with pneumonia, heart disease, or cerebrovascular disease. Although it is unclear whether the increasing trend in the 1990s and the stabilizing trend beginning in 2000 were the result of vaccination measures, health measures for groups such as the elderly and heart disease patients are considered to be important for the future.

著者

杉浦 明弘 衞藤 拓也 木下 史也 髙田 宗樹

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.1, pp.39-45, 2018 (Released:2018-01-31)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Objectives: By measuring cerebral blood flow in the prefrontal cortex, we aimed to determine how reading a book on a tablet computer affects sleep.Methods: Seven students (7 men age range, 21–32 years) participated in this study. In a controlled illuminance environment, the subjects read a novel in printed form or on a tablet computer from any distance. As the subjects were reading, the cerebral blood flow in their prefrontal cortex was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. The study protocol was as follows. 1) Subjects mentally counted a sequence of numbers for 30 s as a pretest to standardized thinking and then 2) read the novel for 10 min, using the printed book or tablet computer. In step 2), the use of the book or tablet computer was in a random sequence. Subjects rested between the two tasks.Results: Significantly increased brain activity (increase in regional cerebral blood flow) was observed following reading a novel on a tablet computer compared with that after reading a printed book. Furthermore, the region around Broca’s area was more active when reading on a tablet computer than when reading a printed book.Conclusions: Considering the results of this study and previous studies on physiological characteristics during nonrapid eye movement sleep, we concluded that reading a book on a tablet computer before the onset of sleep leads to the potential inhibition of sound sleep through mechanisms other than the suppression of melatonin secretion.

著者

加藤 貴彦

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, pp.19018, 2019 (Released:2019-12-25)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

1 1

---

The term behavioral science was coined in 1946 by a research group at the University of Chicago led by Miller. It is defined as “science that systematically reveals the rules of human behavior”. To elucidate human behavior, they proposed combining biological science and social science. In Japan, achievements in behavioral science research have accumulated and have been applied in health education and health policy. In this paper, we describe the current status and future approaches in social medicine through an overview of behavioral science research in Japan with regard to the following five points: 1) representative theories and techniques in health behavior, 2) differences in health awareness, 3) a new approach of behavioral science based on the dual process theory, behavioral economics, and zero-order prevention, 4) diversity in behavioral changes and 5) experimental research in behavioral science.

著者

松本 明子

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.55-68, 2016 (Released:2016-01-30)

参考文献数

179

被引用文献数

3 16

---

Human aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a 56 kDa mitochondrial protein that forms homodimers through hydrogen bonding interactions between the Glu487 and Arg475 residues of two ALDH2 proteins. Two ALDH2 homodimers can interact to form an ALDH2 tetramer. ALDH2 is widely distributed throughout the organs of the body. In addition to its dehydrogenase activity, ALDH2 also exhibits esterase and reductase activities, with the main substrates for these three activities being aldehydes, 4-nitrophenyl acetate and nitroglycerin, respectively. ALDH2 can be readily inhibited by a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous chemicals, but the induction or activation of this enzyme remains unlikely. The polymorphism of ALDH2 to the corresponding ALDH2*2 variant results in a severe deficiency in ALDH2 activity, and this particular polymorphism is prevalent among people of Mongoloid descent. It seems reasonable to expect that people with the ALDH2*2 variant would be more vulnerable to stress and diseases because ALDH2 defends the human body against toxic aldehydes. However, it has been suggested that people with the ALDH2*2 variant are protected by alternative stress-defending systems. The ALDH2*2 variant has been reported to be associated with many different kinds of diseases, although the mechanisms underlying these associations have not yet been elucidated. ALDH2 polymorphism has a significant impact on human health; further studies are therefore required to determine the practical implications of this polymorphism in the fields of preventive and clinical medicine.

著者

上島 通浩

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.3, pp.330-337, 2018 (Released:2018-09-29)

参考文献数

38

---

Research into reproductive toxicology may lead to one of the countermeasures to the declining birth rate observed in industrialized countries. Some chemicals can pose risks to human reproduction that is a multistage process starting from the development of male and female germ cells to childbirth and the subsequent growth and development of the child. In Japan, the government has amended law enforcement, i.e., the Regulations on Labor Standards for Women, recently to improve protection for pregnant women against reproductive chemical hazards in workplaces. Male workers may also be protected against such hazards if appropriate risk assessment and the following management are performed as required by the Industrial Safety and Health Law. However, it remains a concern that an unexpected adverse outcome due to an unknown reproduction hazard may occur owing to the use of chemicals not listed in the regulations. This is because the toxicity of a large number of chemicals has not been entirely revealed. Moreover, it is often difficult to determine from a Safety Data Sheet for a product of interest whether the chemicals contained in the product do not have reproductive toxicity or the toxicity data are just not available because of lack of pertinent studies. Thus, researchers in the field of occupational and environmental health need to make effort to fill in such data gaps and to raise the awareness among the public the importance of experimental and epidemiological studies. Study designs for investigating subclinical effects, mechanisms of reproductive toxicity, exposure levels, and dose-response relationships to determine environmental standards are also required.

著者

皆本 景子

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衞生學雜誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.1, pp.20-29, 2010-01-15

参考文献数

109

被引用文献数

8

---

Cosmetics are defined as &ldquo;articles with mild action on the human body, which are intended to be applied to the human body through rubbing, sprinkling or other methods, aiming to clean, beautify and increase the attractiveness, alter the appearance or to keep the skin or hair in good condition (The Pharmaceutical Affairs Law: Article 2).&rdquo; Consequently, they include personal hygiene products such as shampoos, soaps and toothpaste. In Europe, 1% of the population is estimated to be allergic to fragrances and 2&ndash;3% to ingredients of cosmetics; 10% of outpatients patch-tested for cosmetics allergy were found to be positive. Allergenic ingredients of cosmetics can be fragrances, hair dye, preservatives, antioxidants, emollients, surfactants, UV absorbers, pigments or resins used in nail cosmetics. Among standard allergen series, eight substances are related to cosmetics; in Japan in 2003, <i>p</i>-phenylenediamine (hair dyes) induced allergic reactions with the highest rate of 7.9% in outpatients patch-tested (n=805), followed by fragrance mix No. 1 (4.0%, mixture of eight fragrances frequently used), colophony (3.2%, main contents of pine resin), lanolin alcohol (2.7%,emollients), and formaldehyde, parabens, Kathon CG (2.7% ,1.9% and 1.0%, respectively; preservatives). Cosmetic allergy symptoms tend to be mild except those caused by hair dye. However, the population exposed to cosmetics is huge and the number of ingredients used in cosmetics increased up to more than 6000. Here, major cosmetic ingredient allergens, mainly reported in Japan, are reviewed and discussed.<br>

著者

日本衛生学会少子化対策ワーキンググループ

出版者

一般社団法人日本衛生学会

雑誌

日本衛生学雑誌 (ISSN:00215082)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, pp.18037, 2019 (Released:2019-01-09)