著者

大竹 恵子 島井 哲志 池見 陽 宇津木 成介 ピーターソン クリストファー セリグマン マーティンE. P.

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.5, pp.461-467, 2005

被引用文献数

20

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Purpose of this study was to develop the Japanese version of the Values In Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS). Japanese VIA-IS was back-translated, and their items were checked by the developers of the original VIA-IS. Participants in our standardization study were 778 undergraduate students who answered a battery of self-report questionnaires. The battery consisted of the Japanese versions of VIA-IS, Subjective Happiness Scale, General Health Questionnaire, and NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). It was found that VIA-IS has high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Happier people showed higher overall scores on VIA-IS and on almost all subscales both in men and women. Scores on VIA-IS were higher in the healthier group than in the unhealthy group, especially on the subscales of depression and impediment of social activities. Subscales of NEO-FFI were related to subscales of VIA-IS in a consistent way. High nomination groups showed significantly higher scores on eight subscales of VIA-IS than low nomination groups.

著者

縄田 健悟 山口 裕幸

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.5, pp.489-495, 2012

被引用文献数

3

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This study examines an effect of collective victimhood in intergroup relations. Collective victimhood is the belief that an ingroup has been harmed by an outgroup. Previous studies focusing on collective victimhood have shown that collective victimhood escalates intergroup conflict. We predicted that the effect of collective victimhood on intergroup aggression would involve two different emotional processes: anger and fear. To test this hypothesis, Japanese attitudes toward the Chinese were examined in the context of Japan-China relations. The results of structural equation modeling showed that collective victimhood enhanced both anger and fear. However, intergroup emotions had converse effects on intergroup aggression. While anger promoted intergroup aggression, fear inhibited it. Nationalism promoted collective victimhood. These findings suggest that, in intergroup conflict, collective victimhood affects intergroup aggression through two emotional processes, which have inverse effects on the aggression.

著者

坪見 博之 苧阪 直行

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.5, pp.450-460, 2012

被引用文献数

1

---

The relative order of a letter sequence is difficult to recognize when it is presented repeatedly than when it is presented only once in a rapid serial visual presentation (Holcombe, Kanwisher, & Triesman, 2001). In the present study, we investigated a critical factor that causes this order deficit. Experiment 1 demonstrated that repeating a letter sequence in a short time period induced the order deficit. The robust order deficit did not recover even when the letter sequence included a salient item that attracted exogenous attention. Experiment 2 showed that attending to a briefly presented letter triggered the order deficit for a letter sequence presented within 500 ms after the preceding letter. These results suggest that the order deficit is caused by the temporal limits of visual attention that prevent order information from being consolidated into visual working memory.

著者

梅垣 佑介 木村 真人

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.5, pp.430-439, 2012

被引用文献数

6

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The present study investigated the effect of optimistic bias on help-seeking intentions and behaviors in relation to health care professionals and nonprofessionals for depressive symptoms. In addition, the study tested the hypothesis that seeking help from professionals poses a greater threat for self-esteem than from non-professionals. A questionnaire survey (<I>N </I>= 462) using clinical vignettes was conducted with university students. The results suggested that optimistic bias had an impact on help-seeking intentions and behaviors directed towards both health care professionals and nonprofessionals. There seemed to be a relatively stronger threat to self-esteem in help-seeking involving nonprofessionals and a weaker threat in help-seeking involving professionals, contrary to previous studies. The results were explained by the threat to self-esteem and equity theories. Understanding the rationale of optimistic bias and symptom recognition in the help-seeking process may provide relevant information to bridge the service gap in the treatment of depression.

著者

金城 光 清水 寛之

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.5, pp.419-429, 2012

被引用文献数

4

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This study examined and compared beliefs about the ability to remember of three groups of adults: 99 young, 97 middle-aged, and 104 older adults. The beliefs were assessed by asking participants to indicate the expected trajectory over the lifespan on a graphic rating scale, the General Beliefs about Memory Instrument (GBMI) (Lineweaver & Hertzog, 1998). The results showed the following. Although all age groups expect a decline in the ability to remember with age with the peak around 20─30 years old, older adults perceive an age-related sharp decline later in life than the other age groups do. All age groups perceive that remembering names is more affected by age than any other memory abilities. The trajectory of age decline in remembering in general coincides with that in remembering trivia. All age groups believe that the ability to remember at the age of 10 is as good as at the age of 40. All age groups responded to the scales based mainly on the abilities based on their experiences.

著者

都築 誉史 松井 博史 菊地 学

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.5, pp.398-408, 2012

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In multi-attribute decision making, the similarity, attraction, and compromise effects warrant specific investigation as they cause violations of principles in rational choice. In order to investigate these three effects simultaneously, we assigned 145 undergraduates to three context effect conditions. We requested them to solve the same 20 hypothetical purchase problems, each of which had three alternatives described along two attributes. We measured their choices, confidence ratings, and response times. We found that manipulating the third alternative had significant context effects for choice proportions and confidence ratings in all three conditions. Furthermore, the attraction effect was the most prominent with regard to choice proportions. In the compromise effect condition, although the choice proportion of the third alternative was high, the confidence rating was low and the response time was long. These results indicate that the relationship between choice proportions and confidence ratings requires further theoretical investigation. They also suggest that a combination of experimental and modeling studies is imperative to reveal the mechanisms underlying the context effects in multi-attribute, multi-alternative decision making.

著者

増本 康平 白川 雅之

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.5, pp.409-418, 2012

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This study investigated the impaired self-awareness (ISA) of memory deficit in 63 brain injury patients with amnesia. The purpose of this study was (a) to elucidate the relation between degree of ISA and memory deficit measured by several neuropsychological memory tests, (b) to examine the relation between degree of ISA and the post-injury duration, and (c) to investigate the influence of ISA on independent behaviors and occupational outcomes. We measured ISA by using discrepancy methods, which is the difference of the evaluated frequency of the patient's memory problems in daily living as judged by the patients themselves and by their family caregivers. The results showed that the patients underestimated their memory problems more than their caregivers did. Regarding the relationship of ISA and neuropsychological memory tests, performance involving orientation, delayed recall of a story, and abstract figures (Rey Complex Figure Test) were related. Moreover, the degree of ISA influenced independent behavior and occupational outcomes. However, the duration from post-injury did not influence the degree of ISA. These results indicate that not only an approach to enhance neuropsychological memory functions but also an approach to develop an appropriate self-awareness of memory deficit is important for independent living and social reintegration.

著者

鈴木 公啓

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.5, pp.389-397, 2012

被引用文献数

1

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Thinness is considered as one type of adornment; as such, it has a psychological function for others. Thus the drive for thinness and dieting were investigated from the viewpoint of impression management. Study 1 investigated a model that the need for approval affects dieting through the outcome expectancies of others' evaluations and the drive for thinness. The results of structural equation modeling indicated high validity for this model. Study 2 investigated the moderating role of self-esteem in the relationship between positive/negative outcome expectancies of others' evaluations and the drive for thinness. The results showed that self-esteem did not act as a moderator between the two components and the drive for thinness.

著者

安達 智子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.5, pp.479-488, 2012 (Released:2013-03-01)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

1

---

Interest in a science and technology career, and determinants of such interest, were investigated. In Study 1, self-efficacy for work activities and interest in a science and technology career were assessed. Participants were undergraduate students (n = 264; 132 men, 132 women) and graduates (n = 276; 146 men, 130 women). Graduates were more interested in a science and technology career than undergraduate students, and men were more interested in a technology career than women. Moreover, self-efficacy for realistic and investigative activities was positively related with interest in such a career. In Study 2, relationships between self-efficacy for realistic and investigative activities and childhood experiences were investigated using data from undergraduates (n = 262; 132 men, 130 women) and graduates (n = 274; 141 men, 133 women). Individuals who frequently experienced daily activities, activities in nature, and activities with animals and plants in their childhood had higher self-efficacy for realistic and investigative activities. Moreover, graduates had such past experiences more frequently than undergraduates and males more frequently than females.

著者

伊藤 俊一 阿部 純一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.4, pp.241-247, 1988-10-31 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

11

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This experiment was conducted to investigate the function of connectives in text comprehension. Twenty six subjects were instructed to read six texts, each containing several target sentences. Eighteen target sentences were provided, and each of the subjects was presented half of the target sentences in their original form, i.e., with a connective (Connective condition, C), and the other half, without a connective (No-connective condition, NC). After reading, subjects were asked to recall all the target sentences. In recall, all the sentences preceding the target sentence were presented as a cue. Recall rate was higher for the C condition than for the NC condition. The result indicated that connectives facilitate text comprehension. This effect was seen most clearly in three connective categories called jyunsetsu (e. g., causality), gyakusetsu (i.e., adversative), hosoku (i.e., supplement) in Japanese.

著者

吉田 宏子 中溝 幸夫 近藤 倫明

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.3, pp.265-269, 2011 (Released:2012-01-12)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

1 1

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The present study examined the recognition of numerical stimuli briefly presented in the peripheral and the central (foveal) visual fields of children with autism. The participants were 5 children with high-functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and 10 typically developing (TD) children of similar chronological age. The stimuli were number strings presented on a personal computer screen for 160 msec in the position of the fixation point (foveal condition) or in the peripheral visual field (retinal eccentricity of 16°) in one of the eight radial positions selected randomly (peripheral condition). The participants' task was to report the number of stimuli. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the mean response times between the TD and ASD groups. However, the mean percentage of correct answers in the ASD group was significantly higher than in the TD group for the peripheral condition. These results suggest that the effective visual field of the ASD group is expanded compared with the TD group. We discussed the relationships between perceptual characteristics and cognitive processes particular to ASD children.

著者

井村 修

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.5, pp.383-390, 2002-12-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the ability of schizophrenic patients to take another person's perspective. Two perspective taking tasks were examined: perceptual and affective perspective taking. Three groups participated in the study: 22 schizophrenics, 11 transient psychotic disorder [TPD] patients, and 20 normal students. Both schizophrenic and TPD patients scored significantly lower in the both perspective taking tasks than the normal controls. The affective perspective taking scores of the two patients groups were compared with those of six year-old children. Although schizophrenic and TPD patients were thought to be able to infer another's affective state correctly, they sometimes made errors in the task, because they failed to control for their own affect. Thus, their response tendency was different from the normal children of the age. The two patients groups appeared to have a common specific difficulty in inferring another's emotions.

著者

戸田 弘二 松井 豊

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.5, pp.288-291, 1985-12-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

10

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Research on adolescents in romantic love has suggested that their heterosexual relationship may be influenced by their attachment to their mothers and to friends of the same sex. Three hundred fifty-nine college students responded to a questionnaire designed to explore this correlation. The results indicated that male sexual behavior and feelings of romantic love towards their girl friends were not influenced by the attachment to their mothers nor to their friends whereas those of the females were. Females who were involved in intimate sexual relationship had weaker attachment to their mothers; on the other hand, females who had strong romantic feelings, yet without sexual relationships, tended to have strong attachment to their friends of the same sex.

著者

川島 大輔 川野 健治

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.4, pp.330-336, 2012

被引用文献数

4

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A Japanese version of the Suicide Intervention Response Inventory (SIRI-J) had been developed, but needed improvement especially with respect to the number of items. This study was designed to develop and evaluate a short version of the SIRI-J (SIRI-JS). Study 1 used factor analysis, which revealed that the SIRI-J included two components. On the basis of these results, we extracted five items from each component, added three items to represent practical crisis-intervention situations, and drafted the SIRI-JS with 13 items. We also confirmed a strong correlation between the original subscales and those of the short version. Study 2 reconfirmed the validity and reliability of the new measure. In summary, we demonstrated that the SIRI-JS is suitable for assessing the effects of suicide-prevention training.

著者

財津 亘

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.4, pp.321-329, 2012

被引用文献数

3

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The effects of false memories on polygraph examinations with the Concealed Information Test (CIT) were investigated by using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, which allows participants to evoke false memories. Physiological responses to questions consisting of learned, lure, and unlearned items were measured and recorded. The results indicated that responses to lure questions showed critical responses to questions about learned items. These responses included repression of respiration, an increase in electrodermal activity, and a drop in heart rate. These results suggest that critical response patterns are generated in the peripheral nervous system by true and false memories.

著者

命婦 恭子 岩田 昇 向笠 章子 津田 彰

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.4, pp.314-320, 2012

被引用文献数

2

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Although it is generally believed that frequent lateness might lead to absenteeism, the evidence for this has not been ascertained. We investigated the relationship between earlier lateness and subsequent absenteeism in a three-year longitudinal study in a public junior high school in Japan. The participants were 263 students (124 males, 139 females) whose school records were available for three consecutive academic years. Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed that students who had been late for 30 or more days during their 1st year of junior high school were significantly more likely to show absenteeism during 2nd and 3rd year than students who had been late less than 30 days. Cox's proportional hazards regression model confirmed that frequent lateness was the only significant predictor, after controlling socio-demographics and psychosocial variables including stressors at school and stress responses. The substantial linkage of frequent lateness to absenteeism found in this study suggests the necessity of paying more attention to lateness for the prevention of absenteeism.

著者

仲 真紀子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.4, pp.303-313, 2012

被引用文献数

8

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We investigated how different ways of interviewing, i.e., free recall (FR), free recall with context reinstatement (CR), asking misleading questions (Q), or interviewing with open-ended questions (O) affect children's eyewitness reports and their subsequent memory of a viewed event. Participants were 249 eight and ten year-old children. Children were shown a video, and then were interviewed using either FR, CR, Q, or O, followed by an immediate recognition test, and a delayed recall and recognition tests several days later about the event. Results showed that O interviews elicited a greater amount of accurate information than FR, CR, and Q interviews. For older children, CR interviews elicited more accurate information than FR and Q interviews without eliciting inaccurate information. However, for younger children, the subsequent recognition memory for the event was more accurate for children who were interviewed using FR and O. These results suggest that O is the most effective way of conducting investigative interviews with children not only to elicit accurate information but also to keep their memories relatively intact.

著者

寺田 精一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理研究 (ISSN:18841066)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.37, pp.81-107, 1915-01-01 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

18

著者

荒木 友希子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.1, pp.9-17, 2008 (Released:2011-03-16)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

8 9 3

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The purpose of this study was to develop the Japanese Defensive Pessimism Inventory (JDPI), which measures defensive pessimism in an academic achievement situation for Japanese undergraduate students and differentiates between those who are realistically pessimistic and those who are defensively pessimistic. In Study 1, 695 undergraduates completed the JDPI. A factor analysis revealed that the 24 items of the JDPI comprised four factors: Pessimism, Past experience, Positive reflectivity, and Effort. In Study 2, 618 undergraduates completed the JDPI, the Test Coping Strategy Scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The JDPI had high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Defensive pessimists and strategic optimists had higher scores on the active coping strategy and lower scores on the avoidant-thinking coping strategy than did realistic pessimists. Furthermore, defensive pessimists and realistic pessimists had higher scores on the state anxiety and lower scores on the optimistic-thinking coping strategy than did strategic optimists. The results indicate that the JDPI had high concurrent validity.

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理研究 (ISSN:18841066)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.162, pp.61-67, 1925-07-01 (Released:2010-07-16)