著者

村山 綾 三浦 麻子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.1, pp.1-9, 2015

被引用文献数

5

---

This study defined Belief in Just World (BJW) multidimensionally and investigated the effects of Belief in Immanent Justice (BIJ) and Belief in Ultimate Justice (BUJ) on victim derogation and draconian punishment of perpetrators. Study 1 tested the validity of the multidimensional structure of BJW and demonstrated relationships between BJW and other psychological variables. In Study 2, we measured the reactions to the victim and perpetrator in an injury case reported in a news article, and evaluated the relationships of these reactions to BIJ and BUJ. The results revealed that BIJ was associated with a preference in draconian punishment of the perpetrator, while BUJ was associated with dissociation from the victim (a type of victim derogation). In addition, as hypothesized, we found that dehumanization of the perpetrator partially mediated the relationship between BIJ and victim derogation. We discussed relationships between the two types of BJW and just-world maintenance strategies in the situation where a victim and a perpetrator are both recognized.

著者

髙本 真寛

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.1, pp.10-20, 2015

被引用文献数

2

---

In response to recent calls in the literature for within-person examination of coping processes over time, this study used daily diary methods to investigate the relationships between daily events, coping, and daily affects. Every day for two weeks, 62 undergraduates recorded their perceived interpersonal stress, most troublesome events, how they coped, positive events, and positive and negative affect. A hierarchical linear model was used to examine the relations between these variables. The results suggested that both positive and negative events made significantly influenced current-day positive and negative affect. In addition, avoidance thinking was associated with within-level adjustment, while emotional sharing with others, distancing and positive reappraisal were associated with within-level maladjustment.

著者

山内 弘継

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.5, pp.284-287, 1979-01-20 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

10

---

The purpose of this study was to investigate applicable verbal cues in the psychological measuring of affective and emotional states. Forty-two affective and emotional words were selected from 281 onomatopoeias by subjects (Exp. I). Five factors were extracted from the interrelation matrix among these words by the principal components analysis and then these factors were rotated by a normalized varimax criterion (Exp. II). Experimentally induced affective and emotional states were reflected in the subjects' response patterns to the words of each factor (Exp. III). These results suggested that words selected from onomatopoeia are a useful cue for further study in measuring affection and emotion.

著者

紀平 正美

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理研究 (ISSN:18841066)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.2, pp.119-151, 1912-02-01 (Released:2010-07-16)

著者

伊藤 裕子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.57-63, 2000-04-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

2 1

---

This study investigated the influences of age and length of education on gender conception, and the influences in turn of the conception on gender-role attitudes and preference, with multiple regression analysis. Of a random sample of 1 500 Tokyo residents, aged between 20 and 60, 342 women and 313 men completed a questionnaire concerning their views of gender. The questions were structured to measure their agreement to gender-stereotyped opinions and behaviors. Results were as follows: (1) The older both men and women were, the more rigid their gender conception was. (2) The longer the respondent's education was, the more flexible their gender conception was. (3) These tendencies were stronger for women than men. (4) Pass analysis indicated that age, education, and parents' gender-typed expectation affected gender conception, which in turn influenced gender-role attitudes, and also that gender-roles were chosen on the basis of gender-role attitudes. It was concluded that age and length of education affected gender-role attitudes and preference, through gender conception in the context of gender schematic processing.

著者

古見 文一 子安 増生

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.1, pp.18-26, 2012 (Released:2012-09-26)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

5 3

---

This study investigated the development of “mindreading” in young adults. Forty university students were divided into two groups (role-play group and no-role-play group). Then they participated in a perspective-taking task in which the use of mindreading is essential. The participants viewed a computer display of eight familiar objects in different compartments of a wall divider with four rows of four compartments. Some of the compartments were open to see through, while others had back panels and thus which, if any, object was present could only be seen from the participant's side. They were instructed to touch the display corresponding to an object in a compartment in accord with the instructions of a “manager” who stood behind the divider and thus could not see into all of the compartments. The no-role-play group made more errors than the role-play group, and took longer to respond. The effects of role play lasted during five successive task blocks. These results suggest that experience with role play activates mindreading in this perspective-taking task.

著者

浜島 秀樹 中西 雅夫 藤原 奈佳子 仲秋 秀太郎 辰巳 寛

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.6, pp.511-516, 2005-02-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

2

---

False recognition can occur at high levels after participants study lists of associated words and are tested with semantically related lures. The present study attempted to determine the differences of young and elderly adults in retention interval on false recognition and remember-know judgments of critical lure. Young participants' mean age was 21.6 years (range 21-23 years). Elderly participants' mean age was 69.7 years (range 65-74 years). Participants engaged in estimating the frequency of usage of visually presented words, and they were tested both immediately and one week later after the study phase. We found that elderly adults were relatively more susceptible than young adults to this false recognition effect. Moreover, a reliable increase of false recognition for critical lures was observed across retention interval in young adults but not in elderly adults.

著者

山本 陽一 兪 善英 松井 豊

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.6, pp.590-595, 2015

被引用文献数

2

---

Fund-raising activities on behalf of victims of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake during the year after the earthquake were investigated in residents of the South Kanto area (<i>N</i> = 749), which is adjacent to the disaster area. The percentage of people that raised funds was 67.4%. We investigated the effects of the following on fund-raising activities: demographic variables (sex, age, and educational background), trait empathy (empathic concern, perspective taking, and personal distress), former experience with fund-raising activities, effects of similarity to victims (e.g., experienced inconveniences because of the disaster, or had problems returning home), and psychological closeness to victims (e.g., have family members or acquaintances that suffered from the disaster, or that once lived in the disaster area). The results indicated that fund-raising activities were affected by former experience with fund-raising, similarity to victims, psychological closeness to victims, empathic concern, and being female. The relationship between fund-raising activities for victims and empathy are discussed.

著者

織田 弥生 髙野 ルリ子 阿部 恒之 菊地 賢一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.6, pp.579-589, 2015

被引用文献数

3

---

We developed the 33-item Emotion and Arousal Checklist (EACL), which consisted of five subscales to assess emotions (Fear, Anger, Sadness, Disgust, and Happiness) and four subscales to assess arousal (Energetic arousal +, Energetic arousal −, Tense arousal +, and Tense arousal −). This checklist was developed to assess psychological state, both at a given moment and during the past week. In Study 1, confirmatory factor analyses identified nine subscales, whose internal consistency was indicated by their reliability. In Study 2, the EACL's validity was demonstrated by its correlation with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Multiple Mood Scale, General Arousal Checklist, Japanese UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist, and Profile of Mood States. In Study 3, changes caused by tasks that involved either reading emotion-inducing articles or performing a calculation indicated the validity of the EACL for measuring psychological state at a given moment. Further, the test-retest reliability of the EACL for assessing psychological state during the past week was confirmed. These studies confirmed the reliability and the validity of the EACL.

著者

八田 武俊 八田 武志 岩原 昭彦 八田 純子 永原 直子 伊藤 恵美 藤原 和美 堀田 千絵

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.6, pp.540-548, 2015

---

In this study, we examined the relationships among higher brain function, trust or distrust, and gullibility in middle-aged and elderly people. It has been pointed out that the trust can be regarded the psychological frame of automatic processing in decision-making. The participants were 309 rural community dwellers (127 males and 182 females) whose mean age was 64.9 years old (<i>SD</i> = 9.9). The trust scale of Amagai (1997) and the Nagoya University Cognitive Assessment Battery were used to measure sense of trust and higher brain function, respectively. Gullibility was measured by self-report using two items. Correlation analyses showed that higher brain function positively correlated with degree of trust in others and negatively correlated with distrust. However, regression analysis demonstrated that only the relationship between category fluency and distrust was significant. Furthermore, the degree of distrust positively correlated with gullibility.

著者

縄田 健悟 山口 裕幸 波多野 徹 青島 未佳

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.6, pp.529-539, 2015

被引用文献数

13

---

Many researchers have suggested team processes that enhance team performance. However, past team process models were based on crew team, whose all team members perform an indivisible temporary task. These models may be inapplicable business teams, whose individual members perform middle- and long-term tasks assigned to individual members. This study modified the teamwork model of Dickinson and McIntyre (1997) and aimed to demonstrate a whole team process that enhances the performance of business teams. We surveyed five companies (member <i>N</i> = 1,400, team <i>N</i> = 161) and investigated team-level processes. Results showed that there were two sides of team processes: "communication" and "collaboration to achieve a goal." Team processes in which communication enhanced collaboration improved team performance with regard to all aspects of the quantitative objective index (e.g. current income and number of sales), supervisor rating, and self-rating measurements. On the basis of these results, we discuss the entire process by which teamwork enhances team performance in business organizations.

著者

伊藤 裕子 相良 順子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.86.14201, (Released:2015-03-10)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

1

---

A marital commitment scale was created to study marital relationships of middle-aged and elderly couples. This study examined the scale’s reliability and validity. A total of 840 middle-aged and elderly married participants ranged from 37 to 89 years completed the marital commitment questionnaire and answered questions regarding marital love, perception of the balance of power between spouses, and the concept of gender roles. The results showed that marital commitment consisted of: personal commitment, resigned and instrumental commitment and normative commitment. Personal commitment was highly correlated with marital love. Resigned and instrumental commitment was correlated with perception of poorly balanced of power between spouses. Normative commitment was correlated with the concept of traditional gender roles. Thus the internal consistency as well as the construct and criterion-related validity of the marital commitment scale were confirmed. Gender differences were also identified. Men scored higher on personal and normative commitment, and women scored higher on resigned and instrumental commitment. The results are discussed in terms of gender.

著者

豊島 彩 佐藤 眞一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.86.13234, (Released:2015-03-10)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

1 1

---

This study examined whether preference for solitude promotes emotional well-being after controlling for the influence of loneliness. We administered a questionnaire that included variables regarding preference for solitude, loneliness, positive affect, and negative affect. The sample consisted of 318 young adult university students and 253 individuals aged 65 and older. The results showed a significant negative correlation between preference for solitude and positive affect; however there was no correlation between preference for solitude and negative affect. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis confirmed a negative effect of preference for solitude on negative affect after controlling for the influence of loneliness, and there was no effect on positive affect. The results of this study supported the hypothesis concerning the relationship between preference for solitude and negative affect, and demonstrated that preference for solitude decreased negative affect and promotes emotional well-being.

著者

山本 陽一 兪 善英 松井 豊

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.6, pp.590-595, 2015 (Released:2015-02-25)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

2

---

Fund-raising activities on behalf of victims of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake during the year after the earthquake were investigated in residents of the South Kanto area (N = 749), which is adjacent to the disaster area. The percentage of people that raised funds was 67.4%. We investigated the effects of the following on fund-raising activities: demographic variables (sex, age, and educational background), trait empathy (empathic concern, perspective taking, and personal distress), former experience with fund-raising activities, effects of similarity to victims (e.g., experienced inconveniences because of the disaster, or had problems returning home), and psychological closeness to victims (e.g., have family members or acquaintances that suffered from the disaster, or that once lived in the disaster area). The results indicated that fund-raising activities were affected by former experience with fund-raising, similarity to victims, psychological closeness to victims, empathic concern, and being female. The relationship between fund-raising activities for victims and empathy are discussed.

著者

畑野 快 杉村 和美 中間 玲子 溝上 慎一 都筑 学

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.5, pp.482-487, 2014

被引用文献数

7

---

This study aimed to develop a 12-item version of the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory (the 5th stage) (EPSI (5th)) and examine its reliability and validity. University students (<i>N</i> = 545) participated in this study. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that a two-factor model provided a better fit than alternative one-factor models. An analysis of Cronbach's α coefficients and the test-retest method showed acceptable scale reliability. In accordance with our hypotheses, correlation analyses revealed that the EPSI (5th) subscale scores (i.e., synthesis and confusion) were significantly related to measures of self-esteem, life satisfaction with life, and identity confusion. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

著者

大沼 進

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.5, pp.369-377, 2001-12-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

2

---

This study examined how environmental change and others' behavior affected cooperative behavior and solution preference of the person in social dilemma situation. Participants in two experiments played an “environment game, ” in which gradual pollution in environment and reduction in profit rate were simulated. Information on behavior of other players was manipulated; in “free rider” condition, one person was an extreme free rider, and the others were cooperative; in “loafing” condition, everyone loafed. In both experiments, “Bad Apple Effect” was not observed clearly, and cooperative behavior increased as environmental pollution worsened. In Experiment 2, there was no main effect of others' behavior on solution preference. However, significant correlations were found among solution preference, motivation to control others' behavior, and perceived seriousness of the situation, only when an extreme free rider was among them.

著者

八木 冕

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.3, pp.213-235, 1938-06-20 (Released:2013-05-21)

参考文献数

26

---

A coloured figure on a different coloured ground begins to lose sharpness and simplifies its form, when its brightness approaches that of the ground on which it lies. In other words, this means that a mere colour difference without an accompanying difference in brightness has a very low organizing power . This phenomenon has been already discovered and investigated by S. Liebmann (Psychol. Forsch., 9, 1927.), and further K. Koffka and M. R. Harrower, who called this phenomenon “Liebmann effect”, have inquired into it.by taking into account the interdependence of “colour and organization” (Psychol . Forsch., 15, 1931,). They have proved that the colour in any part of the field depends upon the formal characteristics of this figure. From such a standpoint, we attempted to confirm the influence of form upon the Liebmann effect.1. (Experiment 1) What will happen to a figure (in our experiment, a green figure)on a ground (blue), if the difference between the bnightness of the figure and the ground changes gradually,( in our experimental procedure,t here was no difference in their brightnesses at first and then the brightness of the figure was gradually increased by rheostat without changing that of the ground)? Under such a condition, we observed the changing appearances of many various figutes which had been used by M. Wertheimer in order to demonstnate the factors of “Prägnanzgesetz”. We could divide these appearances into five stages.a) At first, it seemed that we saw green clouds in blue sky . There was almost no form.b) Those green clouds began to segregate themselves but we could not say what it was.c) In the third stage, the segregated form could be slightly observed . The parts of the whole figure, however, appeared, as it were floating and being unstable at every moment, separately and disorderly on the blue ground.d) In the fourth stage, all the parts of the figure were organized in accordance with “Pägnanzgesetz” for example, two lines, which were relatively nearer, were phenomenally grouped into one rectangle. And in this stage, the better the form of a part, the more stable and saturated was it.e) In the last stage, all the parts of the whole figure were distinctly localized on the ground and were organized in one definite order. Now, its colour showing a good saturation, had “Eindringlichkeit” and appeared as if it spreaded out of the contour of its figure.2. (Experiment 2-6) In these experiments, we proved quantitatively by measuring the critical zone of Liebmann effect that the better the form of figure, the more difficult it was to enter into the state of Liebmann effect. Otherwise expressed, the rank order of the width in the critical zone of each figure which had the equal area, was as follows: circle, square, triangle and the irregular form gure (see Fig. 10 in the Japanese text). The same was true of the three dimfeinsional figures.The explanation for such a behaviour of various figures concerning the Liebmann effect as we have described above, is not difficult to give. We shall be able to understand its behaviour by considering “the simplicity of form” and moreover “the interdependence of organization and saturation”3. (Experiment 7-9) In Fig. 24 a, b and c in the Japanese text, the V-part (we called it c-pt.) was led into the state of Liebmann effect by changing its brightness, while the other part (u-pt.) of the same figure remained in clear articulation. Under these conditions, the Liebmann effect was more difficult to take place in the V-part of Fig. a than those of Fig.

著者

土井 壯良

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理研究 (ISSN:18841066)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.43, pp.44-56, 1915-07-01 (Released:2010-07-16)

著者

佐々木 真吾 仲 真紀子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.6, pp.585-595, 2014-02-25 (Released:2014-04-15)

参考文献数

42

---

This study examined the development of skills to report with different levels of exactness. A total of 62 first-grade children and 58 fourth-grade children were asked about numbers and lengths (numeral tasks) and colors and positions of objects (nominal tasks) with instructions suggesting different levels of exactness, “roughly” or “exactly”. In Study 1, the instructions were given as a between-subjects factor. The results showed that when the “roughly” instruction was given, participants gave approximate answers more frequently than when the “exactly” instruction was given especially in the numeral tasks, and older children did so more frequently than younger children. In Study 2, the instructions were given as a within-subjects factor: a half of participants were given “roughly” and then “exactly” instructions, and the others were given the instructions in the opposite order. The results showed that younger children could change the levels of answers depending on instruction in the numeral tasks but not in the nominal tasks, whereas older children could do so in both tasks. The results suggest that the skills for reporting with different levels of exactness are related not only to cognitive development, but also to the linguistic context, such as the tasks and instructions.

著者

島津 直実 越川 房子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.4, pp.392-397, 2014

被引用文献数

2

---

The aim of this study was to investigate the link between response styles and depression in university students. Ninety-two university students participated in a questionnaire survey, with a follow-up survey administered 4 weeks later. Structural equation modeling was conducted with analysis of moment structures. The model describing the causal relation from response style to depression fit the data best. These results indicate that the likelihood of future depression is increased by negative rumination response and decreased by distraction response for mood changing.