著者

古川 朋靖 渡辺 道隆 山川 卓也 正木 義男 加納 昭彦 市川 銀一郎

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.5, pp.480-486, 1998 (Released:2009-10-13)

参考文献数

15

---

IntroductionFor transcranial magnetic stimulation of the facial nerve, a magnetic coil is fixed to the temporal region over the nerve. It has been reported that the facial nerve can be stimulated at the distal part of the auditory canal, and it is expected that the peripheral vestibular organs are included in the time-varying magnetic field. We examined the influence of magnetic stimulation on the peripheral vestibular organs using a stabilometer.MethodsExperiments were carried out on 10 healthy adults. Magnetic stimulation was administered to the temporal region including the peripheral vestibular organs and stabilometry was performed before and after stimulation. We used a G5500 system stabilometer (Anima Co.) with a sampling time of 20 msec. and recorded body sway for 60 sec. A Mag lite (Dantec Co.) was used for magnetic stimulation and a Synax ER 1100 (NEC-Sanei Co.) was used as the trigger. The stimulus was set at 4 Hz and stimulation was done 60 times. The output was set at about 40% of 1.9 Tesla (maximum output).ResultsWe analyzed the body sway length, 8-directional body sway velocities, and the power spectrum of the lateral body sway velocity. The total length of body sway and the velocity of lateral sway increased significantly after magnetic stimulation.

著者

原田 實

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.4, pp.187-192, 2002 (Released:2009-06-05)

参考文献数

6

著者

武田 憲昭

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.93-102, 2000 (Released:2009-06-05)

参考文献数

53

被引用文献数

3

---

In the acute period, the goal of drug therapy for vertigo is suppressing the sensation of vertigo, preventing vomiting and helping restore normal balance. Intravenous injection of NaHCO3 is effective against the sensation of vertigo. Since histamine H1-receptors are involved in vomiting that is associated with vertigo, antihistamines could prevent it. Benzodiazepines may restore normal balance by stimulating the initial develop-ment of vestibular compensation, in addition to their antianxiety effects. In the chronic period, vasodilators such as diphenidol or betahistine could prevent recurrent attacks of vertigo. Benzodiazepines may act on the limbic system and relieve psychotic triggering of vertigo attacks. Meniere's disease, in which the primary pathology is endolymphatic hydrops, is specifically managed by an osmotic diuretic, isosorbide. Steroids may be helpful in patients with vestibular neuronitis.

著者

馬塲 完仁 坂田 英治 飯田 祐起子 半田 由紀 井上 鐵三

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.4, pp.396-402, 1988 (Released:2009-10-20)

参考文献数

26

---

Eye movements induced by the I.V. injection of ketamine hydrochloride (Group 1; n=8) and diazepam (Group 2; n=7) were axamined electro-nystagmographically in 15 healthy adults.Complete gaze nystagmus and horizontal rebound nystagmus were observed in all 8 subjects of Group 1, and rebound nystagmus in all 4 directions in 2, but none had positional nystagmus.Primary position downbeat nystagmus was observed in 5 subjects of Group 2, and horizontal gaze nystagmus in all 7, but none had rebound nystagmus, vertical gaze nystagmus or positional nystagmus.

著者

小林 泰輔 岡田 昌浩 寺岡 正人 中村 光士郎

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.6, pp.453-459, 2006 (Released:2009-06-05)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

1

---

Cogan's syndrome is primarily diagnosed based on subsequent episodes of an inflammatory eye disease and rapidly progressive, usually sequential bilateral loss of audiovestibular function. Since there are still no specific tests for the syndrome, it is difficult to diagnose Cogan's syndrome in the early stage before the emergence of both eye and audiovestiubular symptoms. We present a case of a 34-year-old woman who complained of vertigo and bilateral hearing loss. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the inner ear was performed before the emergence of keratitis. MRI on the 23rd day after onset of hearing loss revealed a slightly high intensity on TI-weighted images in the right vestibule, which showed profound hearing loss. On the 54th day after onset, high signal intensity was noted in the right cochlea, the vestibule, and lateral semicircular canal on Tl-weighted images, but no enhancement. The high signal intensity disappeared seven months after onset, but there was no defect of inner ear signs on the T2-weighted images. A high signal of the inner ear on T1-weighted images is not a specific sign of MRI in Cogan's syndrome, since it is sometimes encountered in the inner ear of labyrinthitis, bleeding in patients with leukemia, and intralabyrinthine schwanoma. However, MRI could be a possible method for the early diagnosis of Cogan's syndrome because this finding might be recognized before the onset of eye symptoms.

著者

野村 泰之 濱田 敬永 斎藤 雄一郎 吉田 晋也 遠藤 壮平 鴫原 俊太郎 木田 亮紀

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.6, pp.608-614, 1998 (Released:2009-10-13)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

2 2

---

Recently, because of the development of MRI, it is becoming apparent that there are some cases of cerebellar vascular disorder in the posterior cranial fossa among cases of sudden onset of rotatory vertigo. We reported two cases of sudden onset of rotatory vertigo caused by cerebellar infarction in the territory of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) due to cervical occlusive injuries.Case 1. A 48-year-old male sustained a slight whip lash injury and after ten hours, experienced rotatory vertigo and hoarseness. When he came to our hospital, we could only detect hoarseness. However, vascular disorder in the posterior cranial fossa was suggested by the interview. MRI revealed left cerebellar and medulla oblongata infarction.Case 2. A 29-year-old male felt rotatory vertigo and vomited after clicking his neck. Upon closer examination, pure rotatory spontaneous nystagmus, sensory disorder accompanied by sensory dissociation in his face and disability in standing and walking were found, suggesting vascular disorder in the posterior cranial fossa. MRI showed infarction in the left inferior cerebellar region, vermis and left lateral-dorsal medulla oblongata. A dissecting aneurysm in the vertebral artery was found on subsequent angiography.In the Japanese literature, we could find only nine reported cases of cerebellar vascular disorder in the posterior cranial fossa due to the cervical occlusive injuries, in addition to our two cases.The severity of injuries and the period until onset of diagnostic symptoms varied. Therefore, tracing cerebellar vascular disorders due to cervical occlusive injury required not only neurological and neuro-otological findings, but also attention to the history of the original injury and the development of subsequent symptoms. Without a careful interview, it is very difficult to correctly establish the cause of the disorder.

著者

正木 義男 渡辺 道隆 古川 朋靖 加納 昭彦 山谷 千恵美

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.3, pp.297-304, 1998 (Released:2009-10-13)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

2 2

---

IntroductionVasovagal reflex (VVR) is a disease that has received attention in various fields.Recently, researchers have started to clarify its mechanism. Three patients with symptoms probably due to VVR were treated in this department and the Head up tilt test was used to diagnose dizziness due to VVR.PatientsThe three patients included a 21-year-old female (Case 1), a 26-year-old male (Case 2) and a 61-year-old female (Case 3). All three patients had chief complaints of spontaneous dizziness after standing or sitting for 5 to 30 minutes.ResultsThe duration of standing before the onset of positive findings was 9.5 minutes in Case 1 and 11 minutes in Case 2. In Case 3, positive findings were obtained 9.5 minutes after isoproterenol administration.DiscussionAll three patients showed spontaneous dizziness in either the standing or sitting position and the results of the Head up tilt test were positive. Therefore, dizziness seemed to be due to VVR in these patients. The instantaneous decrease in blood volume due to paradoxical activation of the vagus nerve may have induced dizziness, loss of consciousness and faintness. Because of severe patient stress during the Head up tilt test, this examination should be indicated only in those who are strongly suspected of VVR.

著者

渡辺 行雄 水越 鉄理 中川 肇 大井 秀哉 将積 日出夫 安村 佐都紀 中江 公裕 北原 正章 矢沢 代四郎 渡辺 勇

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.7, pp.1-10, 1991

被引用文献数

9 2

---

During the past 14 years from 1975 to 1989, two-nation-wide surveys of Meniere's disease have been carried out by the Vestibular Disorders Research Comittee of Japan, supported by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan. However, an epidemiological case-control-study including normal subjects has not yet been performed by this committee.<BR>In this third survey, therefore, 148 patients with definite Meniere's disease, 138 with non-Meniere vertigo, 113 with rhinolaryngological disorders, and 165 normal control subjects were collected by the 16 mem-bers of the Research Committee from June 1990 to November 1990. The controls were selected to match as closely as possible the sex, age and location of the Meniere's disease patients.<BR>The characteristic epidemiological features of Meniere's disease in Japan were :<BR>1) Sex-ratio : 63 males to 85 female.<BR>2) Age-distribution : Peak at 40-49 years for males and 30-39 years for females.<BR>3) Season and Time of Onset : Often initial vertigo attacks occurred in the afternoon or in the morning.<BR>4) Occupational Distribution : There was a higher incidence of Meniere's disease among technicians or white-collar workers than among farmers, laborers engaged in blue-collar work, as in the 1st and 2nd surveys. However, the number of house-wives was lower in this 3rd survey.<BR>5) Personal characteristics : In patients with Meniere's disease, precisionism and neurosis were more frequently observed than in non-Meniere's vertigo.<BR>6) Preceding Events : Mental and physical fatigue before vertigo attacks was frequent in Meniere's disease patients.<BR>These epidemiological features reconfirm that the occurrence of vertigo attacks in Meniere's disease is influenced much more by individual factors than by environmental factors, as was found in the 1st and 2nd Nation-wide surveys. However, a marked difference in sex ratio with female preponderance was found in the 3rd survey.<BR>The incidence of bilateral Meniere's disease was 16.2% (24/148), higher than in the 1st and 2nd surveys.

著者

一條 宏明 朴沢 二郎 藤原 文明 西村 哲也

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.4, pp.414-419, 1988

被引用文献数

1

---

This study was performed to determine the influence of repeated rotatostimulation on the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Three figure skaters and three ballet dancers with careers of more than 10 years were examined by two rotation tests with Contraves' computerized rotary chair on the same day. The two tests were Trapezoid Rotation (TR) test (±2, 4, 6, 8, 10°/sec<SUP>2</SUP>, 10″) and Sinusoidal Harmonic Acceleration (SHA) test (0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16 Hz).<BR>1) The TR test showed that skaters and ballet dancers had equivalent values of VOR-Gains as the average of healthy untrained subjects.<BR>2) VOR-Gains measured by the SHA test were lower than the average of healthy untrained subjects.The difference was most clearly noticed with rotations of 0.16Hz.<BR>3) No subjects showed vestibular asymmetry, except for one subject who showed directional preponderance to the left.<BR>4) Nystagmus duration measured by the TR test was within the normal range.

著者

坂田 英治

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.2, pp.219-225, 1992 (Released:2009-12-07)

参考文献数

18

---

It is generally accepted that positional vertigo might result both from lesions in the central nervous system and from lesions in the peripheral vestibular organ. In 1921, Bardny described a characteristic paroxysmal vertigo and nystagmus occurring in a certain critical position, and he suggested that the pathogenesis of this condition was related to otolith disease. In 1952, Dix and Hallpike described positional vertigo of the benign paroxysmal type (BPPN) due to a disorder of the otolith. This nyatagmus is very characteristic and nowadays is widely accepted among clinicians as a nystagmus due to otolith lesions. Furthermore, this characteristic nystagmus has become one of the most reliable signs for diagnosing vertigo due to disorder of peripheral vestibular organs. Although there have been numbers published papers describing positional vertigo due to lesions within the central nervous system (Bruns, 1902 ; Alpers and Yaskin, 1944 ; Allen and Fernandez, 1960 ; Fernandez and Alzate, 1960 ; Sakata u. a., 1979 ; Sakata, Ohtsu and Takahashi, 1984), most of these cases are not of the benign paroxysmal type. Recently, we have treated several patients with typical nystagmus of the benign paroxysmal ty-pe due to lesions in the cerebellar vermis. We discussed the differential diagnosis of BPPN, Pseudo-BPPN and MPPN.

著者

佐伯 忠彦 暁 清文 山中 栄三 柳原 尚明

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.4, pp.428-433, 1988 (Released:2009-10-20)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

1

---

Vestibular findings were studied in 27 patients with acoustic neurinoma. Four of them had experienced vertigo and/or dizziness at the onset of the disease, and 14 other patients had these complaints during the course. Vestibular symptoms were more prominent with middle-sized tumors which extended to the posterior cranial fossa than with those in the internal auditory canal. Although most acoustic neurinomas originate from the vestibular nerve, the incidence of vestibular symptoms is rather infrequent. This is probably due to a compensating mechanism of the central nervous system while the tumor grows slowly. Therefore, the growth rate of the tumor is considered to be most important for the concomitance of vestibular symptoms. The origin of the tumor was identified in 13 cases; in 3 it was from the inferior vestibular nerve and in 10 from the superior vestibular nerve. No significant difference in caloric test results could be seen between the tumors of different origins. The incidence of vestibular symptoms was more frequent when the tumor originated from the superior vestibular nerve than from the inferior vestibular nerve. The recover time required from the dysequilibrium after extirpation of the tumor depended on the degree of preoperative vestibular function.

著者

石崎 久義 野末 道彦 Ilmari Pyykko

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.3, pp.255-262, 1991 (Released:2009-10-13)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

1 1

---

The postural control system is considered to be comprised of vestibular, visual and proprioceptive endo-organs. When a person stands on a moving platform, changes of the center of gravity are measured and analyzed as displacements of vertical force on the platform constructed on the strain gauge principle. The vestibular endo-organ perceives the change of head movement and responds to velocity and acceleration of head movement. Also the visual system detects a moving target and responds to velocity. The proprioceptive system responds to changes of displacement of the center of gravity and the distention of the muscle spindles of the calf muscles. Postural control was studied in 48 healthy volunteers and 18 very old subjects with posturography and 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 Hz vibration to the calf muscles, which send misleading signals to the central nervous system. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the kind of postural testing to be used in healthy volunteers and very old persons. The postural control system was analzsed with cumulative recordings of position, velocity and acceleration. Postural control was amazingly stable in healthy subjects. However, variance of velocity and acceleration were greater in very old persons with and without vibration. Postural instability in the elderly was interpreted as a deterioration of many sensory organs : visual, vestibular and proprioceptive endo-organs.Vestibular endo-organs are well known to be a major part of the control system at times of sudden perturbation, and reciprocal sensory systems are well constituted to keep postural control. It is impossible to explore further which one of these parameters is primarily responsible for postural control and to what degree because of good correlation between velocity and acceleration values. At least in the vestibular system, the acceleration parameter has a major function in posture control.

著者

木村 洋 加藤 功 青柳 優 小池 吉郎

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.2, pp.233-237, 1979 (Released:2010-02-05)

参考文献数

17

---

A 44-year-old woman noted sudden onset of hearing loss and tinnitus in the left ear after sneezing. This was followed several hours later by acute vertigo. Neurotological examination revealed left sided complete loss of hearing and positional nystagmus with clockwise rotatory components, when in the left lateral position. A left tympanotomy was performed after 11 days. At surgery, perilymph was found to derive from the round window in which there was a large fistula. The fistulous area was grafted with fatty tissue.After two months, the hearing in the left ear was essentially unchanged. ENG revealed no positional and spontaneous nystagmus and the vertigo gradually disappeared.In labyrinthine membrane rupture, surgical treatment is considered to be effective in alleviating vertigo, though hearing impairment remains unchanged.

著者

矢沢 代四郎 田中 寛 片岡 英幸 北西 剛 大脇 成広 佐伯 満男

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.6, pp.496-504, 1995 (Released:2009-06-05)

参考文献数

11

---

Two cases of horizontal eye movements disorders due to pontine lesions are reported and their clinical symptoms described. Case 1, a 52-year-old female, showed right lateral gaze paralysis together with right facial paralysis, vestibular dysfunction and scanning speech after surgery on an epidermoid cyst in the 4th ventricle. Case 2, a 56-year-old female, displayed right lateral gaze paralysis combined with right facial paralysis, vestibular dysfunction, right deafness and left hemiplegia following pontine hemorrhage. The right lateral gaze paralysis of both cases were analyzed and speculated to have resulted from combined disorders of the right abducens nucleus, the right PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation) and the right MLF (medial longitudinal fasciculus) in the pontine tegmentum.

著者

岩沢 寛 加藤 功 岡田 智幸 上杉 恵介 竹山 勇

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.4, pp.366-371, 1987 (Released:2009-10-20)

参考文献数

26

---

We report here a rare case of vertical nystagmus, dysarthria and broad-based gait due to after-effects of lithium intoxication.A 65-year-old man was admitted with dysarthria and gait disturbance. About 14 years ago, he had begun treatment with lithium carbonate for manic psychosis. Ten years ago, he developed dysarthria and a broad-based gait due to lithium intoxication.Neuro-otological examination demonstrated, downbeat nystagmus in the primary position, rebound nystagmus and direction changingopposing vertical positioning nystagmus.Failure of fixation-suppression of caloric nystagmus was noted in both sides. Eye-tracking test revealed saccadic eye movements, and slow phase OKN velocity was limited billaterally. The equilibrium disturbances observed in this patient's neurological and ENG findings might be attributed to pathological conditions of cerebellar vermis, flocculus and partly brainstem.He was treated with thyroid stimulating hormone (2mg/day) for 18 days.Thereafter, gradually he recovered from some of his neurological symptoms : dysarthria, gait disturbance, rebound nystagmus and direction changing opposing vertical positioning nystagmus.His vertical nystagmus, however, remained unchanged.

著者

松永 一博 中井 義明 桝谷 治彦 森口 誠 杉田 雅彦

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.Suppl-8, pp.52-55, 1992 (Released:2009-06-05)

参考文献数

4

---

Guinea pigs with experimental endolymphatic hydrops were treated with glycerol, bifemelane hydrochloride or diphenidol hydrochloride and observed for morphological changes in the affected inner ear.1. Treatment with any of the three drugs im-proved inner ear circulation.2. The degree of reduction of endolymphatic hydrops tended to be associated with that of strial atrophy.These results suggest that reduction of endo-lymphatic hydrops depends on strial function.

著者

小谷 恵美 鈴木 直人

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.4, pp.210-215, 2002 (Released:2009-06-05)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

1 1

---

This study investigated the effect of information within visual fields on postural control. Thirty-six undergraduate and graduate students participated in the experiment. The body sway was measured while participants watched static visual stimuli presented in the central visual field, the peripheral visual field, and the full visual field. Squares that differed in sizes were used as stimuli to provide similar visual information in each visual field. The result showed that body sway was reduced when the stimulus was presented in the peripheral visual field relative to when it was presented in the central visual field. This result suggests that information of the peripheral visual field may play an important role in postural control.

著者

小林 毅 石井 正則 金田 健作 八代 利伸 森山 寛 須藤 正道 関口 千春 五十嵐 眞

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.4, pp.507-515, 1994 (Released:2009-10-13)

参考文献数

10

---

In an effort to determine the mechanism causing motion sickness, various studies have been conducted on the autonomic and central nervous systems. Recently, it was reported that the level of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) rises when motion sickness appears, and the possible involvement of hormones in the manifestation of motion sickness has become a focus of attention.We induced motion sickness by Colioris stimulation in healthy adult volunteers, and examined hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal hormones and neuropeptides before and after stimulation and during the recovery process.In the high susceptibility group blood levels of ADH, ACTH, prolactin, cortisol, β-endorphin and MET-enkephalin and urinary levels of ADH immediately after stimulation were significantly higher than those in the low susceptibility group. These levels returned to normal after 30 minutes of rest. In the high susceptibility group the motion sickness score immediately after stimulation showed a significant correlations with the blood levels of ADH, ACTH and β-endorphin.These results indicate that ADH, ACTH, β-endorphin and MET-enkephalin are involved in the nausea and vomiting of motion sickness. Moreover, it seems that the mechanism and effects of these hormones may differ from each other. Since the urinary level of ADH is very closely correlated with its blood level, the use of urinary ADH testing is advocated as a simple method with no discomfort.

著者

金子 武嗣

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.3, pp.178-185, 2000 (Released:2009-06-05)

参考文献数

10

---

The cerebral cortex is considered to be the most important part of the brain, since it plays an essential role in highly complicated functions such as cognition, feeling, thinking, attention, consciousness, memory and learning. The basic design or architecture of the intracortical neural circuitry is, however, not understood enough to explain these functions, and needs to be investigated extensively. Here, I introduce our efforts to reveal the local connectivity of the cerebral cortex using the 'from one to many' strategy. By combining intracellular staining (from one) and Golgi-stain-like labeling of functionally grouped neurons (to many), we are trying to visualize the neuron-to-neuron connections in the cerebral cortex.

著者

内藤 泰

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.3, pp.157-167, 2003 (Released:2009-06-05)

参考文献数

44

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Brain imaging studies related to spatial orientation were reviewed. Visual perception of motion and space is processed primarily in the dorsal visual pathway, in which the dorsal cuneus, parieto-occipital sulcus area, MT, MST and parietal cortex play essential roles. However, the lingual gyrus and fusiform gyrus in the ventral pathway also play important roles in visuo-spatial perception. In the parietal cortex, the intraparietal sulcus and inferior and superior parietal lobules are activated by various tasks that are related to visual perception of orientation, location and motion in space. In addition to these areas, visuo-spatial attention activates the anterior cingulate gyrus and premotor cortex, and the insula and hippocampus are activated by tasks related to perception and memory of self-motion, and navigation in space. Most of these regions also become active by vestibular and somatosensory stimuli, and contribute to controlling ocular and body movements. Several imaging studies have demonstrated reciprocal inhibitory interactions among visual, vestibular and somatosensory systems. Inhibitory interaction between different sensory perception systems may contribute to developing consistent and unified self-image and appropriate behavior in space when they disagree.