著者

中井 義明

出版者

日本西洋古典学会

雑誌

西洋古典學研究 (ISSN:04479114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.12-22, 1989-03-15

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Herodotus says that king Xerxes led his unprecedentedly huge forces and invaded Europe in 480 B C The size of the expeditionary force, including troops from Europe and non-combatants, was more than five million persons Other ancient sources agree that the great king's forces were vast in scale, but differ as to their number The German empire mobilized seven armies, i e, one million, five hundred thousand soldiers, on the western front at the beginning of the First World War The German troops were supplied, via thirteen railways, five-hundred-fifty trains a day Nevertheless, they were distressed by shortage of provisions Could the Persian empire, which had only primitive transport, maintain such huge forces for a long time and in a far distant country? Her transportation capability was meager It seems impossible that she mobilized and continued to supply such huge forces Modern historians doubt the size of the Persian forces which Herodotus gives They try to reduce his number to reasonable levels For that purpose they use two methods One is the philological method, used by many historians They criticize the texts and make known the organization of Xerxes' forces and the commanders' names There were three infantry divisions, three cavalry brigades, the Immortals, the guard troops and the non-combatants But, if one doubts about Herodotus' number, the size of the forces remains unknown The other method used employs logistics Gen Maurice and Gen v Fischer used this method They heed that the volume of provisions carried by the transport corps determined the scale of the forces This necessitates the fixing of some variables the mean speed, the size of the files, the carrying capability of pack animals and the rate of consumption of provisions What was the Persians' speed? It must have been that which reached the maximum value of the rate of flow There are some models for inquiring into the relation between the mean speed and the rate of flow I use Greenschields' model The outcome of my computation is that six parasangs a day is best, five a day next best and seven a day third best According to Xenophon's Anabasis, the Persians frequently marched six or seven parasangs a day When they crossed a bridge or river, their speed slowed Five parasangs a day was the usual speed So, I think that Xerxes' forces crossed the Hellespontos at the rate of five parasangs a day The rate of flow of animals was 500 4 heads/h, the rate of flow of infantrymen 1,429 7 persons/h What was the size of the Persian files? Gen v Fischer thought four files to be the usual size of the infantiy and two files that of the cavalry and transport corps I follow his view As the transport corps continued to cross for 7 days and nights, the total number of pack animals is 168,134 The transport corps carried 33,626,800 Ibs, consumed 31,945,460 Ibs, and could offer 1,681,340 Ibs to the combatants Such volume of provisions can maintain 41,000 infantrymen and 4,000 cavalrymen The number of an infantry division was 10,000 men, the number of cavalry brigade 1,000 men Xerxes' forces numbered 45,000 men Many historians think that the Persian fleet was far superior to the Greek Some believe in Herodotus' number, some modify his number to 1,000 or 800 or 600 Before the battle of Salamis, all Persian ships anchored in Phaleron bay I use this fact as a clue to estimating their scale I divide the length of the seashore by the width a trireme occupies in action The outcome is 300 ships The original fleet probably numbered about 400 ships My conclusion is that the land forces numbered 45,000 persons and the fleet 400 ships

著者

馬場 駿吉 高坂 知節 稲村 直樹 佐藤 三吉 鈴木 茂 遠藤 里見 石戸谷 雅子 小野寺 亮 山田 公彦 大久 俊和 荒井 英爾 鈴木 雅明 大山 健二 粟田口 敏一 戸川 清 岡本 美孝 松崎 全成 寺田 修久 喜多村 健 石田 孝 馬場 廣太郎 島田 均 森 朗子 池田 聖 金子 敏郎 今野 昭義 山越 隆行 石井 哲夫 窪田 市世 鍋島 みどり 田口 喜一郎 石山 哲也 中野 雄一 中村 英生 五十嵐 文雄 古川 仭 作本 真 山下 公一 久保田 修 宇佐神 篤 伊藤 博隆 鈴木 元彦 間宮 紳一郎 横田 明 加藤 薫 大屋 靖彦 河合 〓 岩田 重信 横山 尚樹 井畑 克朗 瀧本 勲 稲福 繁 坂倉 康夫 鵜飼 幸太郎 雨皿 亮 山田 弘之 坂倉 健二 平田 圭甫 伊藤 由紀子 村上 泰 竹中 洋 山下 敏夫 久保 伸夫 中井 義明 大橋 淑宏 阪本 浩一 村田 清高 平沢 昌子 原田 康夫 森 直樹 白根 誠 多田 渉 小林 優子 竹林 脩文 河野 嘉彦 夜陣 紘治 平田 思 宮脇 修二 津田 哲也 山下 隆司 二階堂 真史 柿 音高 永澤 容 増田 游 後藤 昭一 西岡 慶子 折田 洋造 東川 康彦 武 浩太郎 進 武幹 前山 忠嗣 百田 統洋 堤 昭一郎 茂木 五郎 川内 秀之 松下 太 吉村 弘之 高田 順子 石川 哮 定永 恭明 大山 勝 松崎 勉 坂本 邦彦 廣田 常治 内薗 明裕 鯵坂 孝二 中島 光好

出版者

The Society of Practical Otolaryngology

雑誌

耳鼻咽喉科臨床 (ISSN:00326313)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, no.3, pp.389-405, 1995-03-01

被引用文献数

13 16

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The efficacy and safety of Kampo preparation Sho-seiryu-to were studied in a joint double-blind trial in comparison with a placebo. The study was carried out on 220 patients with perennial nasal allergy at 61 hospitals. Granules in a dose of 3 g were administered 3 times daily for 2 weeks. Moderate to high improvement was recorded in 44.6% of the treated patients and in 18.1% of those receiving placebo. The difference is significant (p <0.001). Side effects were noted in 6.5% of the treated patients and in 6.4% of the controls (not a significant deference). The side effects were mild and had no influence on the daily life of the patients.

著者

愛場 庸雅 杉本 緑 松田 泰明 杉浦 欣一 中井 義明 中島 俊文

出版者

耳鼻咽喉科臨床学会

雑誌

耳鼻咽喉科臨床 (ISSN:00326313)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.3, pp.391-395, 1990-03-01 (Released:2011-11-04)

参考文献数

12

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The effects of therapeutic irradiation on olfactory function were investigated in 20 patients who received radiation therapy because of a malignant tumor of the nose or paranasal sinuses. The standard olfaction test with a T&T olfactometer and an intravenous olfaction test were given before the radiation therapy, during the period of radiation therapy and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months or more later.Five patients whose olfactory epithelium was outside the radiation field showed no damage to olfactory function. The olfactory function of the other 15 patients whose olfactory epithelium had been exposed to radiation was not obviously changed or damaged at the time of radiation therapy. However, 6 months after irradiation, some patients showed a decline in olfactory function, and after 12 months, 4 of 7 patients showed severe damage to olfactory function.These results suggest that a therapeutic dose of irradiation will not cause severe damage to the olfactory function during the period of radiation therapy, but could cause delayed olfactory disorders in some patients after a few years. These olfactory disorders might be caused by damage to or degeneration of the olfactory epithelium or olfactory nerve.

著者

池岡 博之 大橋 淑宏 丸岡 健一 古下 博之 中井 義明 小野山 靖人

出版者

一般社団法人 日本耳鼻咽喉科学会

雑誌

日本耳鼻咽喉科学会会報 (ISSN:00306622)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, no.11, pp.1562-1566, 1985-11-20 (Released:2008-03-19)

参考文献数

21

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In order to examine the effects of irradiation on the nasal epithelium, rabbits received 200kV hard X-ray irradiation at 3, 000 rad to their nasal septum. The nasal mucosa after the irradiation was examined with scanning and transmission electron microscopy in a time-course manner. Immediately after the irradiation, few morphological changes were observed on the nasal epithelium with scanning electron microscopy, while transmission electron microscopy disclosed some morphological changes such as vacuolation and ballooning of epithelial cells, and enlargement of intercellular space. 2 weeks after the irradiation, sporadically affected changes were observed. The affected signs of the epithelial cells were observed at the wider area according to the course of time after the irradiation. 4 weeks after the irradiation, stratified arrangement of non-ciliated cells or undifferentiated cells were noted in an extensive area of the nasal mucosa 8 weeks after the irradiation, the nasal epithelium were chiefly consisted of undifferentiated cells. Accordingly, the following conclusions were derived from the present investigation; 1) Irradiation affected the nasal ciliary epithelium. 2) The damage of the nasal epithelium by irradiation was not recovered easily.

著者

中井 義明 大橋 淑宏 江崎 裕介 石塚 洋一 松下 隆 伊藤 博隆 馬場 駿吉 平川 勝洋 原田 康夫 菊屋 義則 岡崎 英登 黒川 道徳 二宮 優子 村上 譲 伊東 一則 深水 浩三 大山 勝 松根 彰志 飯田 冨美子 小川 敬 大堀 八洲一 花田 武浩

出版者

耳鼻咽喉科展望会

雑誌

耳鼻咽喉科展望 (ISSN:03869687)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.Supplement5, pp.655-673, 1990-10-15 (Released:2011-08-10)

参考文献数

12

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漢方製剤である麻黄附子細辛湯の通年性鼻アレルギーに対する効果を検討した。漢方の古典の記載に忠実に基づいた製法により得られたエキスを含む細粒剤と, それまでの経験に基づいた製法により得られたエキスを含む散剤の比較試験を実施した。有効率 (著効+有効) は散剤投与群で63.5%, 細粒投与群で76.7%と, 両群とも良好な結果であり, 統計学的に差は認められなかった。各症状の改善率において, 細粒投与群が散剤投与群より鼻汁, 鼻閉症状に高い効果を示したが, 統計学的な差は認められなかった。細粒剤といわゆる抗アレルギー剤の有効率を比較すると, くしゃみ発作および鼻汁は同程度の効果が, 鼻閉については優る効果であったと考えられる。副作用については, 散剤投与群で6.2%, 細粒剤投与群で5.1%の症例に認められたが, いずれも症状は軽微であり, また臨床検査値にもなんら異常は与えなかった。

著者

松永 一博 中井 義明 桝谷 治彦 森口 誠 杉田 雅彦

出版者

Japan Society for Equilibrium Research

雑誌

Equilibrium Research (ISSN:03855716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.Suppl-8, pp.52-55, 1992 (Released:2009-06-05)

参考文献数

4

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Guinea pigs with experimental endolymphatic hydrops were treated with glycerol, bifemelane hydrochloride or diphenidol hydrochloride and observed for morphological changes in the affected inner ear.1. Treatment with any of the three drugs im-proved inner ear circulation.2. The degree of reduction of endolymphatic hydrops tended to be associated with that of strial atrophy.These results suggest that reduction of endo-lymphatic hydrops depends on strial function.

著者

杉浦 欣一 大橋 淑宏 江崎 裕介 古谷 博之 大野 義春 中井 義明

出版者

The Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Society of Japan, Inc.

雑誌

日本耳鼻咽喉科学会会報 (ISSN:00306622)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.94, no.4, pp.506-515, 1991-04-20 (Released:2008-03-19)

参考文献数

19

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There is amount of epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory evidence to document that viral infection is involved in otitis media with effusion(OME).However, few studies have demonstrat- ed the direct influence of viruses on the tubotympanum.The purpose of this study is to establish the effect of influenza A virus invaded in the tubotympanum, in an attempt to elucidate the possible mechanism by which the virus contributes to the pathogenesis of OME.80 guinea pigs with normal otoscopic findings were inoculated with 0.2m1 suspension of influenza A(3.3 x 108PFU/ml)into their tympanic cavities through their tympanic membranes.To serve as controls, the same number of guinea pigs were injected with 0.2ml of physiologic saline solution into their tympanic cavities.At 3, 7, 14, and 28 days postinoculation, they were used for examination of the mucociliary function.Middle ear effusions were observed only in the animals inoculated with the virus.Mucociliary dysfunction was observed only in the animals inoculated with the virus.The ciliary activity in the bulla was declined at any time examined.On the other hand, the ciliary activity in the eustachian tube and the tympanic orifice was slightly lowered between 7 and 14 days, but the level was not different from that of the control.However, the number of active ciliated cells(showing more than 500 beats/min)was significantly smaller than that of the control.The mucociliary clearance time of the tubotympanum was more prolonged than that of the control at 3, 7, and 14 days, and returned to the control level at 28 days.A variety of morphologic changes were observed in the tubotympanum treated with the virus. Major pathologies observed included a general inflammatory cell infiltration, vacuolation and other degeneration of ciliated cells, and vascular damage and increased vascular permeability.Regener- ation of cilia or ciliated cells followed the degeneration, which included an increased number of basal cells and new formed centrioles.However, the viral infection had an influence on the epithelial cells with new centrioles.Our study has demonstrated that viral infection could evoke mucociliary dysfunction of the tubotympanum and create an increased susceptibility to bacteria.Therefore, viral infection could enhance bacterial infectious process in the tubotympanum.Through the failure viruses could contribute to the occurrence of OME.

著者

中井 義明

出版者

同志社大学

雑誌

社会科学 (ISSN:04196759)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, pp.17-44, 2006-09

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スパルタの覇権がレウクトラ以降解体していく政治過程を分析した。スパルタと同盟諸国、スパルタと正面から対立し自らの影響力を中部ギリシアやペロポネソスに拡大しようとしたボイオーティア、ペロポネソスにおけるスパルタの伝統的な競争国アルゴス、テーバイの台頭に不信感を募らせスパルタとの提携に傾いていったアテーナイ、の外交行動の分析を通じてその背後にある党派の問題を解明しようとした。スパルタと同盟諸国を結び付けていたのはそれぞれの政治指導者間の個人的な友情と同志意識、民主派に対する敵意と民主革命に対する恐怖感の共有であった。スパルタが民主派に対する安全を保障している限り、スパルタの覇権のもとにあることは意味があった。しかしレウクトラ以降スパルタがそのような保障を提供し得なくなった時、同盟諸国は独自に安全保障の道を模索するようになる。そのことが同盟と覇権の解体をもたらしたのである 。 スパルタの能力の欠如が帝国の解体の原因であった。ボイオティアではエパメイノンダスの政策に反対するメネクレイダスが緊張をもたらしていたし、アルゴスではスキュタリスモスの革命騒ぎによって大混乱が生じていた。アテーナイでは重要な政策を指導したのはカッリストラトスであった。彼はテーバイへの不信からスパルタとの提携を推奨し、スパルタとの連携によってテーバイを抑制しようとしたのである。This paper has treated the political process of the demolition of Spartan hegemony since Leuctra. Sparta, her allies, Argos, Athens and Boiotia are searched for. Relations between diplomacy and factional strife in these states are analized. Spartans like Agesilaos had friendship and comradeship with oligaichic leadres of her allies, and shared their distrust and hostility toward the democrats and fear of democratic revolution. Sparta was the guardian of the oligarchs and gave them shield. But she had decreased her power and prestige since Leuctra. Epameinondas's two invasions made clear her inability. She could not offer her allies enough support any longer. So the oligarchs of her allies had to search for another way. Epameinondas offered them such way. Boiotia allowed oligarchic constitution of Spartan allies and leadership of the oligarchs. He requested them peace with Boiotia and did not demand the other. Therefore, allies seceded from the alliance with Sparta. The lack of ability of Sparta has destroyed her empire. In Athens, the victory of the Thebans stirred up the caution of the Athenians who had fought severely against Sparta during the Boiotian war. Athens has inclined to cooperation with Sparta to control the threat from the north. It was Kallistratos to have guided this new policy. In Argos, for the revolution which is called Skytalismos, pandemonium was caused in Argos. Demos of Argos killed rich people first, and executed leaders who had agitated the murder next. This incident astonished coetaneous people. In Boiotia, Epameinondas and his companions were obtaining full trust among the Boiotians. The oligarchs as a political power had disappeared. However, the opposition existed. Menekleidas criticized Epameinondas' act on his own authority. His voice had the influence. Thus, the faction and the factional strife had exerted a strong influence on the policy of states.

著者

高野 啓江 中井 義明 箕輪 靖弘 桜井 敏恵 妙中 啓子 岡田 博文 小杉 好弘 高野 哲也

出版者

一般社団法人 日本聴覚医学会

雑誌

AUDIOLOGY JAPAN (ISSN:03038106)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.5, pp.705-706, 1984-10-26 (Released:2010-04-30)

著者

高野 啓江 中井 義明 箕輪 靖弘 武市 直範 岡田 博文 妙中 啓子 小杉 好弘 高野 哲也

出版者

日本聴覚医学会

雑誌

AUDIOLOGY JAPAN (ISSN:03038106)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.4, pp.379-380, 1983 (Released:2010-04-30)

著者

中井 義明 Yoshiaki Nakai

出版者

同志社大学文化学会

雑誌

文化学年報 (ISSN:02881322)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, pp.1-27, 2010-03

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今関恒夫先生 武藤直先生 退職記念論文集

著者

中井 義明

出版者

同志社大学文化学会

雑誌

文化学年報 (ISSN:02881322)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, pp.1-27, 2010-03

著者

江暗 裕介 中井 義明 大橋 淑宏 金 朋郁

出版者

The Society of Practical Otolaryngology

雑誌

耳鼻咽喉科臨床 (ISSN:00326313)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.2, pp.227-231, 1992

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A 35-year-old male patient visited our outpatient clinic with sudden onset of right ear fullness. Right tubal stenosis was considered to be responsible for his complaint. A roughsurfaced flat tumor was found close to the right Rosenmuller's fossa, and biopsy was performed immediately under fiberscopy. Whether his hearing loss was due to a conductive or sensorineural disturbance was not conclusively determined because the audiogram was complicated. The tumor was diagnosed histopathologically as not malignant but inflammatory, "epithelioid granulosis in the pharyngeal tonsil". Physical examinations did not support either sacoidosis or active tuberculosis. The final diagnosis, based on a retrospective study of his lesion, was old epipharyngeal tuberculosis and sudden deafness.

著者

小西 一夫 阪本 浩一 岡本 英樹 楠木 誠 松本 孝司 玄野 昌実 秦 尚修 高島 忠義 井上 清俊 中井 義明

雑誌

頭頚部腫瘍 (ISSN:09114335)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.137-142, 1995-03-30

被引用文献数

4