著者

河野 哲也

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.2, pp.1-19, 2020-03-30 (Released:2020-07-03)

参考文献数

38

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the essential features of psychological categories used in the mind sciences such as psychology, cognitive science, and neuroscience from the perspective of theoretical psychology. I shall focus especially on the category of “emotion”. Firstly, I shall examine how psychology and philosophy have categorized emotions in referring to the history of philosophy and psychology and demonstrate that psychological categorization in general is laden with practical and social meanings. I shall proceed to highlight the problems regarding psychological methodology and basic theoretical assumptions, assumptions that are modeled on physical science, resulting in a de-contextualization and de-temporalization. In conclusion, I shall propose some possible solutions to overcome these problems in the mind sciences.

著者

松王 政浩

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, pp.71-84, 2017-12-20 (Released:2019-05-02)

参考文献数

24

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Recent arguments in philosophy of science concerning artificial intelligence seem to heavily concentrate on social or ethical issues, such as ‘Singularity' problem or harmonious coexistence with AI. But the meaningful relationship between philosophy of science and AI is not limited to that of this kind. The Bayesian network (BN) is one of the central issues in the research of AI, and this has a lot to do with traditional arguments in philosophy of science, since finding the single best definition of causality has been one of main themes in philosophy of science. In this paper, I will consider possible ways for philosophers to be deeply in touch with AI regarding ‘the methodology of BN', ‘the definition of causation', and ‘the elimination of causation'.

著者

横路 佳幸

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.1, pp.1-17, 2018-07-31 (Released:2019-05-02)

参考文献数

26

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The aim of this paper is twofold. The one is to make intelligible identity-relativism (IR) and its accompanying theory of proper names by making amendments to Peter Geach's corresponding theories. I argue that his IR can be reconstructed as a hidden variable theory of ‘identical' and that a kind of ontological deflationism is needed to make his semantics of proper names compatible with IR. The other aim is to show that even IR with the seemingly refined semantics and ontology bears a serious problem of the requirement for an absolute identity. I argue that IR cannot by itself solve the problem.

著者

李 太喜

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.1, pp.19-40, 2018-07-31 (Released:2019-05-02)

参考文献数

21

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The argument against incompatibilism is that freedom and alternative possibilities are incompatible. This argument presupposes a dogma on freedom debate, which says that freedom always improves our rationality and control. Since the dogma is not valid, because it is not adequate for the descriptive aspect of our concept of freedom, incompatibilism need not worry about the incompatibility between freedom and alternative possibilities. We must reconsider the relationship between the two aspects of our concept of freedom; alternative possibilities and agency. Then alternative possibilities should be regarded to weaken our agency.

著者

笠木 雅史

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.2, pp.1-3, 2016-12-20 (Released:2017-09-29)

参考文献数

7

著者

信原 幸弘

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.2, pp.1-16, 2014-12-20 (Released:2015-11-08)

参考文献数

15

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Delusion involves some anomalous experience, but the twofactor theory claims that a second factor is necessary to explain tenacity of delusion. In order to explore what the second factor is, I examine the processes of perception formation, belief formation, and belief evaluation. I conclude that perception formation and belief formation involve no abnormalities while belief evaluation involves an abnormality (the second factor) due to impairment of working memory. This is an abnormality of ignoring a hypothesis which mentions falsity of perception. In addition I suggest that abnormality in belief evaluation must not be severe to explain restrictedness of delusion while abnormality in experience (abnormal existential feelings) must be severe.

著者

麻生 尚志

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.1, pp.35-51, 2012 (Released:2016-01-13)

参考文献数

5

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After the epic essay “Epistemology Naturalized” by Quine, various kinds of naturalistic epistemology has been advanced. While Goldman and others advocated reliabilism in the traditional epistemological context, Laudan pronounced naturalistic philosophy of science. Reliabilism held by Goldman and scientific antirealism held by Laudan may seem to be incompatible with each other. In this article I show that these two views are conformable to each other.

著者

野村 恭史

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.1, pp.17-33, 2012 (Released:2016-01-13)

参考文献数

27

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Bertrand Russell has found the paradox that bears his own name in the spring of 1901 and offered a version of the so-called “simple” theory of types as measures against it in an appendix to The Principles of Mathematics (1903). This theory was devised to deal with the class-version of that paradox. But he formulated it also in terms of “predicates” and the type theory has no effect to this formulation. In this paper, I shall show that Russell offered measures also against the “predicate”-version of that paradox in the Principles and it is very interesting in a sense that it enables to avoid the paradox without forbidding self-predications of predicates in general.

著者

佐金武 梶本尚敏

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.131-134, 2012 (Released:2016-01-15)

被引用文献数

1 1

著者

野村 恭史

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.1, pp.1_49-1_57, 2011 (Released:2011-10-13)

参考文献数

11

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Keiichi Yamada’s first and recent book, The Last Thinking of Wittgenstein: An Encounter between Certainty and Contingency, aims at bringing out it into relief Wittgenstein’s philosophy of knowledge that is embodied especially in his “last” thinking, which the author extracts mainly from On Certainty, and locating it in the context of contemporary discussions on knowledge. This book should be interesting very much not only to Wittgenstein scholars but also to those who are engaged in philosophy in general. I shall make several and somewhat critical comments.

著者

太田 雅子

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.1, pp.1_75-1_90, 2011 (Released:2011-10-13)

参考文献数

7

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In his Book Kagaku no Sekai to Kokoro no Tetsugaku, Michio Kobayashi features on Descartes’ theory of minds as “subjective-active consciousness”, and defends it against the physicalist movement of philosophy of mind. I try to show that Kobayashi’s method has a difficulty for defending the existence of our mind because Descartes didn’t allow the scientific investigation of our mental experience from outside. In addition, Cartesian theory of mind cannot appropriately grasp the significance of “other minds”. Instead of Cartesian view, I propose the “mind in general” view, in which minds are open to our world and exists in our communication.

著者

吉満 昭宏

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.2, pp.2_95-2_109, 2010 (Released:2011-04-01)

参考文献数

21

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In the paper I shall make a critical examination of Ichinose's book The Labyrinth of Cause and Reason: The Philosophy of ‘Because’ (2006). After summarizing the content, I address two issues concerning relation among causality, conditionals and vagueness. First, I make clear presupposition on the relation in the book and propose alternatives thereon. Second, based on the previous consideration, I make clearer his causal theory of vagueness. Finally I suggest a new direction concerning vagueness and causality.

著者

三好 潤一郎

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.2_31-2_43, 2008 (Released:2009-08-31)

参考文献数

33

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Prisoner's Dilemma is often mentioned to assert that morality is not rationality and that it makes possible the optimal choices which rational players can not choose. However, I argue that this view is not a correct solution of the dilemma. Rather, folk theorem provides the way to achieve the optimal rationally. It shows that a cooperative action is taken by each player to maximize his or her payoff in the long term. Therefore, morality should be seen as a kind of rationality. From this perspective, virtues are some advantageous characteristics of particular rational agents and moral rules are descriptions of equilibrium strategies in the social repeated games.

著者

ROBERT T. PENNOCK

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, pp.31-45, 1995-11-15 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1 1

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This paper reviews some recent work on issues connecting the theories of scientific explanation and confirmation. Beginning with Harman and Hempel and continuing with Salmon, Miller, Pennock and Ruben, I consider different explications of the explanatory relation that could be used in an Inference to the Best Explanation (I.B.E.) confirmation theory. Causal theories of explanation are currently the most promising and I discuss the strengths of an I.B.E. theory based upon an objective "ontic" view of explanation like Salmon's over an "epistemic" causal view such as Miller's. Finally I show how a causal theorist can address two purported weaknesses of the causal approaches that arise from Humean and Sellarsian arguments.

著者

岡本 賢吾

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.1, pp.7-19, 2001

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Frege's well-known thesis that arithmetic is reducible to logic leaves unexplained what is the gain of the reduction and what he means by logic in principle. First, the author contends that the real interest of the reduction consists in a form of conceptual reduction: it frees us from the ordinary naive conception of numbers as forming extremely peculiar genus and replaces it with a very general and basic conception of them. Second, it is pointed out that Frege's concept of logic involves two elements. One is based on the iteratability of the operation of abstraction and naturally leads him to accept a sort of denumerably higher order logical language. The other is based on the so-called comprehension principle. Each of the two elements could be said to be logical in some sense but they are inconsistent with each other. Still, we can learn much from his attempt to search for as extensive and global a conception of logic as possible.

著者

大谷 弘

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.2, pp.45, 2024-03-31 (Released:2024-03-31)

参考文献数

26

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Several studies on later Wittgenstein's notion of picture have recently emerged in Japanese literature. Here, I critically examine three of them: Ohtani (2020), Furuta (2020), and Noya (2022). My contentions are twofold. First, the disagreement between these studies lies in the fact that Noya supposes a common core shared by Tractatus's notion of picture and that of Philosophical Investigations, while Ohtani and Furuta deny this core. Second, Furuta and Noya fail to provide a conception of picture that contributes to the understanding of Wittgenstein's text, while Ohtani alone proposes an illuminating notion.

著者

林 晃紀

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.1, pp.1-1, 2023-11-15 (Released:2023-11-15)

参考文献数

17

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The later Wittgenstein's philosophy is often characterized as therapeutic. According to the idea of therapeutic philosophy, Wittgenstein never intends to propound a theory of philosophy; rather he attempts to show us that philosophical problems are merely pseudo-problems generated by philosophical confusions.     The aim of this paper is to clarify what Wittgenstein's therapeutic philosophy is. In order to do so, I shall investigate the methodological similarities between Wittgenstein and Freud. I attempt to show that the analysis of Freud's method of psychoanalysis gives us various insights on what Wittgenstein's therapeutic philosophy is.

著者

佐藤 邦政

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.1, pp.37, 2023-11-15 (Released:2023-11-15)

参考文献数

34

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This paper proposes a transformative virtue that counteracts testimonial injustice by responding to two critiques of the virtue of testimonial justice. First, I demonstrate that self-reflection can function in more varied ways than the direct detection of oneʼs own prejudices, as previously assumed in the literature. Hence, self-reflection can holistically be effective in neutralizing the influence of oneʼs prejudices on oneʼs beliefs. Second, I propose a virtue that encourages epistemic agents to be epistemically acute enough to experience dissonance between perceiving a particular testifier (who is talking in person) as trustworthy and having biased beliefs about the testifierʼs trustworthiness: transformative virtue. Third, I argue that the development of a proper indirect contact theory with relevant epistemic practices can offer epistemic environments that facilitate peopleʼs critical imagination to cultivate a transformative virtue, considering the risk of victimized epistemic agentsʼ vulnerability.

著者

小川 亮

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.1-1, 2022-12-10 (Released:2022-12-10)

参考文献数

51

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In Japan, despite its popularity in natural science and philosophy, Inference to the Best Explanation is generally considered as an argument for scientific realism rather than as a method of philosophy. This paper aims to marshal some relevant topics in dispute and defend IBE against its critics. The distinct feature of IBE is that it considers simplicity and fruitfulness as theoretical virtues. This character makes IBE useful as a common method of philosophical inquiry. In conclusion, IBE is tenable as a heuristic to identify a working hypothesis, at least.

著者

山﨑 紗紀子

出版者

The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.1-45, 2022-12-10 (Released:2022-12-10)

参考文献数

14

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Information flow has been extensively discussed. There are various kinds of information flow in the environment. By using them, we produce and use information. In this paper, we first present the fundamental idea of J. Barwise and J. Seligman’s information flow. On the other hand, the area of philosophy of information is also remarkably developed. In particular, we focus on the method of Level of Abstraction (LoA) introduced by L. Floridi. The method of LoA allows us to extract suitable information from some systems. Combining the concepts of information flow and LoA, we can significantly understand these concepts.