著者

吉田義成 訳

出版者

支那哲学叢書刊行会

巻号頁・発行日

1926

著者

山口 英男

出版者

日本史研究会

雑誌

日本史研究 = Journal of Japanese history (ISSN:03868850)

巻号頁・発行日

no.643, pp.1-20, 2016-03

著者

山本 淳子

雑誌

人間文化研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, pp.202-174, 2016-03-10

著者

小塩 慶

出版者

史学研究会 (京都大学大学院文学研究科内)

雑誌

史林 (ISSN:03869369)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.99, no.2, pp.290-311, 2016-03

---

The aim of this article is to grasp the significance of auspicious omens (shozui) in the context of the policy of Tang-style Sinification and clarify the reception of Chinese conception of auspicious omens in ancient Japan. Two periods when records of auspicious omens were particularly rare are the object of my analysis: these are the Tenpyo Hoji era under the regime of Fujiwara no Nakamaro and the early Heian period from the Konin to the Kasho era during the reigns of the emperors Saga, Junna, and Ninmyo. In the first section, I indicate that there were cases of auspicious omens not being recorded due to the humility of the emperor during the Latter Han dynasty. The fact that there was a tendency to denigrate auspicious omens and emphasize practical politics during the Tang has been pointed out in earlier studies, but when considering attitudes toward auspicious omens in Japan from the 9th century onward, the Latter Han attitude toward auspicious omens is important. Moreover, on the relationship between auspicious omens and calamities, previous scholarship has argued there was a direct correlation between the two, but on reexamination of the relationship, I have clarified that there was a tendency for the number of auspicious omens to decline as the number of calamities increased. Behind this was the fact that the two had different characters; auspicious omens were mental phenomena and the calamities were physical realities. In the second section, I consider the relationship of the small number of auspicious omens in the early Heian period and the policy of Tang-style Sinification. I compare in particular the Shoku Nihonkoki for Jowa 1.1 (834) and the imperial edict of the ninth month of Zhenguan 2 (628) in the Tang da zhaoling ji, and judging from the similarity of the language of the two, indicate that the edict of the first year of the Jowa era reflected that of Emperor Taizong of the Tang. Therefore, the small number of auspicious omens from this period can be understood as a result of the fact that the Japanese court knew that the Tang emperor had not favored auspicious omens and that they would not be recognized without reserve. Moreover, it should be noted that as a result of the humility of the Japanese emperors of the ninth century, there were many cases when auspicious omens were not accepted, and this logic was closer to the Latter Han example rather than the Tang, From this, auspicious omens in the early Heian period should be understood as the reception of not only Tang but also Latter Han thought. In the third section I focus on the auspicious characters that were a special characteristic of the regime of Fujiwara no Nakamaro and attempt to demonstrate the Sinification of auspicious omens. Auspicious characters are a variety of auspicious omen that was seldom if ever seen in Japan, but there were examples in China and the political policy as regards auspicious characters by Empress Wu Zetian, which is thought to have had influence at the time on Japan, can be seen in historical sources. Based on these facts, it can be said that auspicious characters had a particularly Chinese quality and we can conclude that the auspicious omens were Sinified through the Tang-style Sinification policy of Nakamaro. In the era of Fujiwara no Nakamaro the Chinese theory of accepting the will of heaven was already known, and auspicious characters were Rot simply a matter of a superficial copying of the achievements of Wu Zetian, and this indicates the influence of a profound understanding of the entirety of Chinese culture. Considering their limited relationship to auspicious omens and the policy of Tang-style Sinification that I elucidated in the second section, the fact that auspicious omens were not seen under the regime of Fujiwara no Nakamaro, which did use Chinese auspicious characters, can probably be explained in the same manner. Moreover, using auspicious omens to rule politically and then the trend to distain auspicious omens itself can also be seen in China. Furthermore, as calamities were frequently seen in this period, this too seems to have been a cause for the paucity of auspicious omens. In the fourth section, I address the trend towards the disappearance of auspicious omens from the Six Dynasties onward. In regard to the elimination of auspicious omens, I state my view that it would surely be necessary to consider the change in the character of the monarchical regime that was profoundly related to auspicious omens rather than the problem of the state of extant historical sources. In conclusion, as evidenced in sections two and three, the decrease in the number of records of auspicious omens can be explained as the reception of the Chinese influence within the policy of Tang-style Sinification. In this article I demonstrated factual evidence of the relationship between auspicious omens and the policy of Tang-style Sinification through examination of records of auspicious omens themselves. Moreover, it can be surmised that the Japanese court was conscious of the historical dynasties such as the Five Emperors and Latter Han rather than the contemporary Tang dynasty in regard to the Sinification of auspicious omens. In this article, I posit the image of "multiple Chinas" as a concept that would include multiple Chinese dynasties. It may be said that during the period that was strongly influenced by the Tang, the reception of the concept of auspicious omens occurred with this conception of "multiple Chinas" as its source.

著者

小塩 慶

出版者

史学研究会

雑誌

史林 (ISSN:03869369)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.99, no.2, pp.290-311, 2016-03

著者

佐野 真人

出版者

神道史学会

雑誌

神道史研究 (ISSN:05830702)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.1, pp.58-82, 2016-04

著者

久禮 旦雄

出版者

神道史学会

雑誌

神道史研究 (ISSN:05830702)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.1, pp.83-102, 2016-04

著者

上島 享

出版者

神道史学会

雑誌

神道史研究 (ISSN:05830702)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.1, pp.2-35, 2016-04

著者

香川 淳 大塚 裕之

出版者

一般社団法人 日本地質学会

雑誌

地質学雑誌 (ISSN:00167630)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.106, no.11, pp.762-782, 2000-11-15 (Released:2008-04-11)

参考文献数

44

被引用文献数

3 7

---

国分層群は, 鹿児島湾奥北西沿岸部の加治木堆積盆における中期更新世前半の内湾 湖沼成堆積物からなり, 加治木層・鍋倉層・蒲生層・小浜層・朝日層・小田層・隼人層・麓層の8層準に区分される.このうち鍋倉層・小浜層・小田層には, 水中火砕流や安山岩の噴出, 砂礫の流入および津波による削剥と再堆積を特徴とする著しい不連続面が認められる.これらの削剥面は, その下位に伸張応力を示唆する共役断層が発達することから, 火山活動を伴う造構運動によって形成された堆積物と考えられる.こうした「火山-構造性イベント」は, 鹿児島地溝の拡大に伴いくり返し発生したと考えられる.

著者

京都女子大学宗教・文化研究所ゼミナール [編]

出版者

京都女子大学宗教・文化研究所

巻号頁・発行日

2003

著者

坂口 健

出版者

歴史人類学会 ; 1980-

雑誌

史境 (ISSN:02850826)

巻号頁・発行日

no.71, pp.18-37, 2016-03

著者

畠山 大二郎

出版者

服飾美学会

雑誌

服飾美学 (ISSN:03861759)

巻号頁・発行日

no.62, pp.1-20, 2016-03

著者

堀井 佳代子

出版者

文化史学会

雑誌

文化史学 (ISSN:05217938)

巻号頁・発行日

no.72, pp.55-76, 2016-11

著者

早稲田大学教育学部社会科日本史攷究会 [編]

出版者

早稲田大学教育学部社会科日本史攷究会

巻号頁・発行日

1957

著者

小田 裕樹

出版者

考古学研究会

雑誌

考古学研究 (ISSN:03869148)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.1, pp.63-84, 2016

著者

A GETTELMAN P.M. de F FORSTER

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, no.4B, pp.911-924, 2002 (Released:2002-10-10)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

205 243

---

The tropical tropopause layer (TTL) is a transition region between the troposphere and the stratosphere. In this study the vertical extent of the TTL is diagnosed from radiosonde and ozonesonde profiles in the tropics and a climatology of this layer is presented. The radiative balance in the TTL is also characterized. The TTL is locally defined as extending from the level of the lapse rate minimum at 10-12 km to the cold point tropopause (CPT) at 16-17 km. The minimum in lapse rate represents the level of maximum convective impact on upper tropospheric temperatures, which is found to closely correspond to a minimum in ozone. Variations in this level are correlated with convective activity as measured by satellite brightness temperatures and Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR). At the cold point, the TTL height is nearly uniform throughout the tropics, and has a pronounced annual cycle. There are regional variations in the altitude of the lower boundary of the TTL. Interannual variations of the TTL result from changes in the large scale organization of convective activity, such as from the El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Over the last 40 years, records indicate an increase (200-400 m) in the height of both the cold point tropopause and the level of minimum lapse rate. To better understand vertical transport in the TTL, the clear sky radiative heating rate is diagnosed using a sophisticated radiative transfer scheme. The level of zero radiative heating occurs roughly 1 km below the CPT, implying that convection needs to loft air 4-5 km above the base of the TTL if the air is to eventually enter the stratosphere.

著者

塩川 哲朗

出版者

神道宗教学会

雑誌

神道宗教 (ISSN:03873331)

巻号頁・発行日

no.243, pp.71-103, 2016-07

著者

岡田 莊司

出版者

神道宗教学会

雑誌

神道宗教 (ISSN:03873331)

巻号頁・発行日

no.243, pp.5-43, 2016-07

著者

田中 禎昭

出版者

ニュー・サイエンス社

雑誌

月刊考古学ジャーナル (ISSN:04541634)

巻号頁・発行日

no.691, pp.19-22, 2016-11

著者

三舟 隆之

出版者

日本大学史学会

雑誌

史叢 (ISSN:03869423)

巻号頁・発行日

no.95, pp.71-82, 2016-07