著者

山本 誠作

出版者

宗教哲学会

雑誌

宗教哲学研究 (ISSN:02897105)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.87-88, 1984 (Released:2017-12-29)

著者

山本 栄子

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.1, pp.1-20, 2019 (Released:2019-10-01)

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Abstract: This paper discusses Graslin’s progressive consumption tax theory proposed for the reconstruction of tough fiscal conditions in France in 1767. Graslin criticised the single tax on land Physiocrats demanded because it narrowed taxable objects due to the distinction between ‘productive’ and ‘sterile.’ A direct tax on income at a fixed rate is disadvantageous to poor people; in the case of progressive rates, there will be apathy toward economic activity. At that time, it was difficult to estimate individual income or wealth of all classes accurately, including of tax-exempt classes. Therefore, Graslin considered that individual consumption capacity was an indicator of income level. A tax imposed in proportion to consumption capacity and normativeness, namely, the level of items’ importance for survival, would be fair and efficient for an increase in revenue. In Graslin’s progressive consumption tax system, necessities are not taxed; however, the more luxurious the item, the higher the consumption tax. Furthermore, hoping for multiplier effects, Graslin linked the effects of consumption tax and tariffs. While Graslin acknowledged Cantillon’s cycle theory, Graslin noted that Cantillon did not consider tariffs in the downturn of an economic cycle. Although tariffs raised the prices of luxury goods, the government would increase revenue through the consumption tax paid mainly by wealthy people. This logic conforms to the Ramsey rule. For wealthy people, Graslin regarded luxuries to maintain their pride as their necessities. For this reason, he considered luxury goods to have low price elasticity of demand. Thus, wealthy people’s consumption of luxuries would not decrease even if their real income decreased. JEL classification numbers: B11, B31, H22.

著者

山本 崇史

出版者

The Japanease Society for the History of Economic Thought

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.2, pp.115-116, 2019 (Released:2019-10-14)

著者

山本 崇史

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.21-42, 2017 (Released:2019-09-01)

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Abstract: Pigou actively participated in the tariff reform controversy and contributed to several writings and articles on tariff reform in the early 20th century. In A Study in Public Finance (1st ed. 1928; 3rd ed. 1947), his foreign trade theory was given a new perspective in the form of the theory of tax revenue. Pigouʼs interest in foreign trade is evident in Economics in Practice: Six Lectures on Current Issues (1935) and Alfred Marshall and Current Thought (1953). In these writings, trade balances are the main focus. In view of these activities, it can be inter-preted that Pigou studied foreign trade theory continuously and from the perspective of con-tributing to real economic policies. Pigouʼs foreign trade theory of later years is significant for our study, as it allows us to understand the progression of his economic theory and how it follows Marshallʼs theory. This paper examines the influence of Marshall on Pigou, based on similarities in their foreign trade theories and policies. In view of Pigouʼs considerations of the ʻrepresentative balesʼ concept, analytical similarities on import tax and export tax, elasticity, recognition of the present conditions of England, and ethical issue of taxation, we find an inheritance of for-eign trade theory from Marshall to Pigou, as well as quotations and references to Money Credit and Commerce. In view of the fact that Pigou largely changed the argument of the first edition to deal with new problems, while being based on Marshallʼs foreign trade theory us-ing elasticity, we also find the application of Marshallʼs foreign trade theory by Pigou. There-fore, we can consider A Study in Public Finance to be an indispensable work for investigating the relation between the theories and policies of Pigou and Marshall. JEL classification numbers: B 13, B 21, F 11.

著者

山本 英司

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.2, pp.51-53, 2017 (Released:2019-11-30)

被引用文献数

1 1

著者

山本 英子

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.21-48, 2016 (Released:2019-08-31)

被引用文献数

1 2

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Turgot is known not only as a physiocrat, but also as the author of Valeurs et Monnaies (c1769?), in which he discusses the subjective theory of value: this work earned him a pre-eminent position in the field. Prior to Turgotʼs discussion, Graslin presented more detailed accounts of the subjective theory of value, providing logical arguments against physiocracy. In his Essai Analitique sur la Richesse et sur lʼImpôt (1767), Graslin refuted physiocratic doctrines, especially the concepts of net product and productive/non-productive classes. While initially critical of Graslinʼs assertations, Turgot later adopted his views in Valeurs et Monnaies. Although Turgot contributed to the field of economics, he provided only an intro-duction to marginal utility, equivalent to Galianiʼs signs in Della Moneta (1751), because Turgot could not totally abandon physiocratic concepts. However, Graslin proposed that all economic activities and national policies should be considered in the context of the subjec-tive theory of value. More fundamentally, he assumed that human capacity for awareness of desires and needs has always been constant and showed that an increase in the amount of ob-jects would cause a decrease in their value. Preceding studies consider that Graslin expressed only average value and that he did not show the basis of marginal utility. Although, in his de-scriptions of value, there were possibilities to mislead, it is quite possible to interpret him a forerunner of the marginal utility theory and thus distinguish him from other authors of his era. JEL classification numbers: B 11, B31.

著者

山本 英司

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.2, pp.141-142, 2011 (Released:2019-10-28)

著者

山本 崇史

出版者

The Japanease Society for the History of Economic Thought

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.2, pp.56-73, 2009-02-05 (Released:2010-08-05)

参考文献数

32

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Because Pigou had developed an economic theory and policy around the problem of welfare, in this paper I devote particular attention to the theoretical basis for Pigou's initial opposition to the protective tariff. My purpose is to clarify how the theory behind his criticism contributes to an understanding of Pigou's economics. The three main points may be summarized as follows.First, Pigou already had an established interest in the relation between national dividend (income) and welfare when he formulated his criticism of protective tariffs, and he recognized that national dividend and welfare would increase and decrease by the same direction. He backed his objection to protective tariffs with a close examination of how they would operate to raise or reduce the national dividend. The significance of these ideas becomes clearer when it is shown that, at that time, Pigou had, quietly, formed the theoretical directionality that later would emerge in his welfare economics.Second, Pigou's discussion of the influence of protective tariffs on labor, employment, and unemployment considers the problem of industrial fluctuation and stability in annual income and how industrial fluctuation determined incomes of the poor. He recognized, in other words, the relation of protective tariffs to the “third proposition of welfare economics.” In this, Pigou seems to demonstrate an understanding of the basis of unemployment and business cycle theory of later years.Third, Pigou did not object in principle to protective tariffs and protection. Rather, he tried to deal with the question of protective tariffs and protection by considering the stage of development of a nation's economy and society.

著者

山本 英司

出版者

The Japanese Society for the History of Economic Thought

雑誌

経済学史学会年報 (ISSN:04534786)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.37, pp.70-81, 1999 (Released:2010-08-05)

参考文献数

27

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Much criticism has been levied against Neo-Classical Economics (NCE). Currently, even the followers of NCE have declared the need for alternative economics.This paper examines the philosophical origins of NCE. In the process of making this examination, we establish a fundamental critique against NCE, which has survived through the ‘evolutionary’ process.This paper points out the philosophical origins of NCE. First, the theoretical aspect of NCE (that is, methodological individualism), originated in Descartes. ‘Homo Economicus’ (rational economic man) and the optimum principle are derived from Descartes. Notably, the logic of Descartes ultimately depends on the proof of the existence of God. This appropriation is scandalous, in that it throws into question the very rationality of Descartes' and Neo-Classical Economics' foundations. Second, the empirical aspect (i. e., falsificationism) originated in Popper. This appropriation gave the economics a scientific aspect, insist the followers of NCE. Although Kuhn's ‘Scientific Revolutions Theory’ and ‘Paradigm Theory’ challenged falsificationism, Popper's pupil Lakatos modified Popper's theory and advocated ‘Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes’ (MSRP). In turn, this modification made falsificationism seem innocuous.This paper ends with suggestions for alternative economics, referenced with irony from Descartes and Popper: Popper's original bold trials and errors (viz., conjectures and refutations), and Descartes' ‘temporary morality’.

著者

山本 貴之

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史学会年報 (ISSN:04534786)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.33, pp.179, 1995 (Released:2010-08-05)

著者

山本 征治

出版者

九州歯科学会

雑誌

九州歯科学会雑誌 (ISSN:03686833)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.6, pp.169-176, 2003

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

2

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In recent years, various kinds of sports populations of youths and elders are dramatically increasing. In order that these support population can participate in a sport more happily and more safely, we have to take the safety measures for preventing serious injury of the oral maxillofacial region. Especially, for contact sports, mouth-guards, shoulder pads, leg-guards, tapings are need to be equipped as a protector for traumatic injury, It was reported that mouth-guards were useful not only to prevent injury, but to improve sport capability, and a relationship between the physiological function of the oral maxillofacial region and physical activity came to attract attention. In this paper, I will discuss the present status and the future view of sports dentistry, such as the efficacy of mouth-guards and occlusal relation on physical capability, based on the previous scientific reports and articles related to sports dentistry.

著者

山本 佐恵

出版者

美学会

雑誌

美学 (ISSN:05200962)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.2, pp.139, 2015-12-31 (Released:2017-05-22)

著者

山本 佐恵

出版者

美学会

雑誌

美学 (ISSN:05200962)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.2, pp.142, 2013-12-31 (Released:2017-05-22)

著者

清川 博史 清木 元治 伊東 文生 安田 宏 及川 律子 石井 俊哉 山本 博幸 月川 賢 大坪 毅人 峰岸 知子 越川 直彦

出版者

学校法人 聖マリアンナ医科大学医学会

雑誌

聖マリアンナ医科大学雑誌 (ISSN:03872289)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.3, pp.139-150, 2015

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<b>【背景】</b>大腸癌の診断および術後管理において腫瘍マーカーの臨床的意義は大きい。ラミニン<i>γ</i>2単鎖(Ln-<i>γ</i>2)の発現は様々な腫瘍浸潤先進部において著しく亢進することが報告されており,これはLn-<i>γ</i>2が浸潤性の腫瘍マーカーとして有用である可能性を強く示唆している。我々は,Ln-<i>γ</i>2を選択的に認識するモノクローナル抗体を用いてLn-<i>γ</i>2の定量ELISA法を開発した。<br/><b>【方法】</b>定量ELISA法により78症例(健常者51例,良性疾患8例,大腸癌19例)における血清中のLn-<i>γ</i>2の定量を行った。同時に,化学発光免疫測定法 (chemiluminescent immunoassay: CLIA) を用いてCarcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) とCarbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) を測定し診断能について比較検討を行った。<br/><b>【結果】</b>Ln-<i>γ</i>2の中央値は,健常者241.9 pg/mL,良性疾患138.8 pg/mLであり,一方大腸癌においては323.0 pg/mLと非癌症例より有意に高値であった(<i>p</i> = 0.0134)。大腸癌症例と非癌症例とを区別するLn-<i>γ</i>2のカットオフ値を315.8 pg/mLとすると大腸癌症例の57.9%に陽性であった。Ln-<i>γ</i>2とCEA併用における大腸癌陽性率は78.9%であり,CEAとCA19-9併用での陽性率57.9%よりも高率であった。大腸癌の各病期における陽性率では,いずれのマーカーにおいても進行期は高率であったが,CEA,CA19-9におけるStage I/IIの陽性率は低率であった。一方,Ln-<i>γ</i>2はStage I/IIにおいて陽性率50.0%とより高率であった。<br/><b>【結語】</b>血清Ln-<i>γ</i>2は大腸癌診断において既存の腫瘍マーカーを補助可能なバイオマーカーとなる可能性がある。

著者

山本 友紀

出版者

美学会

雑誌

美学 (ISSN:05200962)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.73-84, 2011-06-30 (Released:2017-05-22)

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The present paper proposes to analyze the theme of the Modern City in a series of loosely related works by French painter Fernand Leger (1881-1955) from 1919 to 1923. After returning from the Great War, Leger proved remarkably productive and tackled several different styles and themes at once, thus leading previous critics of his art to describe this stage in his career as a particularly eclectic one, especially when compared with the contemporary "call to order" within the avant-garde circles. Nonetheless, it is a common trend in these studies to somewhat overlook the overarching motif-based on the painter's deeply personal interpretation of modern urban life-which served to conceptually unify these works. It is our intention therefore to reassess Leger's conception of the City and reveal the significance of his works on this theme in a new light. He was very receptive to the dramatic changes around him and showed great interest in the emerging forms of modernist architecture. This choice of subject led him to move from his early "simultanist" evocation of life in the Modern City towards a socially-engaged and boldly pictorial exploration of new possibilities within a revolutionary concept of urban space.

著者

山本 佐恵

出版者

美学会

雑誌

美学 (ISSN:05200962)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.2, pp.140, 2010-12-31 (Released:2017-05-22)

著者

山本 友紀

出版者

美学会

雑誌

美学 (ISSN:05200962)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.2, pp.141, 2010-12-31 (Released:2017-05-22)

著者

山本 佐恵

出版者

美学会

雑誌

美学 (ISSN:05200962)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.2, pp.162, 2009-12-31 (Released:2017-05-22)

著者

山本 純子

出版者

美学会

雑誌

美学 (ISSN:05200962)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.57-70, 2007-06-30 (Released:2017-05-22)

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UTAGAWA Yoshitaki(1841-99) was an Ukiyoe artist who worked mainly around Osaka from the late Edo to early Meiji period. The previous studies of Yoshitaki have been mainly about his print works. This paper, however, also looks into some of his rare paintings. Chapter 1 overviews changes observed in Yoshitaki's actor prints in more than 30 years of his career. Chapter 2 examines three paintings of beauties by Yoshitaki from 1880 to 1885, in which many similarities can be pointed out with his prints that were produced immediately before he shifted to paintings. Chapter 3 looks at two very important paintings of beauties painted in the late Edo era, one belonging to MFA Boston and the other to The British Museum respectively. Similarities with Yoshitaki's print style are also found in these works. Chapter 4, based on Chapter 2 and 3, discusses how, while using some print work elements, Yoshitaki's paintings style became sophisticated over time in comparison with his earlier paintings in which influences of his print works had been much more obvious.

著者

山本 純子

出版者

美学会

雑誌

美学 (ISSN:05200962)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.4, pp.88-89, 2007-03-31 (Released:2017-05-22)