著者

田村 均

出版者

名古屋大学学務部

雑誌

平成12年度名古屋大学公開講座 : かわる・かえる : 20世紀を振り返り、21世紀を展望する

巻号頁・発行日

pp.53-66, 2000-08

著者

田中 秀夫 高橋 和則 伊勢 俊彦 中金 聡 沼尾 恵 野原 慎司 田村 均 木宮 正裕 中野 安章 矢嶋 直規 苅谷 千尋 竹澤 祐丈 冲永 宜司 犬塚 元

出版者

日本イギリス哲学会

雑誌

イギリス哲学研究 (ISSN:03877450)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, pp.68-95, 2017-03-20 (Released:2018-07-25)

著者

田村 均 TAMURA Hitoshi

出版者

名古屋大学文学部

雑誌

名古屋大学文学部研究論集 (ISSN:04694716)

巻号頁・発行日

no.58, pp.1-29, 2012

著者

田村 均

出版者

日本哲学会

雑誌

哲学 (ISSN:03873358)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2010, no.61, pp.261-276_L16, 2010 (Released:2011-01-18)

参考文献数

19

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A self-sacrificial action is not consistent with rational decision-making. If an agent decides to take the rational course of action, that is, the best action among the options, the decision is not truly self-sacrificial. The agent has sought the best option and, therefore, nothing is really sacrificed. We need, then, a scheme other than that of rational decision making to explain self-sacrifice. I propose a theory which explains a self-sacrificial action as a kind of play-acting. In a play, an actor may take a role that is undesirable in real life. In a social situation involving self-sacrifice, the agent must accept such a course of action as undesirable but inevitable for anyone in the same situation. In a sense, the agent is coerced into playing an undesirable role. We cannot but see the agent as accepting it as an actor would. In instances of sacrifice, such as the sacrificial rite of the Ainu Bear Festival (IYOMANTE) or the legend of Iphigenia at Aulis, there is a traditional, social scenario that prescribes proper action. The self-sacrificial agent accepts such action in the same way that an actor accepts an unattractive role. The agent will intentionally perform the action; however, this is only in response to the prescription of the scenario. In other words, it is not based on an authentic decision, but on a play-acting decision. In this way, we can explain an act of self-sacrifice that implies a moral split for the agent. Contemporary theories of action, such as G. E. M. Anscombe's intellectualist theory or Donald Davidson's voluntarist-like theory, take it for granted that in any situation an agent is an integrated person with no moral split in principle. Moral splits, or dilemmas, are not, however, rare in everyday life. I put forward the play-acting theory of action as an alternative to contemporary theories.

著者

田村 均

出版者

名古屋大学文学部

雑誌

名古屋大学文学部研究論集 (ISSN:04694716)

巻号頁・発行日

no.55, pp.1-30, 2009

著者

田村 均

出版者

埼玉大学教育学部

雑誌

埼玉大学紀要. 教育学部 = Journal of Saitama University. Faculty of Education (ISSN:18815146)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.183-210, 2022

著者

田村 均

出版者

社会経済史学会

雑誌

社会経済史学 (ISSN:00380113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.6, pp.645-670, 2004-03-25 (Released:2017-06-16)

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The introduction of chemical dyeing materials in order to develop new textile products had a great influence on the domestic fashion textiles market in early Meiji Japan. This paper investigates how the possibility of new dyes encouraged technological growth in regional silk production districts as well as in dominant Japanese textile production centers such as Nishijin, Kiryu, and Ashikaga. In the years after the competitive exhibition in 1885, several regional silk production districts developed new textile products by introducing new technology in the form of chemical dyeing materials from Western Europe. In particular, the most active local districts such as Hachioji, Isesaki, and Tokamachi, succeeded in developing new fashions through the production of new textiles that were of high quality in terms of weaving, yarn quality, dyeing, weight, design, and price. On the other hand, regional silk production districts which had neglected to introduce newtechnology simply stagnated or declined. High quality newtextiles with fashionable designs were essential to the development of the textile industry in Japan.

著者

田村 均

出版者

日本科学哲学会

雑誌

科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, pp.29-42, 1997-11-10 (Released:2009-05-29)

参考文献数

24

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The aim of this paper is to propound a view that philosophical epistemology has failed to comprehend the essence of experimental natural science ever since the late seven-teenth century. The first indication of the failure is given in Edward Stillingfleet's misunderstanding of John Locke. In his Essay concerning Human Understanding, Locke tries to establish the distinction between the particular matters of fact and the universal theories of nature. Stillingfleet mistakenly counts him, however, among cartesians and regards his distinction as that of the objects in the mind and those in the external world. This misreading of Locke, which is common to later historians of philosophy, entails total misunderstanding of the essential trait of experimental science. The Lockean way of ideas is, if correctly un-derstood, a successful vindication of the experiments based on sense perception and has nothing to do with the cartesian skepticism towards the senses.

著者

田村 均 Tamura Hitoshi

出版者

名古屋大学文学部

雑誌

名古屋大学文学部研究論集. 哲学 (ISSN:04694716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, pp.1-34, 2013-03-31

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This paper has two purposes. One is to introduce Kendall Walton's theory of representational arts to the Japanese philosophical community. His theory is highly original in that it reveals the fact that the representational works of arts, such as paintings, sculptures, films, plays and novels, are to be regarded as being functionally the same as playthings, such as dolls, hobbyhorses, toy trucks and teddy bears. The theory depends on distinctive use of such concepts as games of make-believe, props, and representations. I try to make it clear what these concepts are meant to serve for. In doing this, I also try to give an overview of the role of imaginative activities as the foundation for our intellectual and emotional understanding of the world. This is the other purpose of this paper. According to Walton's view, dolls, toy trucks and works of arts, which serve for props of our games of make-believe, prompt us to imagine a fictional world where we have them as real things. An object in the real world can be turned into an item in an imaginary world that is different from itself-in-the-real-world. It should be real, however, in this fictional world. So we can take ourselves living with multiple realities in view of a Waltonian theory of make-believe. We would have an unexpected revelation of reality by artistic appreciation regarded as a kind of children's games of make-believe. In this sense, fiction-making capacity emerges as something very important and essential to human beings.

著者

田村 均

出版者

名古屋大学哲学研究室

雑誌

哲学フォーラム

巻号頁・発行日

no.10, pp.1-8, 2013

著者

田村 均 TAMURA Hitoshi

出版者

名古屋大学文学部

雑誌

名古屋大学文学部研究論集. 哲学 (ISSN:04694716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, pp.1-29, 2012-03-31

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John Searle argues in his seminal paper of fictional discourse that the author of a work of fiction pretends to perform a series of illocutionary acts. He does not make it very clear, however, how one could make a pretended performance of an illocutionary act, e.g. an assertion: he does not tell us what else should be done in order to make a pretended assertion in addition to uttering an assertive sentence. The analysis of truth in fiction put forward by David Lewis may seem to give a plausible account of the meaning of fictional discourse; but his theory also contains the concept of pretence as a primitive notion of its explanatory components. Gregory Currie criticizes the Searlean pretence theory of fiction and advocates a communicative approach to the problem of fictional utterance. He introduces the idea of make-believe instead: the author of a fiction intends that the audience make believe her story. In his communicative approach it seems to be taken for granted that we know what it is to induce someone to make believe something and how it can be carried out by a speaker. Pretence or its equivalent, makebelieve, appears in these theories as a fundamental but unexplained frame of mind that constitutes the essence of fictional discourse. It is suggested that pretence or make-believe may be a primitive equipment of human mind like belief or truth inasmuch as storytelling and playacting can be seen everywhere in human life.

著者

田村 均

出版者

公益社団法人 日本地理学会

雑誌

地理学評論 Ser. A (ISSN:00167444)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.4, pp.216-236, 1985-04-01 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

30

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秩父織物業の衰退は,機械工業とくに下請工業の展開によって促進され,大企業主導による垂直的・専属的な下請構造の形成を一つの重要な背景としている.本稿では,この点に着目しながら,埼玉県秩父地方で最大の生産規模と組織をもつキャノン系A社の下請関係を取り上げ,専属的な関係を基軸に,機械工業の垂直的な下請構造がいかにして形成されてきたかについて考察し,その地域的編成と機能を明らかにした. 1960年代の後半以降,秩父地方では急速な産業交替,すなわち在来織物業の衰退と機械エ業の展開が,織物業者の業種転換による後者への下請従属化をともなって,ドラスティックなかたちで進展した.機械工業による在来織物業の地域的再編は,前者による若年男子を中心とする,織物業とは相対的に異なる労働力編成を通じて,当地方工業の賃金体系が改編される過程であった.この過程で拡大再編された低賃金は,秩父地方の他地域との賃金格差を拡大し,機械工業の下請構造を支えることになった.そこでは,A社による厳しい外注・下請管理が展開されるが,低賃金基盤の上に専属的下請企業層として育成・拡充された小零細企業群と,これを補強するべく同社の「衛星エ場」として編成された生産子会社・系列会社とが,工場群編成のうえで一定の空間的秩序をもって地域内に「合理的」に配置され,機械エ業の下方への負担転嫁を地域的に支えている.

著者

田村 均 TAMURA Hitoshi

出版者

名古屋大学哲学会

雑誌

名古屋大学哲学論集 (ISSN:09156577)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.1-21, 2017 (Released:2017-04-04)

著者

田村 均 TAMURA Hitoshi

出版者

名古屋大学文学部

雑誌

名古屋大学文学部研究論集 (ISSN:04694716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, pp.1-29, 2012-03-31 (Released:2012-09-06)

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John Searle argues in his seminal paper of fictional discourse that the author of a work of fiction pretends to perform a series of illocutionary acts. He does not make it very clear, however, how one could make a pretended performance of an illocutionary act, e.g. an assertion: he does not tell us what else should be done in order to make a pretended assertion in addition to uttering an assertive sentence. The analysis of truth in fiction put forward by David Lewis may seem to give a plausible account of the meaning of fictional discourse; but his theory also contains the concept of pretence as a primitive notion of its explanatory components. Gregory Currie criticizes the Searlean pretence theory of fiction and advocates a communicative approach to the problem of fictional utterance. He introduces the idea of make-believe instead: the author of a fiction intends that the audience make believe her story. In his communicative approach it seems to be taken for granted that we know what it is to induce someone to make believe something and how it can be carried out by a speaker. Pretence or its equivalent, makebelieve, appears in these theories as a fundamental but unexplained frame of mind that constitutes the essence of fictional discourse. It is suggested that pretence or make-believe may be a primitive equipment of human mind like belief or truth inasmuch as storytelling and playacting can be seen everywhere in human life.

著者

田村 均

出版者

名古屋大学

雑誌

基盤研究(C)

巻号頁・発行日

2010-04-01

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本研究の継続期間中に8篇の論文を公表した。最初の論文は、行為の演技論的説明によって自己犠牲的行為を説明するものであった。自己犠牲への関心は期間中のすべての論文に関わっている。第二の論文では、実験哲学の手法により、行為説明の比較文化論的な考察を行なった。そして、日本的な行為説明がしばしば行為者と周辺環境の協同による結果として行為を説明するものであることを見出した。残る6篇の論文は、周辺環境の要因を行為のためのシナリオと見なす立場をとり、自己犠牲のように見かけ上は不合理な行為でも、シナリオによって与えられる虚構空間において合理的説明が与えられるということを見出した。

著者

田村 均 TAMURA Hitoshi

出版者

名古屋大学文学部

雑誌

名古屋大学文学部研究論集 (ISSN:04694716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, pp.1-24, 2010-03-31 (Released:2010-05-21)

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This report deals with the results of a questionnaire about four historico-philosophical concepts: “modernity”, “tradition”, “individualism”, and “the will”. The questionnaire was designed to make it appear what attitudes or evaluations Japanese people had toward these concepts. It was filled out by more than five hundred Japanese college students. The results are this: the majority of them hold that contemporary Japan is a modern society but that it more or less belongs to the Eastern tradition; they feel that individualism is something nice; and, most important, they think that an individual can have several Ishi (wills) simultaneously. It is a common presupposition in English that one does not have wills. Nearly ninety percent of Japanese college students, however, take it for granted that there can be plural Ishi (the Japanese counterpart of “the will”) at one time in one person. They may not believe that it is the one and only Ishi (the will) that makes decision and chooses the best course of action among options. They may have quite a different scheme of explanation of decision making from that which English speakers naturally presumes to be valid. Hopefully, a new perspective for the explanation of human action will be obtained through a comparative study of the Japanese concept of Ishi with its English counterpart.

著者

田村 均 TAMURA Hitoshi

出版者

名古屋大学文学部

雑誌

名古屋大学文学部研究論集 (ISSN:04694716)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, pp.43-78, 2008-03-31 (Released:2008-10-01)

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I bring forward an argument for dismissal of methodological individualism as an adequate theory for understanding human action. I make use of Kashiwabata Tatsuya’s theoretical explication of selfsacrificial action propounded in his recent book, Jiko-Giman to Jiko-Gisei (Self-deception and Selfsacrifice), in order to produce the evidence for explanative insufficiency of personal intentional states for bringing about self-sacrificial decision making. Kashiwabata establishes that a self-sacrificial action of an individual can be regarded as rational only if it is assessed in terms of the shared intention among people who are engaged in a collective activity. An individual always has good reason not to take such an action as may carry a great loss to her. In reality, however, no one can avoid all the situations that could cause personal losses in the name of collectivity: one’s family, the community, or the nation. She would be entitled to say that her action be self-sacrificial if she were persuaded into doing something that was not good for her. She might not be considered as utterly irrational provided that she gave up the good thing for the sake of others. No one can deny this but the concept of rational action with personal utility cannot explain the rationality of such an action as this. The shared intention to promote some sharable good rationalizes an individual’s self-sacrificial decision making that cannot be rationalized by means of the individual’s personal utilities. As long as the act of self-sacrifice is to be placed at the high position in the list of virtuous acts, philosophers cannot take it for granted that methodological individualism is the correct way of explaining all the human actions.

著者

薄井 俊二 田村 均 小林 聡

雑誌

科学研究費補助金(萌芽的研究)研究成果報告書

巻号頁・発行日

vol.平成10年〜11年度, pp.1-152, 2000-03 (Released:2008-02-01)