著者

上田 元

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.3, pp.193-211, 1986-06-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

82

被引用文献数

4 2

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The two major aims of this article are to survey the different phases in the introduction and definition of‘Territoriality’ as a concept in Western geographical literature, and to investigate the definitions from a meta-geographical point of view, focusing on the axiomatical structure of each definition and the ideological characteristics which each structure has as a system of representation of the world from on a particular social standpoint.‘Territoriality’ in human geography has its origin in ethology, and the concept was introduced in geography at the beginning of the 1960's. In ethology, the concept was defined first as the aggressive instinct of an organism defending its surroundings. The logic of this theory is a bit circular because of its premise of‘an aggressive instinct to be controlled’. This difficulty was overcome for example in sociobiology by posutulating the maximization of‘inclusive fitness’: in this view, territoriality is defined as a strategy which functions when the defense of a territory brings more benefit than non-territorial behavior. This postulate derives from the original metaphor of the utilitarian behavior of man in Europe, and it became the frame of reference in interpreting animal behavior. At any rate, the ethological concept stimulated an interest in human geography in the territorial behavior of man, which has generally been neglected in spatial analysis and is defined as an attempt to control actions and interactions of objects by asserting and attempting to enforce control over a specific geographical area.The influence of the ethological concept on human geography can be found in some definitions, where geographers use the works of ethologists, but generally they cite first the concept implicitly in an analogical way: there was not any reflection about the difference between animals and man. For example, from the end of the 1960's to the middle of the 1970's, the ethnic or religious segregation within a city is cited as an urban territoriality of man. These implicit analogies are examined in behavioral geography in the 1980's, and it is explicitly recognized that human territoriality has not only biological bases but also symbolical and institutional aspects which are different from animals, and that territoriality has an analogical sense in human behavior.In addition to this behavioral territoriality, the analogical use of the concept has been examined from the humanistic approach from the middle of the 1970's, in the name of ‘emotional territoriality’. This approach aims to surpass simple analogies and reflect the emotions and symbols of mankind. It partly criticizes the behavioral approach because of its axiomatical restriction of the object to the observable and measurable, and treats the concept of territoriality by connecting it with ideas such as‘attachment to place’and so on.The same connection with the emotional is found in some theories in political geography from the beginning of the 1970's. For example, there are such expressions as ‘group's sense of attachment to geographical area’and‘sense of belonging to a particular place’, which signify the sharing in common of a territorial iconography or symbolism like a national flag. These emotional conceptions can be called: a societal territoriality, which is related to the formation and maintenance of‘an attachment to place’by ideological manipulation and societal forces. This conception is found also in the concept of social space, where a value system and other social factors are homogeneous.From another point of view, a conceptual investigation enables us to clarify the ideological and disguised characteristics of these emotional conceptions in the real world, and particularly in geographical theories.

著者

西村 嘉助 牧野 洋一

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.4, pp.293-306,386, 1959-08-30 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

1

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There are two methods for rice crop drying in Japan, on bars and on ground. The drying method on ground, called Jiboshi in Japan, is universal in all Southeast Asia area, and the drying method on bars, called Inekake, is original in Japan.Distribution of types and local names of Inekake in Japan is made clear in this paper, which suggests the propagation process of Inekake method.It originated in Kinki district and spread to east and west. In the snowy land on the Japan Sea side, it transformed to higher one. In northeastern Japan, a new type, pile method called Kuiboshi, was invented.In Kyushu the Inekake is spreading slowly, but climatical condition and traditional tendency permit to resist the penetration of Inekake.

著者

松井 圭介

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.5, pp.515-533, 1993

被引用文献数

5 3

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Geography of religion aims to clarify the relationships between the environment and religious phenomena. In Japan, this discipline has four major fields of research<br>The first field is that of the relationships between the natural environment and religion. The emphasis in this field, however, is on the influence of the environment upon religion. Whereas many scholars study how climate and topography change the formation of religious beliefs, there is almost no study of the influence of religion upon the natural environment. In order to fill this lack, it is necessary, for instance, to clarify the role of religion in environmental protection.<br>Secondly, geographers of religion study how religion influences social structures, organizations, and landscapes in local areas. They mainly examine the urban structure and its transformation within religious cities with regard to the dominant religion. There are also some studies about the significance of religion for the formation of new cities. The relationships of the religious orientation to the local structure of cities and villages, however, has not been thoroughly clarified yet.<br>Thirdly, pilgrimage forms another major field of research in the geography of religion. Most studies so far, however, remain preliminary, showing the routes of pilgrimage without reconstructing networks among sacred places and their surroundings. Moreover, the contemporary meaning of pilgrimage is not studied enough, though people today still carry out pilgrimages fervently.<br>Lastly, geographers of religion try to clarify the structure of space which is created by the sacred, through examining the distribution and propagation of religion. One of the major studies in this field is that of sphere of religion.<br>This geography of religion as the study of relationships between the environment and religion has two indispensable approaches, for the space created through these relationships has two aspects; empirical and symbolic. On the one hand, religion has power to organize local communities and this power generates the structure of space which is grasped empirically. On the other hand, religion supports human existence through offering a cosmology. This cosmology appears in the structure of space symbolically. Geography of religion should understand the religious structure of space throughly by adopting both positivistic and symbolic approaches.

著者

尹 正淑

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.3, pp.279-293, 1987-06-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

4 2

著者

森川 洋

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.2, pp.111-125, 2009

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<p>In May 2004 the National Land Council introduced the concept of 'service areas of central cities (living areas)' in the 'regional structure of two tiers'. It consists of two parts: 9 regional blocks with 6 to 10 million inhabitants, and 82 living areas principally with more than 300,000 inhabitants in areas delimited by a one-hour-distance (by family car) from central cities with over approximately 100,000 inhabitants. However, in actually considering their distribution as uniform as possible throughout the whole country, there are smaller areas such as the living area of Imabari City with only 190,000 inhabitants in 82 living areas which are distributed similarly to the 85 commuting and schooling areas prepared by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Within these 82 living areas about 90 percent of total population of the country can enjoy fundamental urban services and maintain their high living condition. Accordingly, the concept of living areas is intended to prevent population decreases in non-metropolitan areas.</p><p>Although this concept that intends to maintain a uniform living standard for the inhabitants of non-metropolitan areas seems to be mostly effective in the period of population decrease forecast for the future, it tends to overestimate the service areas of central cities as compared to the actual commuting area of each central city as shown in Table 3. Commuting areas of smaller cities located on the peripheries of designated living areas, such as the commuting area of Kashiwazaki City near by Nagaoka City and the commuting area of Mihara City near Fukuyama City, are fearful of extraordinary decline under decreasing population brought about by the measures for the promotion of these 82 central cities. In order to prevent the rapid population decrease of central cities and their surrounding areas in non-metropolitan areas, and to keep a population balance between them and metropolitan areas, it is necessary to designate smaller central cities with living areas of 100,000 to 300,000 inhabitants as the second tier, adding to the living areas of over 300,000 inhabitants. In addition, the author will propose the promotion of central places with living areas of more than 10,000 inhabitants as the third order. The promotion measures of larger cities strikes a severe blow to smaller cities, so it is necessary to promote not only large cities but also small cities. Since some of these small central places have under-populated areas within their living areas, these measures will contribute to relieving the population decrease in under-populated areas and areas rich in natural surroundings.</p>

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.2, pp.103-122, 2012 (Released:2018-01-24)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

3

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This study aims at revealing how farmlands are managed by examining the roles played by the transfer of farmland rights in farm management and agricultural settlements; the study’s analysis is based on the social relationships among farmers that are involved in the process of transferring farmland rights for farmland maintenance. This study focuses on the spread and connection of social relationships among farm households. Past studies have often integrated the ties between farm households with territorial and kinship relations. This study focuses on the spread and connection of social relationships among farm households. This study classifies territorial relations on the basis of spatial spread as well as kin relations by degree of kinship. It also classifies various other social relationships after a careful consideration of each of their characteristics and analyzes them based on how these social relationships form layers, as explanatory variables, and who uses farmlands through the transfer of farmland rights as explained variables.The following area was selected as study area: the Kamihata settlement in Minami Awaji City, Hyogo Prefecture, located on the Mihara Plain of Awaji Island, where even small farms in the settlement show an intensive use of farmland all year around. On the Mihara Plain, the “three crop” rotation system—a combination of paddy rice, onions, and cabbages, or paddy rice, lettuce, or Chinese cabbages—has been widely promoted.On the Mihara Plain, the recipients did not attempt to increase profitability and the farmland transfers were motivated by non-economic factors. In the past, after a farm’s retirement, its farmland was generally transferred among farm households through kinship or same neighborhood relations in order to maintain the “farmland as a family property” and as “farmland of the settlement.” However, it gradually became difficult to secure farmland recipients solely through such relations. In order to sustain the farmlands within the settlement, farm households with a sufficient labor force were passively forced to take on the farmlands of landowners with whom they had no neighborhood or kinship relations. Consequently, full-time farmers with a sufficient labor force undertook the farming of additional farmlands simply because they were located in the same settlement. On the other hand, in the case of transfers of farmland rights extending to farms in other settlements, the main recipients were part-time farm households who took on these farmlands to sustain social relationships such as kesshaen or kinship relations with the landowners. In addition to transfers of farmland rights within the settlement, those outside the settlement were promoted based on the same district, kesshaen, or kinship relations. While same-settlement relations were the basis for sustaining farmlands within a settlement, territorial relations of a wider range than a settlement, kesshaen and kinship relations contributed to the sustainability of farmlands outside a settlement.

著者

山村 亜希

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.6, pp.576-596, 2002-12-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

122

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Many historians and archaeologists have studied the spatial structures of early medieval cities and they have proposed two different ideas. Some studies have insisted that the spaces of early medieval cities consisted of complex and decentralized structures. On the other hand, some researchers have taken the spaces of the cities to embody a concentric circle model consisting of a 'center' and a 'periphery'. They have represented the model as follows; the locally powerful in early medieval cities had complete control over the 'center' of cities, but they could not control the people and economic and religious functions on the 'periphery' of cities. Most studies have accepted both of these ideas without question. However, there is a significant difference between the two ideas, since they might not be applied to the same spatial structures simultaneously. The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the ideas of the spatial structure of early medieval cities and reveal the structures.To accomplish this task, this paper focuses on the case of Bungo Kokufu, which is represented in a set of laws promulgated in the 13th century. The laws are quite famous among historians because they apparently suggest the existence of a prosperous town and the strong influence of the locally powerful over the center of the city. For that reason, Bungo Kokufu has been regarded as a typical city embodying the model of 'center' and 'periphery'. Most researchers believe that the suggested image of the city is the real spatial structure of Bungo Kokufu, and have too easily applied the image of Bungo Kokufu to the other early medieval cities. However, it has not been substantiated whether the image corresponds to the real spatial structure. This paper aims to reconstruct the real morphology and function of Bungo Kokufu in the 13th century without relying on the image of the laws.The second section of the paper sets forth the distribution of the facilities and functions of Bungo Kokufu and examines the changing process of morphology and function in medieval times. Before the laws were promulgated, there were two separate areas in the cities. One was a political and religious area which inherited the function of the ancient local government, and the other was an important outer port for the political area. Facilities such as shrines, temples and residences were located near those two areas and some local warriors and shrines came to power in those two areas. The locally powerful Otomo, who promulgated the laws, had not yet controlled the whole city. The real spatial structure in the 13th century was complex and decentralized. After the laws were promulgated, the distribution of facilities expanded towards the natural levee of the Oita river, but the basic spatial structure did not change. Otomo had started to control the political and harbor functions, but many other locally powerful stubbornly resisted him. Otomo still could not have a strong influence over the city. The prosperous and active town as represented in the laws actually developed only after 16th century. In the end, total control over the city by Otomo was not been achieved in medieval times. That is to say, the real spatial structure and actual status of power of Otomo was different from the image suggested in laws.So, why were such laws promulgated by Otomo? The third section shows the purpose of the laws, examining the political and social contexts of the 13th century where Otomo is situated. The Otomo clan was high-ranking bureaucracy of the Kamakura shogunate, and it originally ruled the lands and economic bases near Kamakura, which was apart from Bungo. Since the late 12th century, Otomo had been given the right to control Bungo from the shogunate, but Otomo still had been working at the capitals, Kyo and Kamakura, as an elite bureaucracy without living in Bungo. In the mid 13th century, the political situation changed.

著者

橋田 光太郎

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.5, pp.430-431, 2015 (Released:2018-01-30)

著者

外川 健一 松永 裕己

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.2, pp.175-187, 1997-04-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

40

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Today, many environmental problems are being observed by a lot of people, and waste management has become one of the most serious problems in Japan. In this paper, we analyzed industial wastes coming from both livestock and marine products in Japan.Much residue has been found in slaughterhouses or meat factories. Some factories use this residue and process materials for feed and fertilizer. These factories are called “rendering plants”.There are about 150 rendering plants in this country, and most of them are medium or small-sized ones. Recently, Japanese agriculture is on the decline, and it has become difficult to supply a sufficient amount of residue to the rendering plants. The locations of this business are dispersed around the country, making it difficult to transport the residue a long distance because it is often decayed. Furthermore, the odor remains a serious problem for this business.As the distribution system of the rendering business is vague, it is neccessary to grasp and plan how to use and remove these resources for a better future.

著者

江﨑 洋平

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.5, pp.416-433, 2012 (Released:2018-01-24)

参考文献数

47

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the process and salient features of the technological learning pursued by private firms in an industrial agglomeration area and to elucidate the impact of this learning on the agglomeration. This industrial agglomeration involves the production of cutlery and other metal housewares, and it was formed in Tsubame, Niigata Prefecture. Since the 1980s, however, the firms in the city have entered new manufacturing fields or have developed new products by pursuing technological learning with the aim of acquiring the necessary technologies. Based on the accumulation of their own metal processing technologies, particularly for stainless products, these firms have attempted to develop new technology through trial and error. To overcome difficult issues that they cannot resolve themselves, the firms have cooperated with outside institutions such as related companies, universities, and official research organizations.Spatial expansion and diversification have been under way in this technological learning observed in Tsubame. This is because the search for sources for acquiring the technologies themselves has generally tended to expand to firms or universities beyond a particular agglomeration, and extensive activities of information collection to support technological development reflecting new market demand have become dominant. Such extensive and diverse technological learning from outside agents has given rise to the diversification of technologies within this agglomeration area and the enlargement of product variety, resulting in a diversity within this previously homogenous area. Meanwhile, the fact is that the present circumstances of new technology acquisition and new product development have not necessarily led to the growth of the agglomeration area as a whole.

著者

阪上 弘彬 渡邉 巧 大坂 遊 岡田 了祐

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.149-161, 2020 (Released:2020-07-23)

参考文献数

62

被引用文献数

1

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欧米の地理教育・社会科教育では近年,古典的な地理情報システム(GIS)教育の代替案として提案された「空間的な市民性教育(Spatial Citizenship Education;以下 SCE)」が注目されている。本稿では文献研究を通して,欧米の地理教育・社会科教育における SCE の研究動向および特質を明らかにする。SCE では,空間,場所,スケール,権力,そして人間―環境関係といった地理の概念が重視されるとともに,社会的な意思決定プロセスに参加できる市民の育成が目指されている。その際に重要とされるのが地理空間情報や GIS をはじめとするジオメディアである。具体的な取り組みに関しては,初等・中等教育におけるジオメディアを用いた学習だけでなく,地理教師のためのコンピテンスや研修カリキュラムといった教師教育に関するものもみられた。SCE の動向の検討から,日本の地理教育・社会科教育においても,地理学者・地理教育の専門家と社会科教育の専門家によるそれぞれの専門性を踏まえた SCE 研究,教師教育の推進が不可欠である。

著者

猪原 章

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.2, pp.229-247, 2017 (Released:2017-07-07)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

2 2

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本稿では,営農状況や市街化の状況が異なる地区における,ため池と住民との関わり方が異なることを示し,農家・非農家を含む異なる住民集団間ならびに地区間でのため池に対する意識の多様さとその要因を解明する。調査対象地域は,ため池灌漑が営まれている,大阪府の南部に位置する和泉市である。和泉市では1970年代以降,大規模開発や宅地化が農家と農地の減少を引き起こし,それに伴って,潰廃されるため池と,非農家住民とが増加している。宅地化の度合いが異なる5地区で聞き取り調査と,3地区でアンケート調査を行った。その結果,以下の4点が明らかになった。第一に,営農状況や市街化の状況,集落規模といった要素が,ため池の利用や周辺住民との関わり方に影響を与えているが,その作用のしかたは地区によって多様である。第二に,住民の間では現在でも,ため池の用水機能が重視されている。第三に,現農家はため池と灌漑の維持への関心が高い一方で,非農家はため池の自然的な価値は認めているものの,ため池に対する関心が表面的である。この住民間の意識の差異には,日常的なため池との関わりや知識が影響している。第四に,地区間の意識の差異には,ため池に関する住民協働事業だけでなく,ため池の管理・整備状況や住民構成も影響している。

著者

井戸 庄三

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.5, pp.481-505, 1969-10-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

165

被引用文献数

3 5

著者

長谷川 達也

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.5, pp.465-480, 1997-10-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

50

被引用文献数

1 3

著者

石川 菜央

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.6, pp.514-527, 2009 (Released:2018-01-10)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

2 2

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This paper has two purposes. One is to identify the features of Japanese bullfighting, which originated as an amusement during agricultural off-seasons, and has continued to exist as a traditional event up to the present time. The other is to show the significance and characteristics of Japanese bullfighting as compared to foreign, especially Spanish, bullfighting.The main factors that tend to support the tradition vary by district, for example, as a tourist event, as an appreciation of a traditional event, and as a local amusement. However, there is one overriding common factor. It is the social relationships among the actors engaged in bullfighting that keep it alive. Bull owners get acquainted and become familiar with each other through trading bulls. Bull owners and facilitators are tied together through a deep confidential relationship. Bull owners, their families, and neighbors strengthen the ties among them through cheering on their bulls together.Bulls in Spanish bullfighting symbolize nature. There, bulls are regarded as an enemy of humans. Compared with this, bulls in Japanese bullfighting symbolize humans. A strong bull symbolizes its owner’s power. A battle between bulls is like that between people. Therefore, people and bulls make up a team and fight together. Japanese bullfighting has a characteristic that the Spanish version does not have, which is a social relationship between people centered on their bulls. Networks of bullfighting actors are increasingly becoming widespread across the country. Such a social relationship created through bullfighting is called ushi-en.

著者

香川 貴志 古賀 慎二 根田 克彦

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.6, pp.497-520, 2012 (Released:2018-01-24)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

1 1

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Already more than 30 years have passed since the IGC was held in Tokyo. In that time, Japan’s cities have gone through major transformations, but that is in large part due to having experienced the appreciation of land values during the bubble economy of the late 1980s. In urban cores during the bubble, land rushes drove prices to appreciate, and that spilled over into the suburbs as well. The supply of residences in suburbs grew, and this facilitated the expansion of business and commercial functions into the suburbs. However, the drop in and stabilisation of land prices following the collapse of the bubble prompted the supply of tower-type condominiums in the surrounding areas of CBDs and also had a tremendous impact on the expansion of business function and retail sites. This paper tackles what urban geography involves and what it explains about environmental changes in urban areas of Japan. After the collapse of the bubble, people were impacted on a global scale by synchronised terrorist attacks, the Lehman Shock and other events. The various activities of people living and working in cities often became the focus of urban geographical studies, and that continues to this day. This paper sheds light on that trend in Japan’s geography circles.

著者

上杉 昌也 矢野 桂司

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.2, pp.253-271, 2018 (Released:2018-07-02)

参考文献数

51

被引用文献数

1 2

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本稿は,都市内での教育水準の空間的不均衡とジオデモグラフィクスに基づく居住者特性との関係を明らかにし,近隣地区における社会経済的要因の影響を除いた教育水準の学校間格差について評価するものである。対象地域として社会経済的な居住分化が比較的明瞭で,2013年から「全国学力・学習状況調査」(全国学力テスト)の学校別の結果が公表されている大阪市を選んだ。全国学力テストの平均正答率を教育水準とみなすと,都市の空間構造に対応した教育水準の不均衡が存在し,近隣スケールにおいてもジオデモグラフィクスに基づく社会地区類型と通学先の学校の教育水準には一定の関係が見出された。また社会地区類型間で教育水準格差が存在することも示唆され,社会地区類型の差異により学校間の教育水準の変動の約半分が説明された。そのため学校の教育水準の評価においてはその学校の置かれた地域条件を考慮することが不可欠であるといえる。さらに,実際の学力テストに基づいて計測される教育水準からこの地域条件の影響を取り除いた実質的な学校効果は,教育水準が高い学校ほど大きいことも明らかになった。これらの知見は,ジオデモグラフィクスが地域間や社会集団間の教育格差を明らかにするだけでなく,空間的公正の観点からそれらの格差解消に向けた政策ターゲットの特定においても有用であることを示すものであるといえる。

著者

小原 丈明

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.5, pp.504-520, 2006 (Released:2018-01-06)

参考文献数

42

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There are many theories that deal with the processes of urban formation from the viewpoint of land-use and the location of services. Although it is also important to consider the processes from the viewpoint of land rights, not many studies have attempted this until now. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to consider the formation and the change of the area around Osaka Station through the analysis of transfers in land-ownership.The analysis in this study had three phases. First, the author investigated the transfer of land-ownership in the study area from 1945 to 1999. There were 4,063 transfers, of which 2,695 were land trades. Immediately after World War II, many lots were bought by individuals from land-owners who had possessed them before the war. The numbers of lots purchased by individuals decreased as time passed.Many corporations actively bought lots from the late 1960s to the first half of the 1970s and from the mid-1980s to the early-1990s. As these two periods represented booms in land trades, the same phenomena occurred throughout Japan. Moreover, the author believes that urban development around the study area stimulated land trades in the region. As a result, corporations owned 75% of the land in the area by 1999.Second, the author investigated where the buyers were located and their type of business. Many individuals who bought lots immediately after World War II lived in the same neighborhood. However, many of the real estate companies that bought a large number of lots in the late-1960s were companies that were located in Tokyo. In the late-1980s, real estate companies bought lots again, but this time many were located in Chou Ward, Osaka City. After the bubble economy burst, Tokyo companies again increased their ownership of land.Third, the author considered the acquisition processes of lots by Hankyu Corporation and Hankyu Realty Co., Ltd (real estate division of the Hankyu Corporation Group). These companies obtained many lots after World War II. Hankyu Corporation owns more than 10% of the land in the area. The lots that these companies own are unevenly distributed within the area. They commonly own many lots in Chayamachi. They have acquired these lots in order to enforce urban redevelopments. In particular, Hankyu Corporation has acquired the lots strategically, by entrusting other companies with their purchase.The significance of this study is to clarify the changes in land-ownership, which happened before land-use changes. After World War II, the structure of land-ownership in the study area changed from individual-based to one based on corporations. This change is highly likely to influence the development of the area as a business and commercial district. Judging from the number of land trades, the author suggests that the late-1960s were the turning point in that change, and supposes that the corporations that bought lots at that time developed the area.

著者

青木 隆浩

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.5, pp.425-446, 2000-10-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

99

被引用文献数

1

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The aim of this paper is to examine how the association of sake brewers ("syuzo-kumiai") was organized and expanded in modern Saitama. The trade association was an organization principally involved in the production and sale of sake. Research related to this field in Japan has focused on, first, how trade associations were established, although a cartel was banned by the Government at the beginning of modern era; second, why they increased in number; and, third, what were their main functions?A new entry into a cartel had been prohibited by the Shogunate until the end of the Edo era. The liberalization of business brought about a sudden increase in the number of sake brewers. Small newly-established sake brewers often attempted to evade liquor tax and to ensure bargain sales which caused confusion in the market. Meanwhile, large and medium-sized sake brewers organized the association of sake brewers ("syuzo-kumiai") in 1875 to stabilize the market and restore order. However, the association of sake brewers did not perform well in Saitama Prefecture.The association grew into a nationwide organization to oppose a proposed tax increase in the 1880s. Although the campaign was initially supported by the opposition parties "Jiyu-to" and "Kaisin-to", the former agreed to the necessity of a tax increase in 1896. As a result, the liquor tax was increased substantially in 1898, 1900, and 1902, respectively. The association of sake brewers ("syuzo-kumiai") was obliged to halt its campaign since it had lost its raison d'être.The price rise due to the tax increase reduced the demand for sake and resulted in strong competition within the industry. The sake brewers thus had to improve quality to overcome competition. Some members of the association of sake brewers established a brewing research laboratory, and held annual meetings to evaluate the quality of sake. The sake brewers who assiduously improved quality differed from those who had objected to the tax increase. The aims and achievements of each member of the association of sake brewers thus became quite diverse.

著者

藤森 勉

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.4, pp.302-325,378, 1960-08-30 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

1 1

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Tamano City of Okayama Prefecture, as a case of studies in industrial area, is treated here. The city is a mono-industrial city centering at Mitsui ship-building yard and grew up through it. To begin with, it unexpectedly began to show germination of growth as a local city since Mitsui ship-building yard was established in March of Taisho 8 (1919); though habitants of this area had been engaged in farming and fishing, by that time, by using limited plain and its back hilly land of granite on the Inland Sea of Seto. Main factor in the location of ship-building yard seems to have been various economic conditions that based on the policy of management in Mitsui Capital, and the natural and cultural conditions in this region. After that, in accordance with the changes of international and internal economic situation, prosperity and decay in turn had successively occurred according to the growth of ship-building. These situations also were related directly to the growth of Tamano city. Peculiarities of production structure that ship-building had in itself, soon became to reflect on Tamano mono-industrial city just as it was. Houses of workers were built up, and having these dwelling houses as their object, some shopping streets were formed, for many work-men were gathered around the village which was once out-of-the-way. And then, road-repairing and road-project were so smoothly and rapidly performed that the land features were in comparatively a short time changed village into town, town into city. With the progress of settlement, a bigger change was seen on the interior structure. Among the present population of 60, 000, for instance, ten per cents of the population are exployed in this ship-building yard. Bearing this fact in mind, you can easily understand that this city forms a close relation with ship-building business.If you consider the relations of all the kinds of correlated and subcontract industries and temporary workers and out-side workers characteristic in ship-bluilding, this relations will be more emphaticaly recongized. Prosperity and depression of ship-building business immediately mean those of Tamano city itself. Well, in the case of such mono-industrial city, there are also many faults exist for its too much acute reliance on ship-building: for good examples, the growth of correlated industries is stagnant, and the classification of labor structure in the ship-building makes its appearance in the order of civic social life as it is etc. In Japan, it is not too much to say that most of the local industrial cities have more or less similar phenomena. The author considers that these kinds of studies have to be made more actively, for the regional structure in Japanese industry must be more widely understood.