著者

原口 剛

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.4, pp.324-343, 2011 (Released:2018-01-23)

参考文献数

87

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In recent years, the field of study called labor geography is growing within European and American geography. However, in Japan there have been very few studies examining urban labor markets from this viewpoint. This paper aims to show how day laborers’ movements in Kamagasaki differentiated their spaces between the 1960s and the 1970s. To achieve this aim, this paper examines the processes of scaling place from two viewpoints: institutional differentiation, and appropriation of space.Concerning the process of institutional differentiation, riots played the definitive role. The riots of the earlier period, the 1960s, were completely spontaneous collective occurrences, but had the clear objective of protesting against the police. On the other hand, the riots of the later period, the 1970s, were closely related to the labor movements. First of all, the Nishinari branch of the All Japan Harbor Workers’ Union, organized since 1969, actively utilized the riots in their rhetoric for advancing negotiations with the Osaka prefectural administration. Second, the outbreak of the second term riots brought about a situation which gave the union an advantage in the negotiations. The labor movement pressured Kamagasaki into obtaining a social security system specific to the area through such negotiations.In the appropriation of space, the Kamagasaki Joint Struggle Meeting formed in the early 1970s was main impetus. The meeting appropriated the three following important spaces in the Kamagasaki area by developing direct actions: First, by defeating the S Construction Company, it created a situation which gave laborers predominance over brokers in the labor market. Second, the meeting succeeded in appropriating Triangle Park by holding a summer festival. Third, after labor struggles broke down in 1973, the meeting developed a movement centered on the occupation of public spaces in the winter season. Such processes made safety nets for day laborers customary in Kamagasaki.This paper demonstrates the differentiation of the space by a labor movement as described above. This paper also suggests the possibility of describing urban geography as a dynamic process accompanied by conflicts.

著者

片上 広子

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.6, pp.603-617, 1993-12-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

70

被引用文献数

2 2

著者

青木 英一

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.5, pp.447-466, 2000-10-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

1 1

---

This research examines how electronics producers locate their factories in Japan as well as the production linkages of each factory. The company that the research uses as an example is Sony. In Japan, production sites for electronics products expanded and spread outside of the traditional industrial belts of Kei-Hin (Tokyo-Yokohama) and Han-Shin (Osaka-Kobe) from the beginning of the period of high economic growth. Electronics manufacturers tried to disperse factory locations but different locational approaches were undertaken by each company. Sony created an independent subsidiary of each factory, while Matsushita Denki, Hitachi, etc., had many of their factories under their direct control. In addition, Sony does not necessarily have many factories in the neighborhood of its head office, while Matsushita Denki, Hitachi, etc., have concentrated their operations near the head office.Sony was founded in 1946 and moved its factory to Shinagawa ward, Tokyo, in 1947. Sony then built a factory in Miyagi prefecture to make magnetic tape recorder heads in 1954, a factory in Kanagawa prefecture to make transistors in 1960, and two factories in Aichi prefecture to make televisions and cathode-ray tubes in 1969 and 1970. From 1971, it created subsidiaries in various locations around the country, while making independent subsidiaries out of many of the factories built up to 1970. The factories in Shinagawa ward and Kanagawa Prefecture (the factory in Miyagi Prefecture as well in 1992) were brought under Sony's direct control as research and development centers. Sony's factories were thus made subsidiaries in locations spread nationwide.The reasons why Sony dispersed its factories are, first, because it implemented a principle of production near consumption, and, second, because it wanted to avoid a total production stoppage if a natural disaster affected any single location. The main rationale for Sony creating subsidiaries of each factory is that it wanted to increase the competitiveness of its factories.Sony subcontracts the production of parts and finished goods to subsidiaries and Sony itself undertakes the control of subsidiaries and the development of products. Each subsidiary individually sells parts and finished goods to the outside in addition to Sony. Parts and materials brought in by each subsidiary are procured from various parts of Japan as well as from Asian countries. The simple assembly of products is sometimes subcontracted to companies outside which are not necessarily located in the neighborhood. In fact, there are virtually no factories which have a production linkage with a subsidiary located in the same city or town. The regional scope of Sony's production linkage is broad. However, employment in Sony's subsidiaries is localized. The subsidiary hires people in the neighborhood for jobs such as design and engineering, in addition to production.Traditionally, Sony's subsidiaries were deployed by building a factory in the founder's home town, or through an invitation from a city or town to set up a plant. In this context, each subsidiary, once established, makes much of its interactions with the community, such as supporting the community's economic development, accepting factory tours, participation in town festivals, making its grounds available for sports events, community cleaning activities, etc.In conclusion, Sony has subsidiaries in broadly scattered locations, with each factory having limited production linkages within the community, but makes much of its human interactions with that community.

著者

古田 悦造

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.5, pp.408-426, 1990-10-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

76

被引用文献数

1 1

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In Omi province, fish manure had been brought into use for the maintenance of soils since the early Edo period, and the kind of fish manure changed from sardine, to herring in the middle of the 18th century. This paper tries to investigate factors bringing about that change by focussing on the relationship between the production, distribution and consumption of fish manure. In other words, an attempt is made to clarify the regional structure of the nodal system connecting the fishing regions with the agricultural regions through the distribution of fish manure.The main results of this paper are summarized as follows:1) In agricultural regions in Omi province, dominant use of fish manure since the early Edo period was caused by the decrease of grass manure based upon the exploitation of new plowlands. Furthermore, the kind of fish manure changed from sardine to herring in the middle of the 18th century. This conversion was due to both the changes of economic conditions in the production regions of the fish manure and the introduction of new fishing manure in agricultural regions in Kanto district.2) Rapid exploitation of plowlands in Kanto district in the 18th century required great amounts of fish manure. Therefore, the quantity of the fish manure which was transported from Kanto to Kansai greatly decreased, and the fish manure for use in Omi province was transported from the remote Ezo area where the production of herring manure was dominant. In Omi province, fish manure was transported via Osaka-port or Yokkaichi-port in Ise province, from Kanto till the middle of the 18th century, and after that period through Tsuruga-port in Wakasa province from the Ezo area.3) Many wholesellers of fish manure were located in the southeast district in Omi province. This was because a large amount of fish manure was widely used in the southeast where tea production prevailed due to geographical conditions, i. e., moderate humidity, slope and height. Tea produced there was consumed in Hokuriku district.

著者

金子 直樹

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.4, pp.311-330, 1997-08-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

110

被引用文献数

1

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This study aims to clarify the spatial structure of the “Mt. Iwaki belief” in the Tsugaru district of Aomori Prefecture. During the Edo period Mt. Iwaki belief was encouraged by the Tsugaru-han, the local authority in the district, who supported Hyakutakuji temple on Mt. Iwaki in order to further their political control. The han authorities also accepted the local Tango-Biyori legend which suggested that whenever people from the Tango region of Kyoto prefecture entered Tsugaru the wrath of Mt. Iwaki was incurred and stormy weather would result. In times of bad weather, therefore, the people of Tsugaru would hunt down anyone hailing from Tango. Given the tacit encouragement of the authorities, it is fair to suggest that the sphere of Mt. Iwaki belief covered the same area as the territory of Tsugaru-han.This said, it should also be pointed out that neither the han authorities, nor Hyakutakuji temple, had direct control over Mt. Iwaki belief. Thus, Oyama-Sankei, one of the central features of Mt. Iwaki belief, was never controlled by any particular religious organization. Oyama-Sankei was a coming-of-age initiation ceremony held on the lunar equivalent of August 1st. The age at which initiants took part, however, varied among the different villages of Tsugaru. In the 15 kilometer zone surrounding Mt. Iwaki, initiation took place during young childhood. Further away, in the 15-30 kilometer zone, initiation was at a slightly older age, and in the furthest zone, 30-70 kilometers away, initiation was delayed until adolescence. In this outer zone it was also the case that other mountains were used as a substitute for Mt. Iwaki.There was no clearly defined route for pilgrims observing Oyama-Sankei, and a number of ways up Mt. Iwaki were utilized. Four routes stand out in particular, passing through Hyakusawa-guchi (at the south-east foot of the mountain), Nagadai-guchi (north-west), Dake-guchi (south-west), and Oishi-guchi (north-east). The former two were used by locals as well as those from further afield, and the latter two mostly by locals. Thus, the spatial structure of Mt. Iwaki belief can be considered from the point of view of age of worshippers at the time of initiation, the route used for pilgrimage, and the location of substitute mountains.

著者

織田 武雄

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.5, pp.433-455, 1984-10-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

139

被引用文献数

4 4

著者

佐藤 英人

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.4, pp.353-368, 2001-08-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

68

被引用文献数

2 2

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In recent years, the understanding of the processes of the suburbanization of office location has long been a major foci of discussion in urban geography. However, few studies have analyzed why large, high status office buildings have developed in the metropolitan suburbs.The purpose of this study is to investigate the supply and management of large office buildings in the Tokyo metropolitan suburbs. The analysis is based on a questionnaire survey of tenant offices in Omiya Sonic City, one of the earliest large office buildings in the suburbs.The paper can be summarized as follows:Office workers and office space stocks have steadily increased since 1990 in suburban core cities. However, there are regional differences in the temporal fluctuation of the rental ratio of office space. In particular, there has been a tendency for an improvement in the rental ratio of office space following the prominence of the bubble economy in Omiya city, one of the suburban core cities.Omiya Sonic City is a 'smart-building', which was developed by a joint enterprise of private office developers and the public sector. As this building has attracted many tenants, the rental ratio has kept to a high average since it opened in 1988. The building maintains this high rental ratio by attracting many branch offices of headquarters located in central Tokyo. These branch offices have played an important role in the regional business base of the northern Tokyo metropolitan region.The reasons why these tenant offices rent their spaces in this building are not only due to its good location and easy access to both the northern region and central business district in the Tokyo metropolitan region, but also to the fact that Omiya Sonic City is the highest status building in the suburbs.As the building's owners invited many tenant offices, they surveyed office market trends in suburban areas in detail. Based on this survey, they decided to invite branch offices of headquarters located mainly in central Tokyo. As a result, Omiya Sonic City succeeded in inviting many superior tenant offices.Recent studies have already pointed out that various 'back offices' carrying programmed works using telecommunications have moved from downtown to the suburbs because they do not need face-to-face contact in downtown. However, this study shows that the suburbanization of office locations is caused not by decentralized back-offices but by new suburban branch office locations.To comprehend the processes of the suburbanization of office location in more detail, future studies must consider examples of large office buildings at other suburban core cities.

著者

山口 平四郎

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.5, pp.467-494, 1971-10-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

89

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Transportation is one of spectacular phenomena on the earth surface. Such being the case, it is uncommon to pass without saying anything about it at geographical study of various regions. Particularly in our country, specialists in transportation geography are few and even less methodological works in this line had been published. Therefore, it may be necessary for us to treat the true nature of transpotation geography and examine it from a pure theoretical standpoint. I have tried to throw light upon this theme in making comparative study among several methodologies of representative experts such as Kohl, Ratzel, Vidal de la Blache, Hassert and Hettner.J.G. Kohl is known as the founder of transportation geography for his famous lifework which was published at Dresden in 1841. He had for the first time systematically grasped the regional features of the transport phenomenon as a whole, in conformity with its correlation to the physical environment, and then followed up his study on the mutual location between the transport route and the settlement, believing that these two factors make up both sides of the shield in human life. Having scrutinized every environmental conditions in transportation, he came to express with confidence, already about 80 years before the airplane invention, that the most favourable transport route would find itself in the high layer of the atmosphere in the future. It is his unique process to treat deductively the theoretical location and formation of routenets and settlements, with exemplification of a lot of geometrical figures.Friedrich Ratzel took the transportation for a sort of “historical movement” which is the fundamental conception of his geographical thought, and looked with special attention at the correlation between the ever moving human being and the fixed earth. He also pointed out the existence of the “geographical restriction” from the fact that a steady continuity of the routes' location is taken notice of there, in spite of the everlasting development of the transportation efficiency and means. Furthermore he looked on the transportation as “a conqueror of distance”; so his principal concern had been focussed to confirm how the transportation time was shortened at a certain space in examining the effect of the technical transport improvements.It is well-known fact that Ratzel's theory had not been met with warm acceptance in Germany and English-speaking countries, yet it was a little bit another story in France.P. Vidal de la Blache, leader of French school of geography, together with many other historians and sociologists, started to criticize Ratzelian thoughts, and in such process the standpoint of geographic possibilism against the Ratzelian determinism is said to have been built up; peculiarity of Vidal's method is its historico-geographical comprehension of the transport. He noticed that many Eurasian folded mountains would not to be overcome without utilizing of the vital transport spots: “gates”, as ancient geographers termed them, and such recognition got him to hit upon the “principle of continuity”. In addition, he took up the origin of transport animals and vehicles in various lands all over the world, and then the functional correlation between railways and modern roads.K. Hassert was Ratzel's disciple. His method was influenced by his master on the one hand, but at the same time he paid particular attention to the theories of national economists on the other hand. In his two-volumes lifework, a comprehensive survey of past transportation geographical researches, there are found detailed explanations of the transport on roads, railways, inland water ways and ocean routes in various regions on all over the earth surface in close touch with each environmental conditions and regional characteristics.

著者

成田 孝三

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.1, pp.1-4, 2000-02-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

著者

村田 陽平

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.5, pp.453-469, 2006 (Released:2018-01-06)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

3 3

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Men’s studies in geography have investigated the meaning of gendered space from a male perspective and have contributed to realizing gender equality since the 1990s. While scholars have been eager to conduct case studies, they have paid little attention to theoretical discussions, however. In this paper, I examine the validity of queer theory as a major theoretical framework in contemporary gender studies, and propose an alternative epistemology of men’s studies in geography.Queer theory is a set of ideas based on the thought that the concept of identity or category is not essentially fixed but constructed by social-cultural performance. Influenced by queer theory, gender geography has also deliberately challenged all notions of fixed gendered space in various ways since the 1990s. Queer theory, however, has some limitations as a theoretical framework for deconstructing the concept of identity.I examine the limitations of queer theory from the perspective of the actual meaning of identity for men. By clarifying how we recognize male identity in daily spaces, I argue that queer theory cannot explain the emotions of ordinary men who have no doubt about the existence of male identity. This is because queer theory places too much emphasis on destabilizing identity and it lacks the perspective that people do not always think that identity should be deconstructed.Based on this examination, I propose an alternative epistemology of men’s studies in gender geography by introducing phenomenology. The epistemology of phenomenology has clarified how we recognize the meaning of everyday world, and helps us to understand the nature of human cognition to gendered space. Men’s studies in geography, therefore, should not anticipate destabilizing to male identity and the space, but should examine the actual meanings for men, which can lead to construct space and place for gender equality.

著者

戸所 隆

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.3, pp.193-213, 1979-06-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

60

被引用文献数

2 1

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Japanese cities have mainly expanded their urban areas horizontally. In recent years, however, drastic vertical integration has occurred through the construction of multistoried buildings, particularly in CBD. In large cities the increase of offices and motor cars has aggravated managerial circumstances of retail in CBD. As a result, underground shopping streets have been constructed as a type of vertical differentiation of urban functions. Connected with the basement of multistoried buildings, they have created new space for retail in CBD.The author investigated underground shopping streets in Nagoya. The main results are summarized as follows:(1) Underground shopping streets in Nagoya were constructed at the traffic junctions namely “Sakae” and “Nagoya-ekimae” (the front area of Nagoya Station), below public roads, simultaneously with the construction of subways. They were connected with the subway stations. This has provided many people with easy access to underground shopping streets, showing rapid development after 1957.(2) The Process of development on underground shopping streets In the first place a group of shops were located along the underground pedestrian passageways which connect subway stations and other means of transport. Then shopping promenades interconnected these areas and the basements of adjacent multistoried buildings. This resulted in the increase of underground space for retail. A further step was taken after 1969. The extension of underground shopping streets was run on such a large scale as over 10, 000 square meters and was linked to the existing underground shopping streets. Thus the enlarged underground shopping streets came to be the central shopping areas of the city.(3) According to the categories of business they contain, underground shopping streets can be classified into two types: one containing many restaurants, coffeehouses and food stores with a choice variety, the other containing many specialty shops dealing in clothes. The underground shopping streets below the front area of Nagoya Station belong to the former type. Those at Sakae district belong to the latter; Sakae has a long prosperous history as a central shopping center of the city.(4) There are many chain stores among shops on underground shopping streets. As their head offices are located in Tokyo, their window decoration and their line of commodities have lost regional characteristics peculiar to Nagoya. This has promoted among people of the city an inclination to the center-oriented fashion and culture.(5) Floor space of a shop on underground shopping streets is rather small compared to that of a shop on ground shopping streets. Because of the favorable location, the rents are very high. Shops on underground shopping streets thus specialize highly in the assortment of goods to attract young customers. Under these circumstances the underground shopping streets cannot raise their importance as central figures in retail of the city without maintaining a strong interdependence with neighboring department stores that aim at a large custom with a rich assortment of goods.(6) There are many branch stores on underground shopping streets and very few shops are run by proprietor in person. Thus underground shopping streets constitute a community of employees. Besides they are doing business with young people as regular customers, there are many young employees accordingly. The underground shopping streets with these young employees thus form a community of tradespeople functioning under the control of their head offices. It affords contrast against the community of merchants heretofore in general in Japan.(7) One of the reasons why underground shopping streets have developed in CBD of large cities in Japan is that there are many people availing themselves of public mass transport and that underground shopping streets have been constructed at its junctions.

著者

田中 雅大

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.1, pp.47-62, 2013 (Released:2018-01-26)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

1

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The aim of this study is to analyze qualitative aspects of cognitive distance in urban space considering their relationship with context-dependency. Data used in this study were obtained from 181 university students in Kanazawa City. After examining the theoretical basis of the qualitative cognitive distance in a large-scale space in accordance with cognitive linguistics, I assumed that the dichotomy of small-scale space around the body between “the space that can be reached by a limb” and “the space that can be seen but not reached” becomes a prototype of qualitative cognitive distance in a large-scale space, being metaphorically interrelated with those two spaces. Based on this assumption, we examined the relationship between qualitative cognitive distance drawn from university students in Kanazawa City and their contexts of daily movement behavior. An analysis of the relationship between the context of daily movement behavior and qualitative cognitive distance using Hayashi’s Quantification Theory III revealed that action space in the city is divided into a “close phase” (i. e., visited frequently and contacted directly), and a “far phase” (i. e., rarely visited or contacted), both of which are metaphorically related to the dichotomy of small-scale space between “the space that can be reached by a limb” and “the space that can be seen but not reached.” Since frequency of visits, mobility, and relative position among residence and destinations strongly influence the “close phase” and “far phase,” qualitative cognitive distance in urban space is considered to be affected by these contexts of daily movement behavior. Namely, the frequency of visits defines the similarity between “close phase,” “far phase,” and the space around the body ; moreover, mobility and relative position among residence and destinations define a range of both the “close phase” and the “far phase.”

著者

井田 仁康

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.1, pp.66-78, 2016 (Released:2018-01-31)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

8 4

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高等学校地理歴史科において,地理が必履修科目となろうとしている。高等学校での地理の必履修化は,多くの地理関係者の悲願であった。本稿の目的は,高等学校地理必修化までの過程と現在の審議の動向を示し,地理の必履修の可能性を探ることである。小学校から高等学校までの地理学習は,人間形成および国際社会の理解,生涯教育,キャリア教育といった観点からも極めて重要である。現在は,文部科学省で高等学校の地理必履修化が前向きに検討されているが,これが実現されれば,小学校から高等学校までの地理カリキュラムが整理および再構造化され,一貫性のある地理教育が可能となる。高校地理の必履修化の可能性は高いと思われるが,他方で,その実現に向けては,今後とも多くの地理関係者が協力していかなければならない。さらには必履修化された後にも,地理を永続的に維持していくためには,より一層の協力体制が必要不可欠となる。

著者

水野 真彦

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.5, pp.426-444, 2010 (Released:2018-01-19)

参考文献数

109

被引用文献数

2

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This paper reviews studies focused on the economic and social restructuring of cities in developed countries in the 2000s (2000-2009) from the viewpoint of economic geography. Drawing on critical examinations of the global cities thesis and the creative class thesis by Saskia Sassen and Richard Florida, respectively, the author points out the following four features of urban restructuring during the decade.First, urban spaces that contain land and buildings have gradually been incorporated in global financial capitalism. In other words, they have become financial products that have been traded beyond local and national borders, which caused a growth in financial business and a rapid rise in housing prices and rent prior to the financial crisis. The surge of financial capitalism in the 2000s has had a tendency to destabilize urban spaces and the lives of the residents in these areas.Second, neo-liberal policy movements have emphasized intensifying intercity competition and the rise of urban entrepreneurialism. City governments increasingly tend to pay more attention to attracting mobile capital, and neglect social policy for city residents, who are relatively immobile.Third, according to Sassen, global cities are characterized by the economic and social polarization of urban residents. In the 2000s, many Japanese writers and researchers discussed the fact that Japan had been converted into a gap-widening society. The increasing job insecurity of younger workers is suggested as a cause of the widening of the income gap. In particular, some critics perceive the suburbs as a problem, partly because irregular and low-paid employment is often a feature of these regions. In addition, this decade has witnessed an increase in the regional disparity between Tokyo and the rest of Japan.Fourth, the intercity competition for attracting highly skilled talents has been accelerated in the 2000s. Richard Florida insists that attracting the creative class is fundamental to urban development. He suggests that diversity, openness, and tolerance are magnets that attract the creative class. Although his view has drawn the attention of local politicians and policymakers, a considerable number of scholars criticized it for several reasons. One of these criticisms is that urban development can be better explained in terms of locations that offer job opportunities rather than the residential preferences of people or urban amenities. Another criticism is that urban policies based on Florida’s view possibly deepen the social divide between the creative class and the rest of the population. We have to recognize the importance of job creation in production activities throughout the production chains in order to prevent the deepening of the social divide in urban societies.

著者

杉江 あい

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.2, pp.164-165, 2020 (Released:2020-07-23)

参考文献数

4

著者

溝尾 良隆 菅原 由美子

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.3, pp.300-315, 2000-06-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

6 4

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify how and why the conservation of Kurazukuri buildings increased the number of tourists and re-vitalized a shopping street in Kawagoe City, Saitama Prefecture.Kawagoe City is located about 30 Kilometers from the central part of Tokyo with a population in 1998 of 324, 879. Ichibangai Street was planned as an area for craftsmen and merchants about 300 years ago. Since then, Ichibangai Street continued to be the center of commerce in Kawagoe City. However, the center of commerce in Kawagoe moved to the south of the city in the early 1960s. This is mainly because Japanese National Railways and three private railways built terminals there, and supermarkets and department stores moved to or were newly-opened nearby. As a consequence, commercial activities in Ichibangai Street declined.Fortunately, a lot of Kurazukuri style warehouses, houses, and stores with their invaluable historical heritage remained as the original buildings. These buildings were constructed to make them fire-proof structures after the great fire of 1893. Following the advice of external architects, the local administration and the inhabitants have become deeply committed to the conservation of these buildings.The local administration took the following steps: 1) providing a subsidy for the restoration of buildings; 2) enforcing landscape regulations; 3) constructing small parks along the street; 4) laying a more attractive pavement; and 5) burying the electric power lines.Inhabitants of Ichibangai Street organized the Kura-No-Kai (Association of Kurazukuri buildings) for the re-vitalization of commerce and conservation of Kurazukuri buildings. One more important action by the inhabitants was to design the Machinami Kihan (Standards for House Conservation) which is applied in the case of house restoration.Today, many tourists visit Ichibangai Street with the number of people visiting Kawagoe amounting to 3.5 million persons per year. Visitors to the Kurazukuri Museum, for example, increased 3.6 times between 1982 and 1997. Tourists make up nearly 100per cent of the customers at shops in Kashiya Yokocho Street and tourists make up at least half of the customers at almost 40per cent of the shops in Ichibangai and Kanetsuki streets. Between 1975 and 1997, almost 60per cent of the shops changed their function, with restaurants and coffee shops for tourists especially increasing in number.A large increase in consumption by tourists has resulted and shops and bustling streets have been re-vitalized. It follows that the inhabitants gained in confidence to conserve the Kurazukuri buildings and to maintain a landscape featuring a row of well-conserved buildings.

著者

中川 正

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.97-115, 1983-04-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

35

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The landscapes of two settlements on the eastern shore of Lake Kasumigaura, Funazu and Tega-Shinden, are markedly different. Funazu is an agglomerated settlement surrounded by paddy fields, whereas Tega-Shinden is a scattered settlement with many ponds for carp-farming as well as paddy fields. Among other things, the difference in religious landscapes is notable. Funazu has facilities and stone momuments pertaining to folk religions, whereas Tega-Shinden has a large Buddhist temple. These differences are probably related to the differences in the Buddhist sect to which each group ascribes. People in Funazu are the followers of Tendaishu (or the Tendai Sect), whereas people in Tega-Shinden are Jodo-Shinshu (or the Jodo-Shin Sect) Buddhists. This study attempts to clarify the characteristics of the two settlements represented by their landscapes and discuss how these differences are related to the denominational difference.The procedure is as follows: First, the origins of the settlements and the changes in house distribution are traced in order to ascertain the background the agglomerated and scattered landscapes (Part 2). Secondly, demographic characteristics are discussed in order to understand the people who have created the landscape (Part 3). Thirdly, the characteristics of economic activities, according to occupational structure and the management of agriculture and fishing will be addressed (Part 4). Fourthly, social organization is described, as it has had a direct influence on the religious landscape (Part 5). Finally, by using the previous findings, an analysis of the data will demonstrate how the characteristics of the settlements reflect the religious factors involved in their formation (Part 6). As a result, the differences in the physical and social characteristics of Funazu and Tega-Shinden, as well as the religious influences on the two settlements, will be evident.Funazu originated in the 17th century, or earlier, and has traditionally had an agglomerated landscape. As the number of households had already reached fifty in the late 17th century, the rate of increase after that was slow. People were relatively conservative in their economic activities and had long maintained an agriculturally-oriented occupational pattern. By the 1960s people began to take on outside jobs other then than agriculture. Nevertheless, the agricultural management centered upon rice production has basically not changed. The Tendaishu temple is not so important to these people because they have some folk-belief organizations which have meetings fairly often. However, their members are limited to housewives or middle-aged men. Thus, these characteristics are influenced by folk beliefs as well as Tendaishu. This is partly due to the fact that Tendaishu incorporates characteristics of folk belief to some extent. Such religious influences in Funazu are fairly weak.The ancestors of the people in Tega-Shinden came from Tonami in Etchu (Toyama Prefecture) at the beginning of the 19th century. It is thought that the scattered landscape in Tega-Shinden was transplanted from Tonami which is famous for its scattered landscape. The people tended to marry young and to have many children. As a result, the population increased rapidly, due in part to their Jodo-Shinshu religion which severly prohibited infanticide. People in Tega-Shinden have worked hard and introduced many new practices and techniques. They have expanded their management of agriculture, fishing, and independent business. There are many reasons for this. Their ancestors had no alternative but to work hard to reclaim wasteland, and many branch families had to find new jobs for their livelihood. Among other things, their hard-working spirit may have been influenced by Jodo-Shinshu's intrinsic charactristics as pointed out by K. Naito, a religious sociologist.

著者

兼子 俊一

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.3, pp.242-244, 1952-07-30 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

1

著者

梶田 真

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.2, pp.167-183, 2019 (Released:2019-07-13)

参考文献数

34

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本稿は,大分市を事例として,1990年代以降における中等教育改革が,各学区の生徒の進学行動にどのような影響を及ぼしたのかを解明し,その結果に基づいて居住地選択にどのような変化をもたらすのかを考察した。一連の中等教育改革を通じて,県立高校では学校間の序列化が進み,公立中学校の進学実績にも有意な学校差を生み出した。最も進学実績の良い2つの中学校の校区では,他の校区に対しホワイトカラー層の卓越傾向が強まっていることが確認され,隣接学校選択制の結果においても,両校は最も人気が高く,競争の激しい中学校となっていた。一方で,こうした校区を志向する,子供のいるホワイトカラー層の世帯と,教育環境を重視する必要性の低い単身者/DINKs(double income no kids)等の子供のいない世帯の居住分化を示唆する動きもみられた。これらの知見は中等教育改革による学校内の同質化と学校間の差異化が,学区内の同質化と学区間の差異化という形で地理的に投影されていることを示すものである。

著者

泉谷 洋平

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.5, pp.507-521, 1998-10-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

52

被引用文献数

2 2

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The two remarkable tendencies have been observed in Japan's recent elections: the continuous rise in the abstention rate at successive elections and the increase of mutohaso (voters who have no particular partisanship). Although many previous studies have devoted attention to voting behavior, the rising abstention rate has been investigated only partially. Additionally, research focused on voting turnout rate have to date tended to slight underlying factors except those affecting the nation as a whole.Nowadays, however, the electorate's distrust of the political system rather than particular parties and statesmen is increasing, and the abstention rate, regardless of whether it is a national or local election, is also rising steadily. This reflects distrust of the political system itself at the local level as well as at the national level. Thus, this rise of abstention rate should be investigated from a more comprehensive framework rather than maintain a bias towards the national level. Therefore, this research note examines the relationship between local elections and the 1996 general election of the House of the Representatives in the southern Kanto region of Japan (Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo and Kanagawa), using the path analysis associated with J. Agnew's concept of context.The abstention rate of both the local and national elections are influenced by the socio-economic characteristics of municipalities located in the region under analysis. However, the high correlation observed between the general election and the two local elections (on municipal and the other prefectural) immediately before it cannot be explained by socio-economic characteristics dlone. This is because the abstention rate at these local elections affected the national election. It is very likely that apathy toward local elections, which had been shared by electors in the context of increasing distrust toward politics in general, caused the result of the higher abstention of the general election through his/her‘path’and‘sense of place’in the terminology of Agnew.Hence, keeping in mind that factors at both the scale of municipalities and prefectures had been an important‘context’for the high abstention of the national election, I applied a causal model which incorporated the impact of the local elections on the national election immediately after them. The results, show a significant causality. It can thus be concluded that Agnew's perspective which enables us to integrate factors working at a few different spatial levels within a single framework is effective for considering phenomena concerned with recent distrust of politics.