著者

伊藤 一生 石橋 尚美 行侍 慶子 大門 栄

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.1, pp.93, 1963-04-30 (Released:2016-12-31)

著者

大宮 真一 木越 清信 尾縣 貢

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.1, pp.55-66, 2009

被引用文献数

2

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本研究では,一般の小学6年生の113名(男子53名,女子60名)および小学生走り幅跳び競技者9名(男子5名,女子4名)を対象にして,走り幅跳びにおける踏切局面の画像分析とRJ能力(RJ-index:RJの跳躍高を接地時間で除した値)の測定を行った.RJ能力の優劣によって一般小学生をExcellent群,Medium群およびPoor群に分類し,また小学生競技者をAthlete群として,これらの4群間における踏切に関する変数を比較することにより,小学校6年生におけるRJ能力が走り幅跳び能力に及ぼす影響について検討した.主な結果は以下の通りである.1)一般小学生において,男子および女子のExcellent群は他の2群と比較して踏込速度および踏切初速度が高く,跳躍距離が大きかった.また,Excellent群は他の2群と比較して踏切時間が短く,その中で大きな鉛直方向の力を発揮し,高い鉛直初速度を獲得していた.一方,水平速度の減少量は,男女とも3群間に有意差は認められなかった.2)男子および女子のAthlete群は,それぞれのExcellent群と比較してRJ-indexおよびRJの跳躍高が優れていた.さらに,Athlete群は踏込速度,踏切初速度および跳躍距離も有意に高い値を示し,より短い踏切時間の中で大きな鉛直力を発揮し,高い鉛直初速度を獲得していた.以上のことから,小学校6年生におけるRJ能力は助走速度,跳躍距離および鉛直初速度に影響を及ぼしていることが明らかとなった.

著者

中込 四郎 岸 順治

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.4, pp.313-323, 1991-03-01 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

7

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Recently, sports psychologists and coaches have been taking a growing interest in mental training not only for improving athletic performance but also for the benefit of the athletes'mental health. Athlete's burnout is one of the important topics in the realm of mental health for athletes. The purpose of the present study is to clarify the formation process of athlete's burnout through the examination of five cases. The subjects utilized in this study consisted of two psychotherapeutic clients, two research interview study cases and another case consisting of materials concerning the suicide of a world-class long distance runner. All subjects were diamosed as burnout cases by recognizing the particular process &ltenthusiasm→stagation→clinging to sports→exhaustion&gt which we have proposed as one the of diagnostic criteria for athlete's burnout. Three of these cases were also assessed by two psychological tests which determined their degree of burnout. Various events or factors contributing to the formation of burnout were extracted from interview records, and charts were individually drawn to illustrate the formation process.Additionally, tendencies common among each of the cases were depicted by the montage method developed by Mita. The authors discuss the psychological mechanism of the formation of athlete's burnout, in terms of caune-result relationship, according to the following four main factors : 1) A premorbid character as melancholic type or immodithymia. 2) Repeated experiences in which one's efforts are not rewarded (in the sports setting). 3) Difficulty in reformulation of ego identity. 4) Low mutuality in one's past crisis mode. The "clinging" stage in the formation process of burnout is caused by the above mentioned four factors. The authors especially find the "clinging" stage to be a key to understanding the development of burnout.

著者

滝沢 文雄

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.2, pp.79-90, 1998-07-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

1

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This paper addresses the concept of the human body, especially the aspect of being wise, which is necessary for considering the ability of the human body from a phenomenological viewpoint. This paper tries to answes the following five questions in order to clarify what Wise Body means. (1)Why does being Wise of Body become a subject matter? (2)What are the characteristics of practice? To solve this question is to stresss the importance of the human body. (3)How can one become wise by practice? (4)What is the new concept of "acticept", on which being Wise of Body is based? (5)How is the human body structuralized as Wise Body? The conclusions of this paper are as follows. Being Wise of Body is the ability to solve problems in practical situations. In other words, it is the ability to do perform appropriately in a given situation and to do what is necessasy for further practice. Anybody has the capacity to make the body wise in practice, but in order to actually become wiser, everybody has to structuralize the human body more effectively for every situation, since the structure of the human body makes concrete judgments possible and furthermore enables accurate correspondence to accompany the judgments. Practical judgments originate from acticepts which are differentiated as perceptual Gestalt. The acticept is a compound word of action, percept and concept. It means an articulated percept which is always accompanied by an action, and it gains a function of concept when it is refined. Therefore many acticepts have to be held in the human body as practical wisdom, and the acticepts have to be articulatd in one's own bodily time-space as a criterion. Depending on the criterion we can relate ourselves to things or other persons, and can gain more effective acticepts for practice. New articulated and identified acticepts influence the structure of the human body. Wise Body is the same concept that allows the human body to hold a more developed structure. We need to possess a Wise Body in order to exert free will and to experience our environment.

著者

笹島 恒輔

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.1, pp.82, 1963-08-31 (Released:2016-12-31)

著者

丹治 史弥 榎本 靖士 鍋倉 賢治

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.17013, (Released:2017-07-25)

参考文献数

33

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This study investigated the relationships between running economy and various step parameters (ground contact time, step length and step frequency), as well as the effects of these relationships on differences in foot strike pattern at intensities ranging from below to above the lactate threshold in well-trained distance runners. Thirty-one male distance runners (20 middle-distance and 11 long-distance; age 19.5±1.2 years, height 171.7±4.5 cm, mass 57.6±3.5 kg, BMI 19.5±0.7) participated. Their seasonal best performance was 804.0±121.0 points, expressed as the IAAF score. Both running economy and step parameters were calculated for speeds of 15.0, 16.2 and 17.4 km·h−1, which corresponded to intensities below, equivalent to and above the lactate threshold, i.e. 93.2%±6.4%, 100.6%±6.9% and 108.1%±7.4%, respectively. As running speed increased, running economy, step length and step frequency increased, whereas the ground contact time decreased. A significant positive relationship was observed between ground contact time and running economy at an intensity above the lactate threshold (r=0.46; p<0.01). A significant positive relationship was observed between step length and running economy (r=0.54 and 0.52; p<0.01), and a negative relationship was observed between step frequency and running economy (r=−0.55 and −0.53; p<0.01) at intensities equivalent to and above the lactate threshold, respectively. Rear-foot strikers exhibited a shorter ground contact time than middle-foot strikers at intensities equivalent to and above the lactate threshold, whereas running economy exhibited no significant difference in terms of foot strike pattern. From the present results, it can be concluded that a shorter ground contact time enhances running economy; however, running economy is not related to the foot strike pattern at an intensity of 90%—110% of the lactate threshold.

著者

石崎 龍雄 西山 逸成 石田 昌久 平賀 孟

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.2, pp.117-122, 1968-01-25 (Released:2016-12-31)

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Physical fitness of 1886 M.S.D.F. Crewmen were measured, and the following results were observed.1) In 1500 meter-run and 5O meter-dash of sandbag carry, there was a declining tendency according to the age increase from eighteen years old. The l00 meter-dash, softball throw, pull-up, and long jump showed the highest records in the period from twenty years old to twenty-five years, old. No change was found in back-strength and grip-strength in the period from twenty years old to thirty-four years old. 2) Motor ability of crewmen was negatively related to the length of service. However, this, tendency was vanished except 1500 meter-run, when the effect of age-increase upon motor ability was considered. It was presumed that two-third of the declining tendency of 1500 meter-run was caused by the age and one-third by the length of service. It will be a theme in the future to design some training methods for maintenance and elevation of the endurance.

著者

吉田 和人 山田 耕司 玉城 将 内藤 久士 加賀 勝

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13068, (Released:2014-04-21)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

6 4

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The rotation speed of the ball spin has been considered a key factor in winning table tennis matches. This study quantified the rotation speed (rotations per second, rps) of service balls delivered by quarter-finalists in the 2009 World Table Tennis Championships. Ball services were recorded during the quarter-finals of both the men's and women's singles, involving 4 matches and 8 players per gender, using a high-speed video camera (1000 fps) for calculation of the rotation speed, and a standard video camera (30 fps) for distinguishing players and aces (including those touched by the receiver). Eventually, the rotation speeds of 329 services were calculated, and these ranged from 13.7 to 62.5 rps. For men, 50-60 rps was the most frequent (40.0%) range of the rotation speeds, while for women, the corresponding range was 40-50 rps (43.8%); the average (±SD) rotation speed was significantly greater for men than for women (46.0±9.0 vs. 39.2±9.3 rps, p<0.001). The fastest rotation speed was 62.5 rps for both genders. Chinese men produced a slower rotation speed than did other men (43.5±8.9 vs. 51.0±6.8 rps, p<0.001). For women, however, the rotation speed was similar between Chinese players and the others (39.9±10.2 vs. 38.5±8.2 rps). The rotation speeds of aces were scattered over a wide range of 37.0-58.8 rps for men and 27.8-62.5 rps for women, implying a weak association between aces and fast rotation. These pioneering data may help clarify some of the technical and tactical aspects of table tennis, and can be used to develop training and game strategies for successful performance.

著者

中房 敏朗

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.1, pp.319-338, 2016

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This paper describes a historical study of &ldquo;Yamatobataraki&rdquo;, a form of gymnastics that was devised by Professor Kakei Katsuhiko around 1920 in Japan. The main study aim was to clarify how the practice of Yamatobataraki spread in Imperial Japan from the 1920s to 1930s. The diffusion process consisted of 3 phases. The first was associated with the growth of the Folk High School movement. Around 1924, Kato Kanji introduced Yamatobataraki to the Yamagatakenjichikoshusho, which was the original model of the Folk High School. Kato then transferred to the Nihonkokuminkotogakko, which was the head institution of the Folk High Schools, and introduced Yamatobataraki as part of its educational program. Kato's educational systems, along with Yamatobataraki, were reproduced throughout Japan and Taiwan, because the Nihonkokuminkotogakko helped to found other similar institutions. In the second phase, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry promoted the foundation of a large number of Nomindojo, i.e. farmers' schools. As a result, 50 farmers' schools introduced Yamatobataraki, because they were modeled on the educational system of the Nihonkokuminkotogakko. In the third phase, the Ministry of Colonial Affairs promoted the policy of agricultural emigration to Manchuria, and delegated the training of the emigrants to Kato Kanji. In 1938, Manmokaitakuseishonengiyugun, a large group of young agricultural emigrants to Manchuria, was institutionalized. Many young emigrants trained under Kato's methods in Uchiharakunrensho, which were formulated for the Manmokaitakuseishonengiyugun. Yamatobataraki as a daily routine was practiced as a matter of course. Thus, as described above, Yamatobataraki spread mainly via farmers' schools and emigrant training all over Imperial Japan due to the promotion of farmers' schools and emigration to Manchuria by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and Ministry of Colonial Affairs.<br>

著者

斎藤 健治 松尾 知之 宮崎 光次

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.3, pp.351-365, 2006 (Released:2008-01-25)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

1

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In order to investigate muscle activity during overhand baseball pitching, surface EMG analysis of muscles in the shoulder girdle and upper limb was performed. The subjects were two college baseball players. Surface EMG was recorded from 25 portions of 16 muscles: the long and short head of the biceps brachii, the coracobrachialis, the brachialis, the lateral, medial and long head of the triceps brachii, the anterior, middle and posterior deltoid, the sternocostalis of the pectoralis major, the latissimus dorsi, the upper, middle and lower trapezius, three portions of the serratus anterior, the pronator teres, the flexor carpi radialis, the flexor carpi ulnalis, the extensor carpi radialis, the extensor digitorum, the extensor carpi ulnalis, and the brachioradialis. After rectifying the surface EMGs, their linear envelopes were extracted with a digital low-pass filter. The duration, timing and similarity of these muscle activities before and after ball-release were analyzed quantitatively through auto-correlation and cross-correlation analysis of the envelopes. The biceps and the brachialis were activated in the cocking phase and follow-through phase, and played a role in preparing for acceleration and deceleration in each phase. The triceps was activated in the acceleration phase and elbow joint extension, and contributed to the increase of ball speed by minimizing the moment of inertia about the longitudinal axis of the upper limb. The coracobrachialis was activated from the cocking phase until ball-release, and contributed to the horizontal extension of the shoulder joint. The latissimus dorsi and the pectoralis major were activated in the acceleration phase, and the duration of their activity was shorter than that of the other muscles. The activities of the trapezius and the serratus anterior differed between the two subjects. These activities in one subject were simultaneous in the acceleration phase, and those in the other were separate in the cocking phase. These activities probably represent differences in the control of scapula motion during pitching. The peak activities of the forearm muscles were concentrated in the ball-release phase, and the duration of activity was longer in the extensor muscles than in the flexor muscles. This type of correlation analysis is useful for extracting information about muscle activity during baseball pitching.

著者

稲垣 正浩

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.3, pp.173-185, 1982-12-01 (Released:2017-09-27)

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The purpose of this paper is to analize the Gaulhofer's system of subject matters in physical education (System des Schulturnens) from the historical standpoint of physical education. In order to investigate the characteristics of his system, the ideas of physical education reform movement (Turnerneuerungsbewegung) and the trends of the studies on physical education from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century are analized, and then the relationships between these factors and his system are discussed. The main findings are as follows. A lot of the historical heritages of subject matters in physical education were succeeded by his system. Especially, l) hiking (Wandern) developed in youth movement (Jugendbewegung) was evaluated as a valuable material in performance exercises (Leistungsubungen) and adopted as a group of subject matters in his system, 2) various sports, which had occupied the great part of performance exercises, were taken over from sports movement (Sportsbewegung) and play movement (Spielbewegung) and were placed as the central part of the system, 3) corrective exercises (Ausgleichsubungen) developed in north gymnastics movement (Nordische Gymnastikbewegung) were improved and placed in the system, 4) from new gymnastics movement (Neue Gymnastikbewegung), dance and dancing play were succeeded as art movements (Bewegungskunste) and 5) apparatus gymnastics (Geratturnen) developed in German turn movement (Deutsche Turnbewegung) were also succeeded as one of art movements. The originality of Gaulhofer's system was found in the following three aspects. 1) The physical movements were thoroughly considered from the viewpoint of biologicalanthropology, 2) the concept of functional physical movement was defined and the idea of the science of functional physical movement (Funktionelle Bewegungslehre) was brought into the classification of physical movements and finally, 3) in classifying the physical movement materials, both the viewpoint of biological-anthropology and that of the science of functional physical movement were harmoniously integrated.

著者

笹島 恒輔

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.5, pp.266-267, 1971-07-30 (Released:2017-09-27)

著者

市村 操一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.3, pp.257-259, 2004-05-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

著者

樋野 二郎

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.7, pp.12, 1957 (Released:2016-12-31)

著者

稲垣 正浩

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.1, pp.101, 1963-08-31 (Released:2016-12-31)

著者

遠藤 俊典 田内 健二 木越 清信 尾縣 貢

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.2, pp.149-159, 2007-03-10 (Released:2007-06-21)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

15 13

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A study was conducted to investigate the age-related development of rebound and counter movement jumping ability. A total of 1137 boys (6 yr: 59, 7 yr: 82, 8 yr: 69, 9 yr: 142, 10 yr: 105, 11 yr: 169, 12 yr: 103, 13 yr: 110, 14 yr: 77, 15 yr: 66, 16 yr: 73, and 17 and 18 yr: 82) conducted counter movement jumping (CMJ) as a non-ballistic movement and five-repeated rebound jumping (5RJ) as a ballistic movement. Jumping ability was assessed using CMJ jumping height and the value obtained by dividing jumping height by the ground contact time in 5RJ (RJ-index). CMJ jumping height and the RJ-index in 5RJ increased in accordance with growth. Development of the RJ-index in 5RJ depended on the increase in jumping height, because ground contact time did not change even though jumping height increased with growth. There was a significant correlation between CMJ jumping height and RJ-index in 5RJ (r=0.765, p<0.001, r2=0.585). Division of jumping ability types was based on±1SD of the residual. These types were as follows: CMJ ability corresponded to RJ ability (CMJ=RJ: n=810), RJ ability was superior to CMJ ability (Good RJ: n=165) and RJ ability was inferior to CMJ ability (Poor RJ: n=162). The number of Good RJ and Poor RJ types increased between the ages of 9-13 years, which is the onset of the growth spurt. These results suggest that CMJ jumping height and RJ-index in 5RJ increase in accordance with growth, but the processes of age-related development of both types of jumping ability do not necessarily correspond to each other, and developmental differences between individuals tend to increase at the onset of the growth spurt.

著者

中瀬 雄三 佐野 淳

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.17034, (Released:2017-10-19)

参考文献数

44

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this research was to clarify the structure of the momentum of basketball games as sensed by point guard players with excellent ability from the “Bewegungslehre des Sports” viewpoint in order to improve the tactical ability of basketball players. The study involved an interview survey of three such players. After considering the structure or the momentum of games, the following points became clear.  1. The players are aware that “continuity” and “compulsion” form the nature of game momentum. These two characteristics are seen as both Good and Bad momentum.  2. “Player's feelings” were listed as one of the facets of game momentum. As a means of optimizing such feelings, priority was given to player encouragement and selection of tactics to make the game exciting. 3. “Play based on common tactical intention” was listed as another facet of game momentum. Games developed with such intention had the strongest possibility of winning, and the players considered that practicing it (or preventing the other team from doing so) without any difference in tactical intention created momentum.  4. “Player's feelings” and “play based on common tactical intention”, which contribute to momentum, were considered to be not independent but interactive.  5. As a result, it was clarified that “players' feelings” is a factor that can directly generate “game momentum” and that “game-related events” and “player's sense of value” are factors that can influence each other and are interdependently structured.

著者

田中 励子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.5, pp.328-339, 1997-01-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

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In recent years young Japanese women have become conscious of their own bodies and many of them are trimming down their weight, led to research focusing on their slimming wish fulfillment. The purpose of this study is to clarify the forming slim body made up concretely between one's body and the social system, and it's interrelationship with socio-cultural context. In order to achieve this, the author have attempted to do field research; the interview and participant observation with nine junior college women. In the analysis of field data, the main results of slimming practice and socio-cultural background of slimness consciousness are summarized as follows. (1) The author makes up perspectives and framworkes in relation to cultural values with sex role and gender identity, beauty, attitudes towards fashion, eatinghabits and health status. (2) Young Japanese women lose their model as a mother, and are not in favor of motherly feminine body type. As a result, ideal feminine among them changes in one's self-image, body image and beautiful figure. They think the dominant ideal of female beauty was androgynous, adolescent body type. (3) Pursuit of slimness may be regarded as adjustment to present social requirement. (4) Popular magazines towards women seriously influence on their ideal body. And slim bodies play an important part in making distinction one's self from others as an opposition to "obesity/slimness". (5) The author discusses the socio-cultural context of forming slim bodies among young women, and explains their forming slim bodies by the concepts of "reforming" bodies. As reforming slim bodies lay self identity in compensation for self-independence in their ways.

著者

遠藤 保子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.4, pp.325-333, 1999-07-31 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

1

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Dance anthropology or the anthropology of dance has typically focused on the study of dance in non-Western, nonindustrialized or nonliterate societies. The discipline has changed, however, not only in terms of the types of cultures and societies it concerns itself with, but also in terms of its perspective on the subject matter. Through a careful cross-national review of the research literature, it is suggested that there have been three developmental stages in dance anthropology. The first stage was period of establishment. Early anthropologists, such as E. B. Tylor referred to dance activity by the evolutionary framework of the 19th century. In the early 20th century, under the direction of F. Boas, anthropologists in the US studied Native American cultures including the types and functions of dance in that society. Also in this period, British anthropologists like A. R. Radcliffe-Brown made contributions to the understanding of the value of dance in society. The next stage was the period of development. The first full articulation of dance anthropology is found in Panorama of Dance Ethnology by 'the mother of dance ethnology', G. P. Kurath (1960). Kurath discussed dance ethnology from three main standpoints: 1) common problems of choreology and anthropology, 2) choreographic procedures, 3) practical considerations. During the 1970s, J. Kealiinohomoku, A. P. Royce, A. L. Kaeppler, J. L. Hanna pursued a more anthropologically-oriented direction. Their subdiscipline has been termed 'dance anthropology', rather than dance ethnology, because it was informed by and addressed to prevailing anthropological theory. These researchers have published many papers dealing with the theory and methods of dance methodology. The final stage was the period of expansion. In 1979 J. L. Hanna used V. Tuner's poststructuralist framework to analyze the Ubakala dance-plays as mediators of Paradox in Nigeria. In Japan, from the 1970s dance researchers interested in anthropology gathered and analyzed data about the functions and structures of dance in Asia and Africa.

著者

吉田 毅

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.2, pp.577-594, 2012 (Released:2012-12-05)

参考文献数

56

被引用文献数

1 1

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The purposes of this study were to identify, from a sociological perspective, the main factors involved in the process that a former J-League soccer player overcame the challenges and difficulties over retirement, and to find features that would be informative for athletes facing problems related to retirement from sport. This J-Leaguer became wheelchair-bound after being severely disabled in a traffic accident, and was able to overcome various challenges and difficulties through a career transition to wheelchair basketball. His life history was investigated on the basis of data recorded mainly during interviews. This study was based on the subjective socialization theory, especially Erikson's theory of identity related to subjective action, which is considered to partly overcome the problems associated with contemporary socialization theory, with special reference to the specific significance of individuals who helped the subject to overcome his difficulties. The difficulties he experienced were related to both retirement and life with a walking disability, the former being in conflict with the subject's strong self-identity as an elite soccer player. The presence of “irreplaceable others”, including his wife who devoted herself to his support and their newborn baby, his sense of responsibility for them, and his pride based on self-identity enabled him to exercise his subjectivity (reflexivity), allowing him to overcome his difficulties. In terms of his career transition to wheelchair basketball, “leading others” and “associates” in a wheelchair basketball club played important roles. When athletes retire as players, the following points are considered important for overcoming their associated difficulties. It is vital that the new change of career is well balanced with the athlete's self-identity. The role of others such as “leading others” is influential in finding a suitable career field. Furthermore, it should not be overlooked that the feelings of athletes that allow them to exercise their subjectivity to overcome their difficulties, “irreplaceable others”, self-identity which is the main source of such inner feelings, and “associates” in a supporting role are all valuable in this respect.