著者

大峰 光博 友添 秀則 長島 和幸

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.2, pp.473-482, 2013

被引用文献数

1

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&nbsp;&nbsp;In baseball games, there are instances where a pitcher deliberately targets a batsman of the opposing team with a pitch in order to retaliate against a previous strike on their own player by the opposing team. The present study focusing on major league baseball aimed to clarify the nature of the responsibility sensed a pitcher who finds himself in a similar position after a batsman on his team has taken an intentional hit from the opposing team's pitcher in order to analyze the structure of the pitcher's dilemma. We looked at the situation not only from the viewpoint in which the pitcher's responsibility is considered an obligation, as proposed by Takikawa, but also from the obligations concept proposed by Sandel.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;We found that there is a responsibility to comply with the official baseball rules to discourage any retaliatory hit on a batsman in order to avoid any intentional injury to a member of the opponent's team. On the other hand, responsibility for an intentional hit on a batman can be considered an obligation in order to implement an unwritten rule that condones such retaliatory action. Therefore the structure of the responsibility is considered to be an obligation that generates a dilemma for the pitcher and promotes conflict. On this basis, the difficulty of resolving the problem related to a retaliatory hit was highlighted. Furthermore, the possibility of analysis in accordance with the responsibility concept for ethical issues in sport was suggested.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;We discuss the concept of responsibility as an obligation that presents a conflict, and consider which course of action should have priority in such cases.<br>

著者

石垣 健二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13090, (Released:2014-07-30)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

1 4

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This paper focuses on “bodily experience” and “bodily dialogue” in physical education with the aim of clarifying the domain of bodily experience and bodily dialogue, and discusses the significance of physical education as “education in intercorporeality” by showing that bodily experience and bodily dialogue foster a vital sense of “we” in modern Japanese children.   First, the author examines bodily experiences in the context of physical education. Bodily experiences are central to other experiences (experiences of the self, experiences from the others and experiences of the things) in physical education, and elicit “bodily feelings”, which can be regarded as Gestalts that we perceive from the subject's viewpoint. The Gestalts consist of feelings of the self body, feelings from others' bodies, and the feelings of things for both the self and the others. The bodily feelings as Gestalts form the core of bodily experiences, and this underlies our experiences in physical education.   Secondly, the author considers the essence of bodily dialogues, through which we perceive the others by bodily feelings. Therefore the domain of bodily dialogues involves both bodily experiences and experiences from the others. The domain of bodily dialogues extends to that of “mental dialogues”, but the two are distinct because the latter is involves mental, not bodily, feelings. Also the latter promotes the restoration of corporeality by acquiring mental feelings, whereas the former promotes the formation of the latter by acquiring bodily feelings.   Finally, it can be said that the self and the others share bodily rather than mental (emotional) experiences in physical education. In other words, instead of having mental dialogues through mental feelings, we experience bodily dialogues thorough bodily feelings. In our everyday lives, we nurture “intersubjectivity” through mental dialogues, but we also nurture “intercorporeality” through bodily dialogues when practicing physical education. This makes it possible for us to recognize ‘we’ as bodily feelings. Therefore, physical education is essential for the development of modern Japanese children, who allocate too much time to intellectual training and need to education in intercorporeality.

著者

鬼澤 陽子 小松崎 敏 吉永 武史 岡出 美則 高橋 健夫

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.2, pp.439-462, 2008-12-10

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The purpose of this study was to verify the effectiveness of modified basketball games based on on-the-ball decision-making and off-the-ball movement. Two types of numerically modified basketball games, "3 on 2" and "3 on 3", were played by two 6th grade elementary PE classes. Twenty-four students participated in the 3 on 2 games, and 28 students in the 3 on 3 games. All games were videotaped, and the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) was used for data analysis. This instrument allows counting of the frequency of on-the-ball decision-making and off-the-ball support movement, and assists in judging the performance of students in situations such as shooting, passing, ball-keeping, and supporting, as to whether or not these are appropriate. The main findings are summarized as follows: 1. The number of students who experienced on-the-ball decision-making and off-the-ball support situations, and the average frequencies of these experiences, were higher in the 3 on 2 games than in the 3 on 3 games. 2. In the 3 on 2 games, the numbers of students who performed appropriate passing, ball-keeping, and support were significantly higher than in the 3 on 3 games (p<.001). 3. The rates of appropriate shooting, passing, ball-keeping, and support were significantly higher in the 3 on 2 than in the 3 on 3 games (p<.01). The 3 on 2 basketball game was shown to be very effective, allowing upper elementary grade students to learn appropriate on-the-ball decision-making and off-the-ball support movement, in comparison with the 3 on 3 game.

著者

小林 一敏 久内 武

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.5, 1969

著者

宮元 章次 石河 利寛 北村 虎雄 押川 紘一郎

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.6, pp.493-499, 1999

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The present study was conducted to examine the effect of relatively low-impact exercise on declining bone mineral density, which is a cause of fractures in aged women. Twelve female participants aged 64-76 years before training began to practice gateball for 100-150 min every day, 4-6 days a week for four years. A control group comprised six women aged 66-75 years before training. Dual X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure body composition and bone mineral density (BMD). There were significant differences in BMD (femoral neck, Ward's triangle, trochanter, and lumbar vertebra) before training between the gateball group and the control group. BMD in the control group was below the threshold for increased danger of femoral neck fracture. The rate of change in BMD (femoral neck, lumbar vertebra) in the training group (-0.8% per year, -0.8% per year) was smaller than that in the control group (-1.2% per year, -1.1% per year), and each respective difference was significant, A significant increase was found in the rate of change in lean tissue mass in the training group (0.6% per year). Therefore regular low-impact exercise (gateball) can play an important role in preventing bone fracture in elderly women.

著者

山本 章

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.43-51, 1972-05-25

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本研究は1万m走による尿中17-KS排泄量の変化を調べたものである. 被験者は21才の健康男子1名であり, まず平常日, 次に負荷日の尿中17-KS排泄量の日内変動を調べた. 負荷は11時の採尿後実施した. 採尿は7時に完全排尿後, 7-11時, 11-15時, 15-19時, 19-23時, 23時〜翌日7時とし, 別々のフラスコにとり, 5〜10℃の冷暗所に保存した. 尿中17-KS測定はDrekter法に準じ, 48時間以内に終了した. 測定結果は以下の通りである. 1) 平常日の尿中17-KS排泄量は7-11時或いは11-15時尿で最高値を示し, 15-19時尿で減少し, 19-23時尿でやや増加したが, 23-7時尿で最低値を示した. 2) 負荷日では7-11時尿で最高値を示し, 以後次第に減少した. 3) 平常日と負荷日を比較すると, 全般的に負荷日の方が高値を示し, 特に7-11時, 15-19時, 23-7時尿で著しかった. 以上の結果から, 1万m走の肉体的, 精神的負荷が尿中17-KS量を増加させると言えよう.

著者

徳永 幹雄

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.5, pp.479-484, 2002

被引用文献数

1 1

著者

藤田 善也 石毛 勇介 吉岡 伸輔 竹田 正樹

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13047, (Released:2014-01-23)

参考文献数

10

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between race performance and cycle characteristics in a 10-km classic-style men's cross-country ski competition. The subjects were competitors in the 89th Japan National Ski Championships. Skiing motions of the subjects on flat stretches (1.5 km and 6.5 km) and uphill slopes (1.7 km and 6.7 km) were videotaped using two high-speed cameras. Cycle characteristics were calculated based on measurement of hip displacement and cycle time. It was revealed that elite competitors (1) performed at high velocity at all measurement points, (2) reduced their velocity in the last half of the race, (3) achieved a high velocity in double poling and diagonal stride, (4) increased their cycle length and cycle rate when employing the double poling technique, and (5) increased their cycle length when employing the diagonal stride technique.

著者

高松 潤二 阿江 通良 藤井 範久

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.1, pp.19-29, 1997-05-10

被引用文献数

5

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The purpose of this study was to develop a DLT procedure using pan and tilt cameras (henceforth, panning DLT) for the collection of three-dimensional coordinates data in large measurement volumes. Two stationary VTR cameras and two pan and tilt VTR cameras were used to obtain images of two control volumes. Two control volumes were used to compare the accuracy of coordinates data taken from stationary DLT with that of panning DLT technique: control volume A (CV-A) was 1.25×10×5m^3, and control volume B (CV-B) was 1.25×5×3m^3 in dimension. Control points and a ball thrown in each control volume were videotaped. DLT parameters for panning technique were calculated as follows: (1) Relative coordinates of control points to reference points were calculated from the digitizer coordinates of the reference points and control points. (2) Digitizer coordinates of the reference points and target objects were digitized. (3) Virtual control points were reconstructed from the relative coordinates of the control points in each frame. (4) Virtual control points appeared in the view of each camera were selected and used for the calculation of DLT parameters. Three-dimensional coordinates of control points were computed, and RMS errors were compared between stationary and panning DLT techniques. In CV-A of large volume, RMS errors of control points in stationary and panning DLT techniques were 14.0 and 7.5mm, respectively, while in CV-B of small volume, there was no significant difference in RMS errors, 8.3 and 5.8mm, respectively. Vertical accelerations of a thrown ball computed with two techniques were 9.74 and 9.71m.s^<-2> in CV-A. These results reveal that panning DLT technique developed in this study can be adapted for the collection of three-dimensional coordinates data in large measurement volumes.

著者

松尾 知之 平野 裕一 川村 卓

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.195-210, 2013 (Released:2013-06-08)

参考文献数

18

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Expert players and/or expert coaches have a large stock of experiential knowledge, including knowledge of movement-related causality. We attempted to extract experiential knowledge of movement-related causality in baseball pitching from expert players and coaches with sufficient creditability. Verbal data collected in a previous study (Matsuo et al. 2010) using semi-structured interviews with four former professional baseball pitchers and seven expert baseball coaches were used for this study. The data had been categorized on the basis of a wide variety of coaching points. A matrix of co-occurrence based on the verbal data was used to calculate the strength of association between pairs of categories. In the process of the calculation, we employed the matrix calculation utilized in the Dematel method to count indirect associations. The distances among categories, calculated on the basis of co-occurrence probability, were used to assess the creditability of the verbal data. The categories were mapped into three-dimensional space using the least squares method, based on the distances. The associations of categories were extracted as highly trustworthy when the root mean squared error between the original distances and the mapped distances was below 10%. Among the extracted associations, the direction of causality was added to the associations that expressed the causality explicitly among the verbal data. The major selected causalities were as follows:1)  Moving forward before placing weight on the pivot foot sufficiently opens the trunk earlier and leads to insufficient weight being placed on the stride foot.2)  An inadequate take-back action, especially excessive horizontal abduction and elbow extension, limits the flexible arm movement around throwing-side ear and leads to lower shoulder abduction. In addition, it makes the trunk open earlier.3)  Excessive lead elbow extension during the stride phase makes the trunk open earlier. How the lead-arm is pulled towards the trunk also affects trunk rotation.4)  Bending the neck at any point leads to inadequate trunk rotation.

著者

稲葉 智彦 向井 直樹

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.147-155, 2010 (Released:2010-07-20)

参考文献数

20

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When a unilateral transfemoral amputee performs sprinting, alternation between the sound limb and the prosthetic limb causes asymmetrical motion. One of the causes of the asymmetrical sprinting performance is that the knee joint of the prosthetic limb does not flex easily due to strong flexion resistance in order to prevent giving way during the landing by extension delay of the shank after flexion in the swing phase. This study examined whether the prosthetic limb performs the same motion as the sound limb working with the movements of the hip joint and other areas by setting the knee joint to allow easier flexion when relaxing the flexion-and-extension resistance of the knee joint in the swing phase. Moreover, when possible, we also examined whether this allows more rational motion than during sprinting when the flexion resistance of the knee joint is set strongly. The composition of the prosthetic limb used for the trial was an IRC (Ischial Ramal Containment) suction socket, high-activity hydraulic knee joint (model 3R55; Otto Bock, Duderstadt, Germany) in which the flexion-and-extension resistance was relaxed, in combination with an energy-storing prosthetic foot for running (model Sprinter; Otto Bock, Duderstadt, Germany). Sprinting was performed by a unilateral transfemoral amputee using this prosthetic limb after the subject had learned how to sprint while using it. Sprinting performance was filmed (30 fps) with a video tape recorder (DCR-PC101 NTSC, Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), and we compared the motion of the prosthetic foot and the knee joint angle with the motion of the sound limb. Moreover, the motion was also compared with that during sprinting when the flexion-and-extension resistance of the knee joint was set strongly. As a result of the relaxed setting of the prosthetic knee joint, it was shown that the prosthetic limb performed the same motion as a sound limb without giving way at landing by extension delay of the shank of the prosthetic limb during the swing phase. Moreover, it was shown that this setting facilitates more rational motion than that during sprinting with a stronger setting for the flexion resistance of the knee joint.

著者

高橋 和文 黒川 隆志 磨井 祥夫

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.2, pp.189-200, 2005-03-10

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本研究では, 100m疾走中の速度変化を表す2つの指標を提案し, その有用性を明らかにすることを目的とした.1つの指標は, Furusawa et al.の理論式からの偏倚の程度を距離で示す累積速度偏差である.もう1つの指標である累積速度偏差率は, 最高速度発現後からゴールまでの速度低下の総量を同区間の理論値に対する割合として定義した.1)累積速度偏差の有用性を判断するために, 5m区間ごとの値を算出し, 速度変化の時系列に沿った分析を行った.その結果, スタートから5m地点までの累積速度偏差は, 反応時間を含めたスタート技術に関与すると考えられる高値を示した.次の5-10m区間では, 累積速度偏差は全区間中で最も低値を示し, 30m地点に至るまで増加傾向を示した.しかし, その後の30-35m区間では, 累積速度偏差は前区間と同値を示し, 次の35-40m区間では, 前区間より低値を示した.また, 最高速度発現後(40m以降)の累積速度偏差は, 80m地点に至るまでの上に凸な曲線的増加と80-100m区間の直線的増加を示した.これらのことから, 累積速度偏差は, 100m走中の速度変化の過程を客観的に区分することのできる指標であることが示された.2)累積速度偏差率の有用性を判断するために, 目的変数として100m走タイム, 説明変数として最高速度, 最高速度の到達時間, 速度逓減率, 累積速度偏差率を用いた重回帰分析を行った.その結果, 多重共線性が無く, 有意な予測値を示した説明変数は, 「最高速度と累積速度偏差率」の組み合わせだけであった.この結果から, 累積速度偏差率は速度逓減率に比べて, 速度低下を説明できるより有効な指標であることが示唆された.

著者

杉本 政繁 水野 忠文

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.3, pp.177-184, 1975-12-10

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ルキアーノス(120〜190A.D.)の『アナカルシス』を検討した結果, 次の3点が明らかになった. I. 彼は競技の目標を, (1)市民および国家の自由, (2)安寧, (3)栄誉, (4)先祖伝来の祝祭の喜び, (5)一族の繁栄といった伝統的な精神的遺産に求め, また競技者像を, (1)男らしい勇気, (2)身体美, (3)最高の身体的状態, (4)栄誉, (5)勝利への不屈の意志, (6)敢闘の精神をもったものと捉えている. したがって, これらは倫理的教育的競技観といえる. II. 国家防衛者の教育方法に関しては, 魂の教育と体育を重視し, 具体的な資質としては, (1)軽快で強靭な身体を持つこと, (2)勇気があること, (3)優秀な人間であること, の3点を挙げているので, これらはプラトーンの国家篇における防衛者の把握の仕方と類似したものといえる. III. 競技見学に関しては, 青年の魂をふるいたたせることによって, 競技への動機づけになると把えているとみられる. 以上の3点は, 体育思想史的に有意義なものと考える.

著者

渡邉 信晃 榎本 靖士 大山 卞 圭悟 宮下 憲 尾懸 貢 勝田 茂

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.4, pp.405-419, 2003-07-10

被引用文献数

4

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本研究は,スプリント走時の下肢の動作および関節トルク発揮と等速性最大筋力との関係を明らかにし,スプリント走のトレーニングを考える上での基礎資料を得ることを目的とした。本研究から得られた知見は以下の通りである。(1)疾走速度と疾走時の下肢の動作および関節トルクとの間で有意な相関関係が認められたのは,支持期の膝関節最大伸展速度(負の相関),回復期の股関節屈曲トルクおよび伸展トルク(正の相関),支持期の膝関節伸展トルクおよび足関節底屈トルク(正の相関)であった。(2)疾走時の下肢関節トルクと下肢の等速性最大筋力との間でいくつかの有意な相関関係が認められたが,,中でもパフォーマンスに影響すると考えられる関係は,回復期の股関節進展トルクと短縮性股関節屈曲筋力(30,180および300deg/s),回復期の膝関節屈曲トルクと膝関節屈曲筋力(短縮性:180deg/s,伸張性:30,180および300deg/s),支持期の足関節底屈トルクと短縮性底屈筋力(180および300deg/s)であった。特に,支持期の膝関節および足関節では,等速性最大筋力が大きいことで支持期の関節トルクを介して関節の角度変位を小さくし,効率的なキック動作を引き出している可能性が示唆された。(3)疾走速度と下肢の等速性最大筋力との間で有意な正の相関関係が認められたのは,股関節屈曲筋力(短縮性:30,180および300deg/s,伸張性:30deg/s),短縮性股関節伸展筋力(180deg/s),短縮性および伸張性膝関節屈曲筋力(180deg/s),短縮性膝関節伸展筋力(180deg/s)であった。以上の結果から,回復期の股関節や,支持期の膝関節および足関節における関節トルクの発揮と,それに引き続き生じる動作には,等速性最大筋力が大きく関わっていることが明らかとなった。従って,スプリント走のパフォーマンス向上において,回復期の股関節や,支持期の膝関節および足関節動作は,それぞれの間接での等速性最大筋力のトレーニングによって改善される可能性が示唆された。

著者

大久保 英哲

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.12047, (Released:2013-01-16)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

2

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It is said that the history of Association Football in Japan, especially student soccer, began when an Englishman named DeHavilland moved from the Fourth High School in Kanazawa to the Tokyo Higher Normal School in September 1904, where he started coaching soccer. It has been recorded in the history of the Tokyo Higher Normal School soccer club that “some students of the University in Tokyo who said they had been taught football in Kanazawa came to Otsuka with their teacher, and we played a practice match together in December, 1904”. This article suggests that DeHavilland had also taught soccer in Kanazawa. However, in the history of the Fourth High School soccer club, it is stated that “soccer began in Kanazawa in 1924”, and does not mention DeHavilland. On the basis of this evidence, the history of soccer in Japan states that “this may have not been the case, because of the short stay of DeHavilland and lack of any proof that soccer was played in Kanazawa”. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to obtain documentary evidence of DeHavilland and to clarify whether he did, in fact, play soccer in Kanazawa during 1898-1904, based on new documents from the Fourth High School and articles in the school union magazine at that time. The findings obtained were as follows: 1.  DeHavilland urged students to play football after he started working at the Fourth High School in 1898. His words at the kick-off, which marked the start of student soccer in Japan, were: “ It is no matter, hailing, snowing, raining. Come and play!” 2.  It is stated in Hokushinkai magazine that DeHavilland was involved in establishing a football club in 1898. Mention of the football club appeared in the Fourth High School Union rulebook in 1899, and the name DeHavilland appeared in the list of board members of the football club in 1901. 3.  On April 18th, 1901, football was played for 30 minutes at the Fourth High School as one of the sports at the sports festival. 4.  On October 5th, 1902, at the ceremony to mark the opening of the “football club” at Ishikawa Prefectural Second Junior High School, DeHavilland and Wohlfarth both played goalkeeper. This evidence of the involvement of DeHavilland and Wohlfarth in soccer at the Fourth High School and in Kanazawa should be regarded as one of the hidden roots of student soccer in Japan.

著者

勝田 茂 七五三木 聡 池田 賢 天貝 均 大野 敦也

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.39-51, 1991-06-01

被引用文献数

5

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To investigate the inflences of training intensity on bone development in growing rats, young (4-wk-old) Wistar strain were subjected treadmill running 1 h/day, 5 days/wk for 8 wk with a variety speed: 30 m/min (T30 group),40 m/min (T40 group),50 m/min (T50 group). The results be summarized as follows: 1) In the distal femoral epiphysis, longitudinal growth rate of T30 and T40 groups were significantly higher than C (sedentary age-matched controls) and T50 groups, respectively, and the calculated rate of cartilage cell production of T50 group was the lowest among all 4 groups. 2) No difference in bone mineral content (BMC) of femoral mid-shaft was found between any of the groups, but the BMC/body weight was significantly higher in all T groups than C group. Moreover, BMC/body weight increased with the speed of runnning except for T50 group which was suspected to result in converse bending of femur while running, compared with T30 and T40 groups, in connection with the different contraction styles of muscle groups attached on femur. On the basis of these findings, we concluded that physical training may underlie the various effects, such as acceleration, non-influence and/or inhibition, respoding to exercise intensity, on the bone development.

著者

石田 智巳

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.3, pp.325-339, 2006-05

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Kentaro Sasaki (1923-1994) was a teacher who established a new method of physical education using essay writing in the postwar period when new methods of physical education had been sought for. He is also known as a teacher who advocated "physical education for defending our lives". The purpose of this research is to clarify the meaning of his slogan "defend our lives" and the process and his intention in advocating this approach. Sasaki began to advocate his ideas in the autumn of 1953. Based on materials written by him and the members of his kinan sakubun kyoiku kenkyukai ("Kinan Essay Writing Workshop"), I analyzed the following points: (1) the trend of study of the kinan sakubun kyoiku kenkyukai, (2) Sasaki's writing concerning "life", and (3) his "physical education theory". It was apparent that he used the term "defend our lives" in two ways: (1) in the sense of "building up our health", and (2) in the sense of "making students more aware of factors that hinder health-building". Moreover, I prove that his advocacy of "physical education for defending our lives" came not only from the fact that he was against "education for giving up our lives" (which had always been pointed out by many people), but also from his critisism of the fact that physical education and its teachers at that time did not defend the lives of children, in other words, from his criticism of the teaching method that he had been adopting.

著者

太田 尚光

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.5, 1971-07-30

著者

高岡 治子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.2, pp.525-538, 2010 (Released:2010-12-28)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1

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Japanese married women only began participating widely in sports after the Tokyo Olympic Games in 1964. It is often said that sports activities by housewives indicated their liberation from isolated domestic life, thereby promoting gender equality. However, close examination of the systemic characteristics of the ‘Mothers’ Volleyball’ movement (based on its ideology, competition rules and the nature of its routine activities) has shown that these activities possess both a recycling structure that releases housewives from their homes temporarily and reflects the participants’ ‘housewifeliness’, thereby reinforcing the separation of roles between the sexes. In order to clarify by whom and for what purpose this recycling structure was created, this paper focuses on the organizing bodies (sponsor organizations, supporting companies and other bodies that organized and ran the national championships, incorporating the systemic characteristics of Mothers’ Volleyball), analyzing the reasons for their involvement with the movement and the benefits they derived from it. The results show that the periodic reflection of housewifeliness, which housewives needed in order to continue in their role as housewives, was necessary for the economic and social benefit of all the organizations involved, and that this is why these organizations committed themselves to the movement. Participating in sports freed housewives from the routine of daily home life, and activities such as helping to organize competitions promoted their socialization and changed their image from that of ‘isolated housewife’ to ‘sporting housewife’ and further to ‘independent housewife’. The recycling structure mentioned earlier can therefore be thought of as being a directional spiral, and the organizing bodies that ran the national championships can be said to be its drivers. This spiral, which helped to reproduce ‘housewifeliness’, supplied society with good-quality labour for sustaining Japan's rapid economic growth, which was a political issue in the 1970s. The participation of housewives in sports as one of the activities of parent-teacher associations and women's associations can also be said to have contributed to local revitalization, another political topic at that time. Meanwhile, making sports one of their routine, repeated activities made housewives’ lives more satisfying, so that Mothers’ Volleyball acted as a medium for the formation of a conjugate relationship between housewives and society.

著者

岡 浩一朗

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.4, pp.543-561, 2000-07-10

被引用文献数

10

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Even through the health benefits of regular exercise and physical activity are well documented, most people are inadequately active or completely inactive.Designing interventions to enhance the adoption and maintenance of a physically active lifestyle continues to be a challenge, given that the majority of individuals are not considering becoming more active, and that over half of those who decide to become more physically active return to a sedentary lifestyle within three to six months.It has been recommended that research on exercise adherence be conducted utilizing models of behavioral science.One of the most effective models is the transtheoretical model of behavior change(TTM).The TTM has been used to explain both the stages and processes people go through when trying to eliminate a negative form of behavior(e.g., smoking)and when trying to acquire a positive form of behavior(e.g., exercise).The model consists of various stages of change, processes of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy.The TTM suggests that individuals attempting to change exercise behavior move through five stages of change.In addition, individuals experience different congnitive and behavioral processes of change as they move from one stage to another.As people change, decisional balance and self-efficacy are employed uniquely at each stage.According to this model, tailoring interventions to match a person's readiness(stage of change)is essential.Although research on exercise adherence utilizing the TTM has been actively conducted in Western countries, this area of research is yet to be advanced in Japan.This article reviews research on exercise adherence utilizing the TTM, and discusses the applicability of the TTM to understanding physical activity and exercise behavior in the Japanese population.