著者

猪飼 道夫 石井 喜八

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.4, pp.154-165, 1961

被引用文献数

9 5

---

The muscular endurance has been tested on the arm ergometer and the straingauge tensiometer together with recording of the electromyograms from the acting muscles. The test consisted of four different procedures and the results were discussed from view point of physiological and psychological limits of performance. 1. The subject contracted the arm flexor on the ergometer with the load of 1/3 of the maximal strength once a second until an exhaution. It was found that electromyograms of the flexor muscles were gradually increased in voltage and frequency in later stage of work. 2. The subject contracted the arm flexor isometrically against the horizontal bar attached with a straingauge apparatus once two seconds with his maximal effort until an exhaustion. It was found that the electomyograms of the arm flexors were increased remarkably in later stage together with an apparently decreased strength. 3. In later stage of the endurance test on the straingauge tensiometer, the subject was given a sound of "shot" of a starting pistol or a sound of "shout" by himself. It was found that the maximal strength recovered up to the initial level of the stregth and sometimes over the initial level of the strength together with an increase of nervous discharge to the arm flexors. 4. The maximal strength was measured once two seconds after the administration of Amphetamine Sulphate until an almost exhaustion on the same subject. It was worthy to note that the elevated level of the maximal strength after the administration of the drug was almost same as that of "shout". These findings appear to be an additional support of the thesis suggested by Michio Ikai and Arthur H. Steinhaus that in every voluntarily executed, all-out maximal effort, psychologic rather than physiologicl factors determine the limits of performance.

著者

山田 理恵

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.2, pp.415-428, 2015

被引用文献数

1

---

The game of <i>dakyugi</i> (literally, "hitting-ball-game"), involving 3 components of play (hitting a ball, throwing a ball, and pushing of opponents), is a traditional stick game that has been passed down to the present in Kuwana City (Mie Prefecture).<br>   The purposes of this study were to examine the process of the game's revival and cultural features, and to clarify the significance of <i>dakyugi</i> as a traditional sport in regional development through sports. The materials used in this study were mainly collected through fieldwork at the Rikkyo Area Great Meeting and interviews with members of the preservation association, as well as investigation of historical sources.<br>   In the Meiji era, <i>dakyugi</i> had been played as a bravery game by boys in the Kuwana <i>gijyuku</i>, which inherited the idea of the Rikkyou-kan, a school in the fiefdom of Kuwana. Although <i>dakyugi</i> declined after World War II, it was revived to mark the 150th anniversary of Matsudaira Sadanobu's death in May 1978.<br>   Today, <i>dakyugi</i> is performed at the Kuwana Municipal Rikkyo Elementary School supported by the <i>Dakyugi</i> Preservation Association. Boys and girls of the school play the game at the athletic meeting held jointly by the school and Rikkyo area community. The game of <i>dakyugi</i> in Kuwana is noteworthy in promoting the behavior pattern and style of <i>samurai</i> culture that characterized the Edo era. In addition, <i>dakyugi</i> is considered to play an important role in the revitalization of provincial cities and in the establishment of local regional identity.<br>   The significance of traditional Japanese culture is emphasized in the present school education program. The current study indicates that traditional Japanese sport culture can play an important role in regional development in Japan.<br>

著者

勝田 茂 高松 薫 田中 守 小泉 順子 久野 譜也 田渕 健一

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.2, pp.p141-149, 1989-09

---

Attempts were made to clarify whether or not fiber composition of the m. vastus lateralis could be predicted with running performance. Biopsy samples from 32 well-trained and 17 untrained adult males were examined for the percentage area of fast-twitch (FT) and slow-twitch (ST) fibers which might be related to the physical performance better than the fiber type distribution. In addition, each subject completed 50-m sprint and 12-min run tests. A multiple regression analysis revealed that in the trained males predictive accuracy (R^2) for the percentage area of FT fibers (% areaFT) from the ratio of a 50-m sprint speed to a 12-min run speed (50 m・S/12 min・S) was higher than that from most of other variables,e.g. 50 m・S, 12 min・S, or the combination of 50 m・S and 12 min・S; R^2 of 50 m・S/12 min・S was 80.3%(p&lt0.05). A positive correlation between 50 m・S/12 min・S and %areaFT also existed for the untrained subjects (R^2=63.7%, p&lt0.05). The linear regression equations of %areaFT (Y) on 50 m・S/12 min・S (X)were Y=-68.6 + 76.2X (r=0.896, p&lt0.05) and Y=-47.5 + 61.1X (r=0.798, p&lt0.05) for the trained and untrained males, respectively. There was no significant difference in the regression equations between the trained and untrained males. For all subjects, the equation was Y=-59.8 + 69.8X (r=0.876, p&lt0.05) and the standard error of estimate of %areaFT on 50 m・S/12 min . S was 8.86%. These results suggest that the performances of a 50-m sprint and a 12-min run are valuable indicators in, accurately, easily and noninvasively, predicting the percentage area of FT and ST fibers of the m. vastus lateralis from adult male.

著者

塩田 琴美 徳井 亜加根

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.15081, (Released:2016-04-11)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

1

---

Purpose: This study analyzed the status of sport for the disabled and identified factors for increasing volunteer participation in disabled sport. Method: The 548 respondents of the study were registered with an Internet research company and the data generated from their responses were analyzed. The focus of our investigation included “subject attributes,” “recognition of disabled sports events,” and “degree of interest in watching or participating in disabled sports” as factors related to volunteer motivation. Covariance structure analysis using Amos was performed for the purposes of the study. Results: The statistical data revealed that the score for watching and participating in disabled sports was strongly related to prediction of volunteer motivation. It explained the dependent variable 60% in these two factors. Conclusion: As noted earlier, participation in disabled sports events was strongly related to volunteer motivation. This has a good effect in terms of understanding and self-understanding the experience with disabled persons directly rather than indirectly. Specifically, direct experience of disabled sports activity is effective for establishing a symbiotic relationship, and a heightened level of awareness of the special needs that a volunteer can readily address. Supporting this aspect is necessary in order to motivate a positive and independent volunteer spirit.

著者

中山 雅雄 浅井 武

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.2, pp.343-353, 2009-12-10 (Released:2010-02-13)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

3

---

The purpose of this study was to investigate the elements that constitute an effective environment for passing practice in soccer by analyzing the relationship between player age range as an organism constraint and the width of the area in which the ball is possessed in a three vs. one (3 vs. 1) task constraint. The task consisted of passing the ball employing one or two touches to maintain possession in a 3 vs. 1 formation in three different square-shaped areas measuring 8m×8m, 10m×10m and 12m×12m. The participants were divided according to age, and categorized as under (U)-10 (fourth grade elementary school), U-12 (sixth grade elementary school), U-14 (second grade junior school) and U-16 (first grade high school). The following criteria were then investigated: passing performance (passing success rate and the number of passing sequences), speed of the passing movement, support available to the player, and decision-making about the passing direction.It was found that U-10 players performed worse in the task than players in the other age groups. Moreover, passing speed was affected by the width of the play area for the U-10 and U-12 players, but not for the U-14 and U-16 players. The distance between the support players was the same for all age groups; however, for the U-10 players, the support angles were more acute than those for the other age groups, thus preventing the U-10 players from adopting useful supporting positions. Furthermore, it was found that the width of the play area did not affect passing performance, but did affect the speed of the passing movement in the 3 vs. 1 task. The distance and the angle of support differed among the players in the different age groups.It is concluded that a wider area in the 3 vs.1 possession task creates easier choices for U-10 and U-12 players, leading to easy understanding of the passing motions. For the U-14 and U-16 players, making the area narrower is effective for maintaining a higher 3 vs.1 possession level. From these perspectives, considering the width of the area for 3 vs.1 possession is important in relation to the developmental stage of soccer players.

著者

前村 公彦 鈴木 康弘 高松 薫

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.4, pp.415-424, 2005-07-10

---

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sprint training (30-s maximal cycle ergometer sprinting) on bicarbonate buffering capacity and anaerobic capacity. Fourteen healthy males were assigned to either a training group (TG; n=7) or a control group (CG; n=7). The TG performed sprint training 2 days per week for 8 weeks. Before and after training, exercise performance (mean power) and excess CO_2 output (ExcessCO_2) were measured by 30-s maximal cycle ergometer sprinting, and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) was measured by 2-3 min exhaustive cycling test. Mean power (pre: 8.5±0.9W/kg, post: 9.3±0.8W/kg, p<0.01), ExcessCO_2 (pre: 93.4±12.8ml/kg, post: 102.3±12.2ml/kg, p<0.05), and MAOD (pre: 59.6±14.4ml/kg, post: 68.2±11.0ml/kg, p<0.01) were significantly increased after training in the TG. A significant correlation was demonstrated between percentage change in ExcessCO_2 and that in MAOD (r=0.755, p<0.05). Before and after training, mean power was significantly correlated with ExcessCO_2 and MAOD, respectively. These results suggest that the increase in ExcessCO_2 caused by sprint training may enhance the energy supplied from anaerobic metabolism, and improve short-duration intensive exercise performance.

著者

柴山 一仁 藤井 範久 阿江 通良

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.1, pp.75-88, 2011 (Released:2011-07-08)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1 1 1

---

The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinematic characteristics of World and Japanese elite 110-m hurdlers during 1-cycle motion in relation to running velocity and leg length. Twenty-nine male hurdlers (SB: 12.92-14.37 s) participated. The motions from touchdown of the lead leg at the 6th hurdle (1st step) to touchdown of the takeoff leg at the 7th hurdle (4th step) were videotaped using a digital VTR camera (60 Hz), and two-dimensional coordinates were calculated based on calibration marks. The motions from touchdown of the takeoff leg at the 7th hurdle to touchdown of the lead leg at the 7th hurdle (1st step) were videotaped using two high-speed VTR cameras (200-300 Hz), and converted to two-dimensional coordinates after calculation of the three-dimensional coordinates using a DLT method. Kinematic parameters were calculated, including step length, step frequency, angles and angular velocities of the shank and thigh, and durations of the support and airborne phases. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted with kinematic parameters as dependent variables, and with running velocity and leg length as independent variables at p<.05. The results were as follows: (1) Faster hurdlers achieved a higher step frequency with less range of thigh motion of the takeoff leg during the 2nd step. (2) The 3rd step played a role in adjusting the step length and preparing for hurdling, especially in hurdlers with a shorter leg length when preparing to increase the vertical GRF in the 4th step. (3) The allocation of time from takeoff at the 4th step to touchdown at the 2nd step was dependent on leg length. (4) Faster hurdlers achieved smaller vertical displacement of CG during the 1st step by shortening the support time to keep the position of the thigh perpendicular at the 2nd step. These results show that faster hurdlers achieved shorter durations of 1-cycle motion because of the increasing in horizontal CG velocity during the shorter support time at the 2nd step.

著者

森丘 保典 杉田 正明 松尾 彰文 岡田 英孝 阿江 通良 小林 寛道

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.3, pp.414-421, 2000-05-10

被引用文献数

1

---

This study was conducted to clarify the relationship between features of change in velocity and performance of world class athletes in the men's 400-m hurdle race(400mH).Nine final races of 400mH were videotaped with several video cameras panning from the start to the finish at 60 fields/s.After the time indication had been superimposed on each field of the VTR images, the time at touchdown immediately after hurdling was obtained.Using the flash of the starter's gun recorded on the VTR image, each hurdle touchdown time from the start, and each section thme(from each hurdle to the next)was obtained.The results of regression analysis showed a significantly high correlation (r=0.90, p<0.001)between 400mH performance and mean section velocity from the 5th to the 8th hurdle(H5-8), and a significant correlation(r=-0.61, p<0.05)between 400mH performance and te rate of deceleration in H5-8.These results indicate that in 400mH it is important to avoid decreasing velocity and to maintain a high velocity in H5-8 of the race in order to attain a high performance.

著者

山本 教人

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.6, pp.641-650, 2005

---

The objective of this study was to treat media texts on sports as narratives, and then analyze their structure. In order to do so, a content analysis was performed on articles appearing in The Nishinippon Shimbun reporting the 51st Around The Kyushu Ekiden (long-distance relay race) held from November 1st to 10^<th>, 2002. It was confirmed that in these articles, various narratives appeared, such as "Competition Between Teams", "Competition Between Individuals, or Heroes' Achievements", "The Character of Kyushu", "Family Relationships", "Revival", "Revenge", "Love of Home Town", "The Relationship Between Generations", "Gratitude To One's Teammates", "The Tradition of Around The Kyushu Ekiden", and so on. The Around The Kyushu Ekiden narratives according to the media are structured so that the central story "Competition Between Teams" is connected with various sub-plots concerning competition, such as "Competition Between Individuals, or Heroes' Achievements", thus further asserting its position as part of other plots. In conclusion, it may be thought that the Around The Kyushu Ekiden narratives are structured to maximize the diversity of narration, or alternatively that a limit is placed on this diversity, or that such diversity can be added to a limited narration.

著者

田井 健太郎

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.Report, pp.R2_1-R2_7, 2015 (Released:2015-07-15)

被引用文献数

1

著者

北村 尚浩 松本 耕二 國本 明徳 仲野 隆士

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育學研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.1, pp.37-57, 2005-01-10

---

The purpose of this study was to measure the organizational commitment of sports volunteer and to obtain some ideas for organization management. The questionnaire used for the study was designed for, and the data collected from, 242 volunteers participating in the Special Olympics Nippon. These volunteers provide sports programs in Japanese communities for individuals with mental retardation. Fifteen organizational commitment statements were measured using a 5-point Lickert-type scale. The means were computed for each statement and the means of the 15 statements were then computed. The data were compared by personal characteristics, statuses of involvement and soon. The main results were as follows : (1) The overall mean score for the 15 organizational commitment statements was 3.72, indicating that the level of organizational commitment of the sample was not particularly low. The subjects felt that they gained many benefits through their volunteer activity. However, they were not active in the organization's activities. (2) There were no remarkable differences in organizational commitment except for differences related to the amount of spending money. However, closer examination of the results from analysis of the 15 organizational commitment statements revealed subtle differences in volunteer commitment to the organization. (3) Organizational commitment shows some differences related to continuation of the activity, the amount of payment for the activity, and whether or not individuals have posts in the organization.

著者

島崎 崇史 吉川 政夫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.2, pp.427-447, 2012 (Released:2012-12-05)

参考文献数

64

被引用文献数

1 1

---

The purposes of this study were to construct a Nonverbal Communication Scale for Coaches (NCSC) and to examine relationships among nonverbal communication (NVC), communication ability and coaching evaluation. Study 1 involved construction of the NCSC. Adolescent athletes (n=166) completed a questionnaire that assessed their coach's nonverbal communication (perceived frequency and impression). Exploratory factor analysis yielded eight factors: negative NVC (unfavorable impression formation, negative attitude, unacceptable attitude and exhibition of perplexity) and positive NVC (positive distance, positive gesture, positive touching and positive expression). Study 2 involved testing the reliability and validity of the NCSC, and examining the relationships among NVC, communication ability and coaching evaluation. Adolescent athletes (n=276) estimated their coach's NVC, verbal communication and coaching using the NCSC, Communication Ability Evaluation Scale (Negishi and Kikkawa, 2006) and Coaching Evaluation Scale (Tanaka et al., 1996). Structural equation modeling demonstrated: 1) the reliability and validity of the NCSC for measuring the coach's NVC, 2) relationships among NVC, communication ability and coaching evaluation, and 3) mediation of coaching ability in the relationships. These findings provide a model of relationships among NVC, communication ability and coaching evaluation.

著者

苅山 靖 図子 浩二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.14067, (Released:2015-03-13)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

3 1

---

The present study attempted to develop a training model using the rebound jump (RJ) for improving stiffness during bounding (BD), focusing on joint kinetics. Seventeen male track and field athletes (sprinters, jumpers, and decathletes) performed the BD and RJ. Video images of their jumping motions in the sagittal plane (300 Hz) and their ground reaction force data (1,000 Hz) were recorded. Stiffness was calculated using the spring-mass model, and the joint extension and plantar flexion torques during the first half of the take-off phase and negative torque power of the 3 lower joints (ankle, knee, hip) were calculated. The foot angle at the moment of touchdown during BD was also calculated. The results were as follows: 1. During BD and RJ, stiffness was correlated with the ankle joint torque during the first half of the take-off phase and the negative torque power about the ankle joint. 2. The foot angle at the moment of touchdown during BD was correlated with stiffness, contact time, ankle joint torque during the first half of the take-off phase, and negative torque power of the ankle joint. 3. Ankle joint torque and negative torque power about the ankle joint during the first half of the take-off phase in BD were correlated with those during RJ. These results suggest that stiffness during BD and RJ are affected by ankle joint kinetics. On the basis of these results, previous studies and sports training principles, plyometric training using the RJ may be useful for improving the stiffness in BD via ankle joint kinetics.

著者

安永 明智 谷口 幸一 徳永 幹雄

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.2, pp.173-183, 2002

被引用文献数

6 6

---

本研究では,地域の高齢者209名を対象に,QOLの重要な構成要素である主観的幸福感に運動習慣が及ぼす影響について,心理社会的変数を加えて,その関係性を明らかにしていくことが目的であった.以下のような結果が得られた.1)運動習慣は,特に後期高齢者において,社会的自立因子,健康度自己評価,家族サポート,主観的幸福感で有意に肯定的な影響を及ぼすこと.2)運動習慣はADLを維持すること,そしてADLを維持していくことは,健康度自己評価やソーシャルサポートを高め,そのことが主観的幸福感に影響すること.3)これらの結果から,運動習慣が主観的幸福感に及ぼす影響は,ADLやソーシャルサポート,健康度自己評価を通した間接的な影響であることが推察された.なお,本研究は,地方小都市である一地域を対象に実施したものである.したがって,地域的なバイアスが諸変数に及ぼす影響も考えられる.今後,都市部などを含んだ様々な地域を対象に同様な調査を繰り返し,共通性を明らかにしていく必要があるであろう.また,横断的な分析であるために,因果関係までは言及することができなかった.今後は,縦断的な調査方法を用いて,因果関係を明らかにしていくことを課題としたい.

著者

和 秀俊 遠藤 伸太郎 大石 和男

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.1, pp.89-103, 2011

被引用文献数

4

---

It is well known that junior and senior high school athletes who participate in team activities face <i>zasetsu</i> (a Japanese word meaning setback, conflict, or disappointment) many times. Some give up sports activities as a result, whereas others overcome <i>zasetsu</i> and continue to be active in their respective teams. The purpose of the present study was to grasp the process by which young male athletes overcome <i>zasetsu</i>. The subjects were all 18-year-old freshmen (59 males) who had reached national level in their sports and had been admitted to their individual colleges on the strength of their sport performance. All had belonged to their respective teams for more than three years while at junior and/or senior high school. The study was conducted using an open-ended questionnaire in the second week of April, at which time the subjects would still have clear memories of their previous sports activities, being unaffected by any experiences at college. Using the KJ method, we analyzed qualitatively the components of <i>zasetsu</i>, the subjects' state of mind when suffering from <i>zasetsu</i>, and the process by which they overcame it. It was concluded that the process of overcoming <i>zasetsu</i> in sports activities involved an improvement of cooperative autonomy accompanied by a conflict with regard to whether or not the subjects continued their sports activities, when they did not achieve their goals. This concept might be generally applicable in view of its conceptual consistency with former reports, and the fact that our results were based on a sufficient number of cases.<br>

著者

比留間 浩介 森 健一 尾縣 貢

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.2, pp.699-706, 2013 (Released:2013-12-07)

参考文献数

18

---

The purpose of this study was to consider the selection method employed for baton passing during sprint relays in high school physical education classes. Down sweep passing and up sweep passing were compared in terms of learning effect. The results obtained after dividing the students into 3 groups according to sprint capability, and examining the learning effect, were as follows. 1.  The group with a high sprint capability tended to use up-sweep passing because this allowed the baton to be passed while maintaining sprint speed. 2.  The groups with low and medium sprint capability low tended to use down-sweep passing over a free distance, because these groups found it difficult to maintain speed in the takeover zone.   These observations suggest that physical education classes can be made more productive by choosing a suitable baton pass method according to sprint ability.

著者

内田 遼介 町田 萌 土屋 裕睦 釘原 直樹

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13086, (Released:2014-08-11)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

4 2

---

Collective efficacy has been identified as a critical determinant of team success in sport. Many studies in sport psychology have focused on the relationships between collective efficacy and psychological variables or outcomes of interest. Although an increasing number of studies on collective efficacy have been conducted in Japan, greater attention should be given to refining the methodology for assessing the construct of collective efficacy. The purposes of this study were to confirm the factor structure and establish construct validity of the Japanese translated version of the Collective Efficacy Questionnaire for Sports (J-CEQS) with revisions to its original version (Short et al., 2005). The participants were 1244 athletes from 48 teams. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis and found that the J-CEQS showed the same multidimensional factor structure as Short's original questionnaire. To test the construct validity of the J-CEQS, we examined correlations among its subscale scores with the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ; Carron et al., 1985). All the J-CEQS subscales were significantly correlated with the group integration-task subscales. The unity subscale of the J-CEQS was also significantly correlated with all the GEQ subscales. These correlations were similar to those shown in previous studies (Martínez et al., 2011; Short et al., 2005). The present findings provide preliminary support for the utility of the J-CEQS as a measure for assessing collective efficacy in sport teams. We discuss recommendations for future studies using the J-CEQS.

著者

丹羽 劭昭

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.13-20, 1968

---

We attempted to construct a group membership test in order to measure the `group membership', which is an operational concept used in analyzing the relationships between the members' attitude and behavior and the function of the athletic group. Subjects are 419 in number, whom we selected from many athletic groups of colleges and high schools in the Kinki District. Ave asked them to answer the questionnaires twice, in July and October, 1965. Using the data thus obtained, we were given the final measure of the twenty items using the Likert Method. We examined the final measure and reached tile following conclusions. 1.The internal-consistency reliability of our group membership test is very high :r_<xx> =.84, and accordingly we believe that the homogeneity of each item to the total score is also high. 2.By our group membership test, between the membership in the first test July and that in the second test in October, we could not find a correlation. So we believe our `membership' is changeable. But, the amount of change largely depends on the subjects' grades in schools. 3.It is difficult to find the retest reliability of our group membership test, for our `membership' is very changeable. In our study, we presented the simpler 5 point method as well as the point converted by the method of Sigma Value.

著者

佐々木 丈予 関矢 寛史

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

2014

---

The objective of the present study was to investigate the influences of psychological pressure on initial posture and anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) when performing a single forward step movement. Fourteen participants performed a single step toward a circular target (10 cm in diameter) in response to a beep sound. The trials were conducted under non-pressure and pressure conditions, with ten attempts for each. In performing the task, participants were required to respond rapidly to the beep sound, to be as brief as possible with the stepping movement, and to place their foot accurately in the landing position on the target. Pressure was induced by a small audience and false instructions of starting over the same experiment on another day and the presentation of video-taped performance in a sports science lecture if performance does not reach a criteria. The results showed that state anxiety (state-trait anxiety inventory: STAI Y-1) increased from 42.4 (±7.0) to 53.7 (±8.7) and that heart rate also increased from 76.2 (±7.0) bpm to 83.4 (±9.3) bpm when the participants were under pressure. Significant increases in mean radial error and bivariate variable error were found, indicating that accuracy of stepping in the landing position was reduced under pressure. Kinematic analysis showed that, in the initial posture phase, significant trunk inclination was observed under pressure. Kinetic data obtained using a force plate showed that mean and maximal force in the posterior direction increased when under pressure. Furthermore, the EMG activity levels of the tibialis anterior muscles increased under pressure. These results indicate that pressure affects both the initial posture and APA when performing a single forward step movement.<br>

著者

大峰 光博 友添 秀則 長島 和幸

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.2, pp.473-482, 2013

被引用文献数

1

---

In baseball games, there are instances where a pitcher deliberately targets a batsman of the opposing team with a pitch in order to retaliate against a previous strike on their own player by the opposing team. The present study focusing on major league baseball aimed to clarify the nature of the responsibility sensed a pitcher who finds himself in a similar position after a batsman on his team has taken an intentional hit from the opposing team's pitcher in order to analyze the structure of the pitcher's dilemma. We looked at the situation not only from the viewpoint in which the pitcher's responsibility is considered an obligation, as proposed by Takikawa, but also from the obligations concept proposed by Sandel.<br>   We found that there is a responsibility to comply with the official baseball rules to discourage any retaliatory hit on a batsman in order to avoid any intentional injury to a member of the opponent's team. On the other hand, responsibility for an intentional hit on a batman can be considered an obligation in order to implement an unwritten rule that condones such retaliatory action. Therefore the structure of the responsibility is considered to be an obligation that generates a dilemma for the pitcher and promotes conflict. On this basis, the difficulty of resolving the problem related to a retaliatory hit was highlighted. Furthermore, the possibility of analysis in accordance with the responsibility concept for ethical issues in sport was suggested.<br>   We discuss the concept of responsibility as an obligation that presents a conflict, and consider which course of action should have priority in such cases.<br>