著者

久保 賢太 片平 健太郎 池田 大樹 岡田 正人 岡ノ谷 一夫 川合 伸幸

出版者

Japanese Cognitive Science Society

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.4, pp.483-487, 2013

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この度はこのような栄誉ある賞を戴くことができ,大変感激しております.私の受賞に関しては,研究の成果の大きさというよりも,アプローチのユニークさを評価していただのではないかと考えております.私は,JST ERATO 岡ノ谷情動情報プロジェクトにおいて,コミュニケーションや社会的な場面で生じる情動を,自律神経系活動・脳活動を用いて検討しております.本研究は,二者間の息の合ったコミュニケーションを解明する試みとして実施しました.これからも,実生活に潜む面白い現象を抽出することを目的とし,日々一つ一つ成果を積み上げて参りたいと思います.こうした一風変わった研究を実施できたのも,プロジェクトの総括でいらっしゃる岡ノ谷一夫東京大学教授と,私の所属する名古屋サイトのグループリーダーである川合伸幸名古屋大学准教授の懐の広いご指導の賜物です.お二人には,感謝してもしきれない御恩を感じております.このたびの受賞も,未熟な私を日ごろから丁寧に指導してくださっている川合伸幸先生と,研究室スタッフの皆様のおかげです.この場をお借りして感謝を申し上げます.

著者

久保 賢太 片平 健太郎 池田 大樹 岡田 正人 岡ノ谷 一夫 川合 伸幸

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.4, pp.483-487, 2013

---

この度はこのような栄誉ある賞を戴くことができ,大変感激しております.私の受賞に関しては,研究の成果の大きさというよりも,アプローチのユニークさを評価していただのではないかと考えております.私は,JST ERATO 岡ノ谷情動情報プロジェクトにおいて,コミュニケーションや社会的な場面で生じる情動を,自律神経系活動・脳活動を用いて検討しております.本研究は,二者間の息の合ったコミュニケーションを解明する試みとして実施しました.これからも,実生活に潜む面白い現象を抽出することを目的とし,日々一つ一つ成果を積み上げて参りたいと思います.こうした一風変わった研究を実施できたのも,プロジェクトの総括でいらっしゃる岡ノ谷一夫東京大学教授と,私の所属する名古屋サイトのグループリーダーである川合伸幸名古屋大学准教授の懐の広いご指導の賜物です.お二人には,感謝してもしきれない御恩を感じております.このたびの受賞も,未熟な私を日ごろから丁寧に指導してくださっている川合伸幸先生と,研究室スタッフの皆様のおかげです.この場をお借りして感謝を申し上げます.

著者

良峯 徳和 徃住 彰文

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.4, pp.384-391, 2001-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

1

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Differences in discourse type or genre produce various effects upon readers. Recent empirical research on the cognitive processes of discourse comprehension shows that mature human readers utilize cognitive processes called “comprehension control systems”. These develop in a specialized way for each type or genre of discourse. Comprehension control systems for natural language discourse have to be built-in if they are to be as flexible as those of adult human readers, so they must be designed and constructed as such. This is expected to enable the discourse comprehension system to utilize efficiently the fictional information in literary texts without confusing fictional and actual situations.

著者

兼松 仁 守 一雄 守 秀子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.1, pp.1_29-1_40, 1996-02-29 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

9

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A new experimental technique has been invented in which two different events can be presented independently to a pair of subjects sitting side-by-side in front of the same screen so as to make them believe that they are watching the same event simultaneously. Two video projectors with polarizing filters diagonal to each other projected different moving pictures on the same screen. These were observed by a pair of subjects wearing polarizing sunglasses suitable for one or the other video projector. Using this experimental technique, thirty pairs of undergraduates observed basically the same event but three nonconforming points were included. Each pair of subjects were asked to report individually on what they had seen— Pre-Discussion Report. Then they were allowed to discuss the event they had just observed, and were asked to report again— Post-Discussion Report. Subjects were invited to come to the laboratory a week later to report what they had seen the week before— Week-Later Report. Fifteen pairs of the subjects were instructed to come to agreement during the discussion whereas the other fifteen pairs were simply instructed to discuss what they had seen. In the Week-Later Report, subjects in the former group tended to change their memory of the event, either consciously or subconsciously, whereas this tendency was much less in the latter group. In general, the Post-Discussion Reports were more complete than the Pre-Discussion Reports, that is, the discussion inproved the subjects' memory of the events.

著者

田窪 行則 金水 敏

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.3, pp.59-74, 1996-08-31

被引用文献数

3

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In this paper we attempt to construct a dynamic model of discourse management, a version of Mental Space Theory, modified to accommodate dialogic discourse by incorporating a memory management system. We posit a cognitive interface between linguistic expression and knowledge-base. This interface contains pointers or indices linked to addresses in the knowledge base, controlling access paths to the data in the base. Utterances in a dialogue exchange can be redefined as input-output operations via this interface: registering, searching, editing, etc. The main theses of our approach to discourse management are as follows:<br>The operations coded in the various forms are to be defined as performing input-output operations on the database of the speaker and not that of the hearer's model in the speaker. It is argued that the hearer's model in the speaker is not only unnecessary but also harmful in the description of sentence forms. We divide the interface into two components, I-domain and D-domain. The former is linked to temporary memory, houses the assumptions and propositions newly introduced to the discourse yet to be incorporated into the database and can be accessed only indirectly by inferences, logical reasoning, hearsay, and data search. The latter is linked to the permanent memory, houses information already incorporated in the database and can be directly accessible by simple memory search like pointing to an index. New information passes through only via I-domain. We will demonstrate that our approach solves problems in mutual knowledge but also provides a powerful tool in the description of some of the most recalcitrant phenomena in natural language.

著者

松島 俊也 青木 直哉

出版者

日本認知科学会 = Japanese Cognitive Science Society

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.3, pp.177-187, 2005-09

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孵化後1週間のニワトリのヒヨコは、餌によって強化される色弁別課題を容易に獲得する。連合が成立した後に二つの色手がかりの択一選択を行わせたところ、短期的な採餌効率を正しく予期して選択することが分かった。さらに大脳の腹側線条体・側座複合(基底核)と弓外套腹側部(大脳連合野のひとつ)は、採餌効率の予期値の異なる時間因子に預かることが判明した。基底核を破壊すると、餌までの待ち時間を忌避するように選択がシフトした。他方、連合野を破壊した場合には、採餌局面における処理時間を忌避するように選択がシフトした。以上の結果から、ヒヨコの選択は①待ち時間(報酬遅延)と処理時間(労働コスト)の和を分母とする採餌効率の予期値に基づくこと、②これら二つの時間要素は脳内の別の領域に神経的基盤を持ち、神経生態学的に独立な因子であること、が判明した。Week-old chicks quickly learn to peck colored beads when reinforced by food rewards. In binary choice tests, the trained chicks made choices based on anticipated values of foraging efficiency. Two forebrain regions proved to be involved in the anticipation, i.e., ventral striatum / nucleus accumbens complex (basal ganglia) and arcopallium (an association area of lateral forebrain). Localized lesions of the basal ganglia caused an impulsive choice away from a long waiting time. On the other hand, lesions of the association area caused an impulsive choice away from a long consumption time. These results suggest that 1) chicks make choices based on foraging efficiency, in which sum of the waiting time (or time-to-reward) and the consumption time (or work cost) serve significant denominator, and 2) these two time domains have distinct neural substrates, thus are assumed to be neuro-ecologically distinct factors.

著者

郡司 ペギオ-幸夫 澤 宏司

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.442-456, 2008-09-01

被引用文献数

3

著者

三宅 なほみ 高野 陽太郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.2, pp.147-185, 2006 (Released:2008-09-26)

参考文献数

41

著者

苧阪 直行

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.3, pp.3_93-3_98, 1997-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

11

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Neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) with a special reference to visual awareness elicited by motion after effect (MAE) was investigated using neuroimaging method (SQUID). MAE is a negative after effect caused by prolonged viewing of real visual motion: After gazing at a moving pattern for a while, a stationary image will appear to move in the opposite direction. Evoked magnetic field (magnetoencephalogram; MEG) was measured when a subject observing MAE in which concentric circles appear to continuously contracting after viewing the rings moving in a single local direction (continuously expanding motion). Magnetic evoked field at latency of 182 ms was averaged from 37 cortical points over occipital, temporal and parietal areas during observing MAE after adaptation period of 5 s with low spatial frequency. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) brain image and measured dipole locus was fitted for each subject. The results clearly indicated the main unitary locus subserving visual awareness due to MAE and real motion, i.e., both illusory and real visual awareness, appear to be surrounding region over lateral occipito-temporal area in the human brain which is close to MT area.

著者

中村 國則

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.174-187, 2008 (Released:2009-10-30)

参考文献数

27

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Verbal probability statements such as “very certain” or “impossible” are often used to communicate information regarding uncertainty. This study aims to investigate how people estimate the “informativeness” of verbal probability statements. With regard to numerical probabilities (e.g., “30%”), Keren and Teigen (2001) proposed the “search for definitive predictions” principle; according to this principle, relatively high or low probabilities are preferred to medium ones because high or low probabilities denote the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a single outcome more strongly than they do medium ones. However, whether people adhere to this principle when they estimate the informativeness of the verbal probability statement remains an unresolved issue. Through two empirical studies, this study establishes a quantitative relation between verbal probability statements and their “informativeness,” which is similar to the principle of Keren and Teigen (2001). In addition, this study shows that the directionality of verbal probability (Teigen & Brun, 1999) also affects the informativeness judgment. Finally, this study formalizes the judgment regarding the informativeness of probability statements in terms of the information theory and argues that the “search for definitive predictions” principle can be interpreted as rational information estimation under the rarity assumption (Oaksford & Chater, 1994).

著者

Friedrich Beck John C. Eccles

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.2, pp.2_95-2_109, 1998-06-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

52

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The question whether neural activities in the brain can be correlated with conscious action is as old as brain research itself. Even in view of the remarkable progress of neuroscience in recent years, the question is far from being settled. The difficulties arise from the fact that the qualia of consciousness connected with thoughts, emotions, free decisions, can hardly be reconciled with the concept of a causal, computer-like neural net. A new and intriguing view of the relation between brain and consciousness arises, however, if quantum processes play a decisive role in brain activity. The quantum state reduction, or selection of amplitudes, offers a doorway for a new logic, the quantum logic, with its unpredictability for a single event. Brain activity consists of a constant firing of neural cells, regulated by synaptic switches which establish the connections between neurons. Conscious action, e.g. intention, is a dynamical process which forms temporal patterns in some areas of the brain. We discuss how synaptic activity in the form of exocytosis of transmitter molecules can be regulated effectively by a quantum trigger based on an electron transfer process in the synaptic membrane. Conscious action is hereby essentially related to quantum state reduction.

著者

澤口 俊之

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.3, pp.189-194, 2000-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

2

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Whereas brain studies of symbol manipulations, including thinking and tool-use, have been extensively performed in human with brain-imaging techniques, neuronal data for this issue have been limited. However, recent studies with monkeys have provided some interesting data that allow us to hypothesize neuronal mechanisms of symbol manipulations. For example, neuronal groups of the prefrontal cortex code and retain behavioral meaning/abstract information for guiding goal-directed motor acts. These neurons appear to play a role in manipulating and retaining of symbolic information. Further, the prefrontal cortex is well known as a center of working memory, which contains “executive” associated with manipulation of information and control of brain systems. Based on these and other findings, we can hypothesize that the prefrontal cortex has a neuronal system for “executive symbol manipulation”. The executive is a central neuronal system of goal-directed symbol manipulations for controlling other brain systems, and this system would first evolve for tool-use and eventually develop for language and other symbol manipulations. Since the executive symbol manipulation is a possible neuronal system of the prefrontal cortex and can be examined with non-human primates, this hypothesis would be useful for leading neuronal studies of brain mechanisms of symbol manipulations.

著者

伊藤 精英

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.3, pp.3_25-3_35, 1998-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

22

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Of much interests have been spatial cognition and wayfinding by the blind. The traditional approach to spatial cognition and locomotion have taken the central problem to be what kind of cognitive map the blind establish. The main reason for motivating such kind of studies is why holding a map in mind has been thought of as being crucial for blind travellers to reach to a destination. Review of previous studies leads to contradictory results; while visual experience and visual modality set influence on accuracy of cognitive map, some studies indicate the individual difference rather than these effects. The basic ideas of ecological approach offered by J. J. Gibson will be outlined. This approach to environment perception and locomotion concerns how organisms wayfind and reach a destination. The purpose of ecological studies is to determine information picked up in perceptual flows such as optical flow and to demonstrate some relationship between detected invariant structure of environment on the basis of information and performance of wayfinding. One challenging study which applied this approach to wayfinding by the blind will be shown. The results suggest as follows. First, by taking an ecological approach, it is possible to reveal how blind travellers negotiate through environment. Second, it is not so easy to evaluate accuracy of orientation defined by Gibson.

著者

藤田 尚文 野地 照樹

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.4, pp.689-694, 2008 (Released:2010-04-23)

参考文献数

17

著者

永井 由佳里 田浦 俊春 佐野 宏太郎 保井 亜弓

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.3, pp.506-524, 2010-09-01

被引用文献数

7

著者

田中 吉史

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.206-216, 2007 (Released:2009-03-06)

参考文献数

10

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We investigated the effect of existing words on the generation of non-words. Native Japanese speaking college students (n = 103) generated 2702 non-words consisting of two to ten Hiragana letters during five minutes. The generated non-words resembled existing, familiar, Japanese words in terms of letter frequencies and of bigrams (two adjacent letters in a word). The non-words were also constrained by a phonological rule (*DD-constraint; Ito & Mester, 1996) of the Japanese lexicon, which implies that the non-words were related to existing words. and could be included in the extreme periphery of the Japanese lexicon. Further analysis indicated that the selection of letters in the generated non-words was biased. The participants tended to repeatedly use the same letters, and moreover, frequencies of letters in non-words were more redundant than those in existing words and random combination of letters. These results suggest that the generated non-words were influenced by existing words, but also constrained by characteristics of the process of retrieving letters from memory.

著者

田浦 俊春 永井 由佳里

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.1, pp.66-82, 2010-03-01

被引用文献数

9

著者

古本 英晴

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.3, pp.210-222, 2000-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

49

被引用文献数

1

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Although many cases have been reported on impairment of tool use and behavioral disturbance due to brain damage, the precise brain mechanisms regulating human behavior are still unknown.In this report, an outline of behavioral abnormalities caused by brain damage, including utilization behavior (UB), imitation behavior (IB), and apraxia are presented. Next, a case of UB and IB elicited only by a key person is reported, and interpretation of his symptoms is discussed. Lastly, the general structure of information processing in the human brain for tool use and behavior are discussed. I speculate that there are two distinct systems in the human brain, that is, a control system and a substantial information processing system. The former corresponds to attention and emotion. This distinction should have importance when considering tool use and behavior in human beings.A right-handed, 70 year-old man suffered bilateral anterior cerebral artery occlusion that resulted in bilateral frontal lobe infarction. He was inert, and his attention was impaired. He showed typical UB and IB which were elicited only by his chief physician and only in examination situations. Both UB and IB were lacking in his daily life and were never elicited by his family members or other medical personnel. Another report also gives evidence of cases in which a key person is required for UB and/or IB to be elicited.Generally, an object could be considered to always show its meaning as a tool, which implies that its affordace emerges from the object itself. The behavior presented by the key person also can be regarded as a releaser for the patient to imitate behavior. Thus his essential impairment can be attributed to failure to grasp the correct relation of the meaning of objects or of behaviors and situations. This should be called a type of semantic impairments.On the other hand, the patient's inertia and impaired attention is indicative of emotional disturbance. In fact, his cerebral lesions involve some parts of the limbic system. This suggests that he lost active perception which resulted in his being very easily captured by external stimuli. His unique symptoms should not be attributed to the traditional explanation in which UB and/or IB emerge from simple disinhibition of the parietal lobe function from the frontal lobe function.

著者

高野 陽太郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.2, pp.229-230, 2011 (Released:2011-12-16)

著者

岩田 誠

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1, pp.1_19-1_30, 1994-05-20 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

34

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The brain of homo sapiens acquired the ability of reading and writing after the long-standing phylogenetical development. The invention of letters more than 5,000 years ago by our ancestors has realized the communication beyond the limit of time and space, and accordingly all the living creatures finally entered into the histological age of evolution. Thus, the cerebral mechanism of reading and writing might be one of the ultimate goals of the evolution of brain.Scientific approach to the study of cerebral mechanism of reading and writing was initiated by the clinical observations of the patients who had become unable to read and write due to focal brain damage. Through these classical studies, the angular gyrus theory was proposed in the western world to explain the brain function underlying the ability of reading and writing. Although the angular gyrus theory was successful in explaining the anatomo-clinical features of alexia (disability in reading) and agraphia (disability in writing) in westerners, there had been found cases of alexia and/or agraphia in Japan whose clinical pictures could never been explained by this simple classical theory.The enigma was solved when a patient with alexia and agraphia only in kanji with preservation of reading and writing in kana was found to have a focal damage in the left posterior inferior temporal lobe, which was thought to be involved in the process of semantic reading as well as visual evocation of letter form in writing. Upon the clinical observations we proposed the dual processing model of cerebral mechanism in reading and writing. Our recent investigations of PET scan activation studies are now confirming the validity of this dual processing model.